The yield and quality of tea in this distribution area are excellent, and the famous teas in Hunan Province are all produced here, which can be divided into two categories according to the age of rock formation.
1. Yellow-red soil types of tuffaceous metamorphic clastic rocks in Lengjiaxi Group
Mainly distributed in Linxiang, Yueyang, Changsha and Zhuzhou in the province (Figure 3- 10), it is a green tea and black tea producing area in our province, which is famous for its good quality and high yield, among which there are many famous teas.
(1) junshan silver needle
Junshan, also known as Dongting Mountain, is the pearl of Dongting Lake. Junshan is long from east to west 1km, and wide from north to south by 0.7km. The mountain is oval, with an area of 1443 mu and 72 hills.
There are different opinions about the origin of Junshan tea. One is the early Tang Dynasty, more than 1400 years ago. However, according to textual research, there is no record of Junshan tea in the historical materials of famous teas from the Tang, Song and Middle Ming Dynasties. It was not until the Jiajing and Wanli periods of the Ming Dynasty (16th century) that it was recorded that some people planted several acres of tea in Junshan. In the twenty-sixth year of Qingganlong (1762), the quality of Junshan tea was the first in lake tea. Tongzhi's "Baling County Records" contains "Junshan tribute tea, which has been dry for forty-six years 18 kg"; During the Jiaqing period, Wan Nianchun said in the "Junshan Tea Song" that "Junshan tea is not available, only in the south and north of the mountain, and there are several beads in the cracks between the rocks. Spring grows in the clouds, when the fragrance is easy to know, and jade food is precious. " The rocks in Junshan are composed of Sinian system and Lengjiaxi group shallow metamorphic rock series, so the tea tree growing in rock crevices belongs to the soil type of shallow metamorphic clastic rock with it as its parent rock.
Figure 3- 10 Schematic diagram of tea planting area and famous tea distribution in metamorphic yellow-red soil of Lengjiaxi Group in Hunan Province
Junshan Yinzhen contains soluble total sugar 2.57%, caffeine 4.07%, ash 4.95%, amino acid 4.30%, catechin 17.56% and water-soluble substance 38.77%. Soak the tea leaves in a cup, dip the bud stems in water and then slowly descend, and then stand at the bottom of the cup, such as unearthed bamboo shoots, falling together, so that the water light and bud shadow are integrated and pleasing to the eye; Endoplasmic aroma is clear, the taste is sweet, the leaves are thick and Huang Liang, and the hairs are clear. Therefore, he participated in the exhibition of Leipzig International Expo in 1955, and was praised as "gold inlaid with jade", "the bud is as golden as gold, and the velvet is as white as jade" and won the gold medal, and was praised as "tea covers China, and the price is higher than the world". So far, the "Olympic five-ring tea" jointly organized by China Tea Circulation Association and Beijing Federation of Literary and Art Circles has been selected as the representative of "Yellow".
Photo 3- 10 The bedrock of Junshan Island is the Sinian and Lengjiaxi group shallow metamorphic rocks.
(2) Beigang Maojian tea
Maojian tea in Beigang is produced in Beigang, Yueyang County. It became famous in the Tang Dynasty and was listed as a tribute, named "Tan Hu Han Gao". Qing Tongzhi's "Baling County Records" contains "Tanhu Mountain, the tea tastes very sweet, and it is not comparable to grass tea elsewhere." Tanhu Lake is today's South Lake, the shallow metamorphic rock of Lengjiaxi Group in the southeast of the lake. The climate here is mild, the rainfall is abundant, the soil is fertile, and the land and water are interlaced, which is very suitable for planting tea, so famous tea has been produced since ancient times.
Beigang Maojian belongs to loose yellow tea, with golden yellow appearance and exposed milli-tips. After brewing, the water is orange-yellow, bright, with high aroma, mellow and sweet taste, plump bud leaves and yellow flowers. 1987 was rated as a famous tea in the whole province.
(3) Gao Qiao Yinfeng
Changsha County, from Gao Qiao and Marco Lin to Jinjing, along Jinjing River (the upper reaches of Laodao River), is a shallow metamorphic rock of Lengjiaxi Group, with extensive tea cultivation and a long history. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 48 teahouses in Gao Qiao alone. On May 23rd, 2006, Changsha Evening News reported that Zou Guangyu found a well-preserved gold-lettered signboard named "Yongxing Fragrant Tea Shop" in his home in Gao Qiao Town, which was identified by experts to be at least 150 years old (photo 3- 1 1). At that time, the tea merchant ships produced reached Wuhan and Shanghai ports through Laodao River to Xiangjiang River. Gao Qiao Yinfeng is a famous tea created by Hunan Tea Research Institute 1959 on this tea-producing belt. Appraised by the Tea Bureau of the Ministry of Commerce and relevant units, Gao Qiao Yinfeng is unanimously praised for its excellent quality and can be listed as a famous tea. Its components are water-soluble 45.42%, mineral ash 4.99%, caffeine 4.27%, soluble sugar 2.56% and catechin1/.48%. Tea is compact, thin and curly, white and fluffy, like a white package, with clear soup color, high and lasting aroma, fresh and pure taste, tender and bright leaves, which can really "make the brain feel like fire, the tongue is not astringent and the eyes are not tea" after drinking, making people feel refreshed and refreshed. Therefore, it was rated as a national famous tea at the 1989 Xi Safe Country Famous Tea Selection Meeting of the Ministry of Agriculture.
(4) Jinghong broken tea
Jinjinghong Broken Tea and Gao Qiao Yinfeng are both produced in the red soil developed by Lengjiaxi shallow metamorphic rocks. The appearance of tea is moist, the tea soup is red and bright, the taste is fresh and thick, and the leaves are red and bright. In many provincial and ministerial evaluations, Guanxiang ranked first in quality, 1984 was rated as a high-quality product by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, and 1985 was rated as a national excellent product and won a silver award.
2. Banxi Group is purplish red silty slate, and sandstone is yellow red soil.
It is mainly distributed in Anhua, Taojiang, Yuanling, Guzhang, Huitong and other counties. According to the lithology comparison (Figure 3- 1 1), this area is called Yueyang-Huaihua Community, and the lithology is mainly shallow metamorphic sandy slate and gravelly sandstone banded slate. Because the middle part is mainly purplish red light metamorphic silty slate and sandy slate,
Fig. 3- 1 1 Schematic diagram of tea planting area and famous tea distribution of purple metamorphic rocks and yellow-red soil in Banxi Group, Hunan Province
"Red board" is a kind of tea tree planted in the soil derived from purple silty slate and sandstone, with high yield and good quality. Now there are many famous teas, such as Tan Jie Tea, Guzhang Maojian Tea, Shizikou Silver Bud, Dayong Maojian Tea, Guanzhuang Maojian Tea, Anhua Pine Needle and so on. This kind of tea is plump, yellow-green, tender, and green tea is white.
Figure 3- 1 1 Zou Guangyu holds the ancestral double-sided gold signboard.
Figure 3- 12 Purple Slate and Sandy Slate of Banxi Group in Guzhang County
This type of distribution area is the main producing area of green tea and black tea in our province. Anhua and Taojiang are famous tea-producing counties in the province with an annual output of more than 5,000 tons of tea.
(1) Guzhang Maojian
Guzhang is one of the oldest tea producing areas in Hunan. The Land Records of Jingzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty records that "tea is the best in the seven counties of Wuling", and the seven counties of Wuling include Guzhang; Kun Yuan Lu, written by Pei Yuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, records that "there are no mountains in the northwest of Xupu County, Chenzhou, and there are many tea trees in the mountains." There is no shooting mountain at the junction of Luxi, Yuanling and Guzhang today; "Geography of New Tang Dynasty" and "Tong Dian of Tang Du You" contain "two hundred tea buds of Tugong in Xizhou and Jintugong in Lingxi County". Xizhou and Lingxi counties are now Yongshun, Baojing, Longshan and Guzhang counties. According to the above historical data, tea production in Guzhang has a history of nearly 1600 years (photos 3- 13, 3- 14).
Figure 3- 13 Tea stoves unearthed in Baihewan, Hexi Town, Guzhang
Photo 3- 14 It is said that this "tea tree king" is 300 years old.
Although Guzhang has a long history of producing tea, famous tea was once ignored on the eve of 1949. Tea planting in the county is only 7 19 mu, with an output of 99 Kmt. After 1949, especially after the reform and opening up, the development of tea production will be regarded as an important project to get rid of poverty and become rich in rural areas, and tea will be regarded as the symbol of the ancients (photo 3- 15). By 1989, the tea garden in the county had grown to13,000 mu, with a tea output of more than 2,000 Jin, among which Maojian of Guzhang was the most famous (photos 3- 16, 3- 17, 3- 18).
The ancient Zhang Mao sword is an ancient tribute; 1957 to participate in Leipzig International Expo; 1982, 1983 and 1986 were rated as the best tea by the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the Ministry of Agriculture respectively. 1985 won the "Lotus Award for Famous, Excellent and Special New Products" in Hunan Province; 1988 gold medal of the first national food Expo in Beijing; 199 1 "China food light industry ten-year new achievement exhibition" and "excellent new product award". Guzhang Maojian tea is exported to German, Japanese, China, Hongkong and other places. Jasmine tea made of Guzhang Maojian tea is even more fragrant in Wan Li and enjoys a high reputation outside the sea breeze.
Figure 3- 15 A sculpture in the county seat, in which tea is the symbol of the ancient abbot.
Fig. 3- 16 Yuan Longping called Guzhang Maojian China famous tea.
Photo 3- 17 Shizikou Tea Garden
Photo 3- 18 "Silver Needle" in Shizikou Tea Garden
Guzhang tea garden is mainly distributed on the hillside at an altitude of 800 ~ 1000 m, and the soil parent material is mostly purple slate with high phosphorus content. The quality characteristics of Guzhang Maojian are tight and thin, slightly straight in appearance, green in color, full of white hairs, high in aroma, mellow and sweet in taste, especially resistant to brewing, tender and smooth at the bottom of leaves, containing 3. 14% of amino acids, 4.5 1% of caffeine and 27.1kloc-0 of tea polyphenols.
(2) Tan Jiecha
Tan Jie was produced in Tanjie Tea Farm in Yuanling County, the ancient capital of Chenzhou, western Hunan, and was named after Tanjie Mountain, which is located on the banks of Yuanshui River. Tan Jieshan is composed of purple slate and sandy slate of Banxi Group. The soil is rich in phosphorus, and the tea tree grows vigorously, with plump bud leaves, tender leaves and many buds (photos 3- 19, 3-20).
Photo 3- 19 Tan Jie tea is planted on purple slate soil.
Figure 3-20 Tan Jie Tea Garden (at the foot of Shui Yuan, now Wuqiangxi Reservoir)
Tea planting in Tan Jie was first seen in Jingjiang Land Records of the Western Jin Dynasty, which recorded that "tea is the best in the seven counties of Wuling". Wang Weilian's textual research shows that Tan Jie in Yuanling is one of them. According to legend, Li Dan, the eighth son, was exiled to Chenzhou by Wu Zetian more than 300 years ago and fell in love with Hu. Li Dan later returned to Beijing to be the emperor's name, and Hu was called into Beijing to go boating down the Yuanjiang River from Chenzhou. He passed by and tasted tea, which was very sweet and refreshing. He chose the above one and brought it back to Beijing, which was highly praised by civil and military officials. Since then, Tan Jie Guangbi Tea Garden has been ordered, and the official manufacturer accepted the top grade as "tribute tea". It is said that Tan Jiecha entered Japan at this time. Therefore, when Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei visited China in 1972, he also asked Premier Zhou about tea in Tan Jie.
Tan Jiecha's fame is clearly described in the preface to "Yuanling County Records Tang Luzhi Hanyuan Collection": "There are many Chinese teas in the city, and Tan Jie producers are the most important ... Maojian was picked first, and now it is a local tribute."
Tan Jie tea is good in shape, color, fragrance and taste, compact and thin in shape, beautiful in front of seedlings, green in white hair, and can "rise and fall" after brewing, just like swimming in lobsters. The soup is yellow, green, bright, turbid and sweet. What is even more peculiar is that people who are close at hand are not fragrant because of their strong fragrance, but people who are far away feel fragrant; Local folk customs, not only take tea as wine to entertain guests, but also as a good product to eliminate phlegm, eliminate diseases and prolong life. Every household must drink it. Some people praised "if it is shaped like Yun Lan, it is like frost, hidden in the bud; Clear soup is intoxicating with green leaves, and its teeth and cheeks are long and fragrant. Therefore, it was rated as "Famous Tea" at the 198 1 Hunan Famous Tea Selection Conference, "National Quality Tea" by the Ministry of Agriculture at 199 1, and it was rated as a provincial famous tea for 8 consecutive years.
(3) Guanzhuang Maojian Tea
Lu Yu's Tea Classic in Tang Dynasty quoted the cloud of the Eastern Jin and Kun Dynasties: "There are no mountains in the northwest of Xupu County, Chenzhou, and the clouds are quite vulgar. On auspicious days, relatives gather and dance on the mountain, where there are many tea trees. " Guanzhuang belongs to this area. Historically, the tribute tea "Jieting Maojian" appeared in Huangjinping near Guanzhuang, and Yuanling County Records recorded that "Guanzhuang Jieting Maojian prevailed in the Tang Dynasty and served as a tribute in the Qing Dynasty".
Guanzhuang Maojian producing area is an important producing area for producing high-quality tea in Hunan, with deep forests and secluded valleys, misty all year round, mild climate, abundant rainfall and rich purple shale soil. Guanzhuang Maojian has compact and delicate appearance, green color, complete and white fur color, high and lasting aroma, crystal green soup color, strong and refreshing taste, durable foam resistance and tender, even and clear leaves. It contains 23.42% tea polyphenols, 2.26% amino acids, 4.9 1% caffeine, 15.73% catechins and 37.62% water-soluble substances. 198 1 year, 1982 was awarded as provincial excellent tea for two consecutive years.
(4) Anhua black tea
The production of black tea began in the Ming Dynasty, and black tea was mentioned in the relevant memorials in the third year of Jiajing (1524). The earliest origin of black tea is Sichuan, which is made of green tea after coloring and steaming. After Hunan black tea was produced in Sichuan, Sichuan black tea was gradually replaced by Hunan black tea in the16th century due to its limited output and low price.
Anhua black tea is a kind of tea produced by a special tea-making process. It is said that there are two ways: one is the mysterious product that Anhua Liu kept secret; Second, in the early years of Qing Daoguang, a local tea maker named Jin Shang and Anhua Huangshaping spent several years developing it. In short, the processing technology is very particular.
The raw materials of black tea are collected from shallow metamorphic clastic soil tea gardens in Yashala, Huangshaping, Xizhou, Jiangnan, Xiaoyan and other towns on both sides of the Zijiang River (photo 3-2 1), and some of them are sub-wild tea gardens (without cultivation tubes for many years).
There is a kind of black tea called "Qianliang Tea", which is made of high-quality black hair tea and hammered with a stick in a long cylindrical basket. It has a height of 147cm, a diameter of 20cm and a weight of about 37kg. Put it on a cold shelf, you can save about 50 days of sun exposure in summer and autumn (you can't get wet), and it is catalyzed by natural conditions. It is said that the "Thousand Liang Tea" produced by 1953 was appraised by experts to be 480,000 yuan, which was broadcast on CCTV (photos 3-22 ~ 3-25).
3. Sinian Cambrian shallow metamorphic sandy slate, slate and sandstone laterite types.
Mainly distributed in Guidong, Rucheng, Jianghua and other counties in southern Hunan, it is a black tea and black tea producing area in the province, among which Jianghua Maojian and Wugaishan rice tea are also famous high-quality teas in the province.
Photo 3-2 1 Anhua Red Tea Garden
Figure 3-22 Anhua Liangqian Tea
Figure 3-23 Anhua Liangqian Tea
Fig. 3- 1953 24,000 teas worth several hundred thousand yuan.
Figure 3-25 CCTV broadcast1953,000 Liang tea expert appraisal
(1) Wugaishan rice tea
According to the Ming Dynasty's Annals of Chenzhou in Wanli Period, "The Five Peaks are covered with fog, rain, dew and snow all year round, three miles southeast of Shandong and one hundred and eighty miles in Fiona Fang, so they are called the Five Mountains". The total area of the whole mountain is more than 200,000 mu, and the wild tea trees are widely distributed, with rich tea production and excellent quality. According to the records of Chen County in Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty, "All teas are produced in Chenzhou, and the five covers are the best", among which Biyun 'an, Wanhui 'an and Liangjiangkou with an altitude of 1 0,000 ~1400 m are the best.
Camellia wugai was listed as a tribute as early as the Ming dynasty, when it was mainly made of "unopened" buds picked during the Qingming period. According to legend, a liter of tea weighs one liter of rice, so it is called rice bud.
The quality characteristics of Wugaishan rice buds are fresh and symmetrical in appearance, silvery green in color, pointed all over, close to the skin, lasting in fragrance, clear in soup color, fresh and mellow in taste, and tender and bright at the bottom of leaves. The product was rated as a famous tea in Hunan Province, known as the "Pearl" among famous teas in Hunan Province.
(2) Jianghua Maojian tea
This is a famous tea in the history of China. According to relevant documents, during the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty (1779), Jianghua Maojian was mainly produced in Maozaichong area, Dawei District, east of the county, and then developed to mountainsides and valleys in the upper reaches of Liangcha River.
Jianghua Maojian is thick in shape, tightly knotted and curled, with white hair exposed, crystal clear in color, high in aroma, mellow and refreshing in taste, and green at the bottom of leaves; It contains 27.40% tea polyphenols, 13.29% catechins, 4.37% caffeine, 4.0 1% amino acids and 45.30% water-soluble substances. 1987 ~ 1989 won the "Hunan Famous Tea Award" for three consecutive years.
(2) Types of carbonate soil
The geological age of carbonate rocks in Hunan Province is mainly from Devonian to Permian, and its strata are distributed in the vast hilly areas of central and southern Hunan, and the derived soil is red soil. In addition, the Cambrian carbonate strata are also exposed in Xiangxi, and the derived soil is yellow soil. Tea trees are planted in all the above areas, but large areas of tea gardens are distributed in red soil and yellow soil areas with thick soil layers and thorough decalcification, such as Songjiatang, Wanbao and Lianyuan Tea Garden Mountain in Shaodong, central Hunan. There are many regular tea gardens, which occupy an important position in Hunan Province and are the main producing areas of black tea, but the quality is average. So far, no excellent tea varieties have been reported.
(3) Soil types of purple clastic rocks (red beds)
Purple clastic rock soil types are widely distributed in the province, and there are few tea trees, and the yield of famous tea has not been reported. However, among the purple clastic soil types of Danxia landform in Wuyi, Jiangxi, there is the famous "Oolong Tea" (photos 3-26 and 3-27).
Figure 3-26 Oolong Tea Garden in Wuyishan Scenic Area
Figure 3-27 Tea Culture in Wuyishan
(4) Quaternary laterite soil types
Quaternary laterite soil types are widely distributed in Hunan province, but most of them are located in flat hills, Dongting Lake coast and river terraces. There are many famous teas produced, some of which are famous in history, and some of which have gradually developed and established famous brands since the 1950s. Representative examples are as follows.
(1) junshan silver needle and junshan Maojian tea
According to "Several Tea Trees Exposed in Fissures", Junshan tea is considered to be planted in the soil type of shallow metamorphic clastic rocks, but in the later description of Junshan tea in Tea Classic, it is mentioned that there are various teas on the seventy-two hills of Junshan, and this is still the case. These 72 hills are "muddy, with strong water permeability and downward infiltration of precipitation." Water is stored in a fine sand layer with a thickness of tens of meters, and there is a rock with weak water permeability as the bottom plate, so tea trees grow on this underground reservoir "[13].
According to the research of Quaternary stratigraphy, the fine sand layer of tens of meters belongs to Quaternary late Pleistocene laterite type (photo 3-28). Late Pleistocene laterite was aeolian. In the poem "Tijunshan" in the Tang Dynasty, there is a sentence that "Yuan is the top stone of Kunlun Mountain, and the sea breeze blows down Dongting Lake". Although this sentence, coupled with the late renewal of Junshan, seems reasonable.
Fig. 3-28 Late Pleistocene Laterite Tea Tree in Junshan
According to the existing data, there are three points in the tea planting environment of Junshan Yinzhen: one is the soil type of shallow metamorphic clastic rocks; The second type is the red soil type of Quaternary Pleistocene; Third, tea trees grow in the clouds in spring.
(2) Dong Tingchun
Dongting Spring Tea is produced in Huangsha Street, Yueyang, which is a hilly area near the lake, with a tea garden area of 2,400 mu (photos 3-29 and 3-30). It is a red soil evolved from the red soil in the middle Pleistocene of Quaternary.
Figure 3-29 Dongting Spring Tea
Figure 3-30 Dongting Spring Tea Garden
Dongting Spring Tea is a famous tea developed by famous tea experts and national agricultural model workers Liu Xianzhi and Xiao Ling. Beautiful and high-quality appearance, compact and slightly curved appearance, uniform fat, full branches, fresh and rich aroma, mellow and refreshing taste, clear soup color and light green leaves. According to the analysis of the National Tea Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture, it is rich in content, and all health indicators meet the national standards. It was designated as the first-class gift for the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse to entertain foreign prime ministers. Therefore, he participated in the Nanjing National Famous Tea Appraisal Meeting on 1985 and was awarded as one of the national 1 1 ministerial famous teas. Guangzhou National Famous Tea Appraisal Association 1990, ranked second in the country with the total score of 102.33, and won the national silver award; It has won the Ministry Excellent for four times and the Provincial Excellent Gold Award for five times, and is known as the first organic tea in northern Hunan.
(3) Donghu Yinmili
Donghu Yin Hao is a famous tea planted in the tea garden of experimental farm of Hunan Agricultural University (formerly Hunan Agricultural College) and cultivated on the red mounds in the middle Pleistocene of Quaternary. The tea set is green, shiny, fresh and tender, and the soup is clear, mellow and beautiful. According to the analysis, it contains amino acid 4.54%, chlorophyll 0. 162%, tea polybasic acid 19.00%, 198 1 year, 1982, 1985.
(4) Lanling organic tea
Lanling, Liutang Township, Xiangyin County produces green tea. As early as 14 years ago, Hunan Lanling Tea Co., Ltd. was established, and a demonstration base was established to guide farmers to grow tea. More than 10000 mu of tea garden was opened mainly on the red soil hilly land in the Middle Pleistocene of Quaternary (photo 3-29). At the same time, the Lanling Institute of Biological Control of Tea was established, and all aspects of production were managed organically without using pesticides and fertilizers. Established the brand of organic tea, obtained the national green food, national organic food and German BCS organic food certification, and became the only organic green food in the same industry in China that entered American supermarkets. After drinking Lanling tea on 1998, Comrade Jiang Zemin repeatedly said "delicious, delicious" (photo 3-3 1, 3-32).
(5) Others
Dayu Tea Garden in Changsha County (Figures 3-33 and 3-34), Miluo tianmashan Tea Garden, Liuyang Chunkou Tea Garden, Miluo Tianjing Tea Garden (Figure 3-35) and Chaling Jiangwei Tea Garden (Figure 3-36) are all Quaternary Pleistocene reticulated laterite tea gardens, all of which have provincial excellent names. For example, as early as the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the tea produced in the Lijiang River in Chaling mentioned that "Chaling people, the so-called ancient spirits produce tea"; 187 1 records in Chaling Prefecture: "Jingyang Mountain is located in the east of the state, and it is connected with a tea mountain in Yongxin County, Ji 'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, hence the name". Jingyang Mountain is a famous tea mountain, which is the water flowing from Jingyang through Chaling, also called Shangwei River. It can be seen that tea has been produced in Chaling Mountain area for more than 500 years.
Photo 3-3 1 Quaternary Pleistocene reticulated red soil types
Figure 3-32 Lanling Tea and Tea Set
Figure 3-33 Dayu Tea Farm in Changsha County
Figure 3-34 Section of Quaternary Reticulated Red Soil in Dayu Tea Farm, Changsha County
Photo 3-35 Quaternary reticulated red soil profile of Tianjing Tea Farm in Miluo City
Figure 3-36 Chajiang Tea Farm