Gymnastics Catalog [Hide] Gymnastics (Gymnastics) Events included in gymnastics Competition rules and evaluation standards International Gymnastics Federation Gymnastics knowledge Gymnastics movements named after Chinese athletes Explanation of basic movements in gymnastics competitions
[Edit this paragraph] Gymnastics Gymnastics has a long history in our country and is widely recorded in literature and unearthed cultural relics. According to expert research, there are two types of gymnastics in ancient my country: one is gymnastics to strengthen muscles and bones and prevent diseases. Among them, the most representative one is the "Daoyin Health Technique" in the ancient medicine classic "Nei Jing". The unearthed guidance maps are more than 2,100 years old. Not only are they early, but they are also very rich in content: including body movements, breathing movements, equipment movements, etc. The other type exists in ancient music and dance, acrobatics, drama and skill sports spread among the people.
In the spring of 1969, 14 Han tombs were sorted and excavated on the southern slope of Wuying Mountain in the northern suburbs of Jinan City, Shandong Province. Among the unearthed cultural relics, a plate of pottery figurines with music, dance and acrobatics from the Western Han Dynasty was discovered. Four of the figurines in this group are performing gymnastics, two of them are doing handstands symmetrically, and two are doing bends. Moreover, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo developed the "Five-animal Opera" inspired by animals. Although it was designed for the purpose of strengthening the body and health, its graceful movements can already be traced to gymnastics.
After the Tang and Song Dynasties, gymnastics developed further, with double and collective movements appearing, and many complex somersaults combined with acrobatic performances.
As for equipment gymnastics, as far back as the Eastern Han Dynasty, our country had folk "lever skills", which are very similar to modern equipment gymnastics.
Modern gymnastics was introduced to our country after the Opium War in 1840. At that time, gymnastics was very backward and there were no mass gymnastics activities. At the end of the late Qing Dynasty, gymnastics classes were established in the "foreign schools", in the schools developed by the reformists, and in the educational curriculum standards of the bourgeois reforms during the Kuomintang Revolution period, as a basis for comprehensive development or human rights in education, and national salvation and development. Urgent requirements can be said to be the predecessor of today's physical education classes. However, in the past few decades, only one national gymnastics performance with incomplete events was held at the Third National Games in 1924.
Now, my country's gymnastics career has advanced by leaps and bounds and has become one of the main events for winning gold medals. In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, my country won 14 medals and nine gold medals in gymnastics. Gymnastics (Figure 1)
Gymnastics is a sport that involves performing various physical exercises with bare hands or with the help of equipment. "Gymnastics: originated from ancient Greek, and its Italian name is "naked skills", because they were all practiced naked at that time, and was later adopted by European and American countries. In my country, it is called "gymnastics". Its meaning and content follow It varies with the changes of the times.
The official name of modern gymnastics is competitive gymnastics, which is a branch of gymnastics, and is also referred to as gymnastics. A sport that coordinates movements and gives scores based on the difficulty, arrangement and completion of the movements.
Modern gymnastics originated in Germany, Sweden and Denmark in Europe at that time. They not only promoted the further development of gymnastics, but also laid the foundation for the formation of modern gymnastics in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics.
At present, large-scale gymnastics in the world. Competitions include World Cup, World Championships and Olympic Games gymnastics competitions. International and domestic large-scale gymnastics competitions generally include three different and interrelated competitions, namely team competitions, individual all-around competitions and individual competitions. The item "Gymnastics" is a general term for all gymnastics items, rather than the name of a specific item. According to the purpose of gymnastics (Figure 2) and tasks, gymnastics can be divided into two categories: basic gymnastics and competitive gymnastics. Basic gymnastics refers to movements. A type of gymnastics with relatively simple techniques and skills. Its main purpose and task is to strengthen the body and cultivate good body posture. Its main targets are the broad masses of the people. The most common ones include broadcast gymnastics and those for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Occupational disease fitness gymnastics. As can be seen from the literal meaning, competitive gymnastics refers to a type of gymnastics whose main purpose is to win, obtain excellent results, and compete for medals on the field. This type of gymnastics has difficult and complex techniques. There is a certain degree of thrilling, and those who engage in this type of gymnastics training are mainly athletes.
At present, competitive gymnastics includes five sports: competitive gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, aerobics, skills, and trampoline. Among them, the men's competitive gymnastics events include floor exercise, pommel horse, rings, vault, parallel bars, and horizontal bars, and the women's events include vault, uneven bars, balance beam, and floor exercise. Since competitive gymnastics has the longest history and can be said to be the "big brother" of competitive gymnastics, people are still accustomed to using "gymnastics" to refer to "competitive gymnastics". [Edit this paragraph] Competition rules According to the competition rules of the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), major international competitions (such as the Olympic Games, World Gymnastics Championships, etc.) are often held in separate venues for men and women. Men's and women's separate games mean that men and women compete in separate fields. Each men's game has six teams, one team for each event; women's games also have six teams participating. In some small and medium-sized international competitions and domestic gymnastics competitions (Figure 3), men and women basically compete on the same field. Men and women play on the same field to facilitate the arrangement of the game. Each game has three men's teams and three women's teams playing at the same time, divided into first and second halves, and each half has three rounds. In the first half, three men's teams competed on floor exercise, pommel horse and rings respectively, while two women's teams competed on vault and uneven bars. The other women's team had a bye. After the three rounds of the first half, the second half begins. The men's team has three events: vault, parallel bars, and horizontal bars, while the women's team competes on the balance beam and floor exercise. In this way, vault and floor exercise, the two most common events for men and women, will be staggered because of the first and second halves.
Before the competition officially starts, the athletes do pre-match exercises in each event, and the time is 30 seconds for each person. There are five people in each team, ***2 minutes and 30 seconds. After the competition starts, the head referee of the event holds the green flag or turns on the green light, which is a signal to the athletes preparing to compete. If the athlete has not put on the equipment 30 seconds after the signal is sent, it will be considered a forfeit and 0 points will be awarded.
Before getting on the equipment, the athlete should raise his right hand to signal to the referee. This is not only a sign of respect for the referee, but also a reminder to the referee: I am about to start doing the action. When the athletes complete a set of actions, they must also stand at attention and signal to the referee to indicate that the action is completed. Then, the Group D referee team will determine a difficulty score based on the difficulty of the athlete's completion and display it to the entire audience. The Group E referee requires deductions for the technique, posture and other aspects of this action within 30 seconds, and fills it in on the score sheet, which will be sent to the chief referee by the electronic scoring system or the scorer. Finally, the chief referee will indicate the final score of the set of moves based on the scores of the referees in Groups D and E. If all five athletes of a team have finished the competition, a red flag or red light will be hung on the equipment, indicating that the competition has ended. If all events have red flags or red lights, the announcer will notify the athletes to rotate events. This cycle continues until all six events are completed. Gymnastics (Picture 4)
The international gymnastics scoring rules clearly stipulate that in all team competitions, athletes must wear uniform clothing. In the four events of pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, and horizontal bars, they must Wear a tank top, long gym pants, and gym shoes (or socks). The reason for this rule is that these four events are mainly based on upper body movements. Wearing long pants not only has little impact on the athletes' movements, but can also increase the beauty of the movements. In the two events of floor exercise and vaulting, basically the whole body needs to be involved in the exercise, especially the legs. In order to ensure that athletes can perform better in the competition and create better results, the rules stipulate that in these two events During the competition of each event, you can wear shorts or go barefoot (to prevent slipping). If an athlete violates these rules, a certain number of points will be deducted from the overall team score or individual score. [Edit this paragraph] Judging standards In both men's and women's competitions, there are two groups of referees, A and B, who score the athletes' competition actions. Gymnastics (Picture 5) The A referee team determines the "A" score based on the content of the athlete's set of movements. The content of the "A" score includes: taking the athlete's complete set of movements and adding the best 9 movements to the 10 movements to calculate the difficulty value. The most difficult movement for men is Group F, and the most difficult movement for women is Group G. In all competitions, the difficulty scores for complete sets of actions for men and women are as follows: A, B, C, D, E, F and G; the action scores are: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7. Among the calculated difficulty values ??of the 10 actions, for each action structure group requirement completed, the A referee team will award 0.5 bonus points.
Except for the vault, the complete set of movements must have the required execution method. The B referee team determines the "B" score. The "B" score starts from 10 points and is deducted in units of 0.1 points. The deductions for "B" points include: errors in the art and completion of the complete set of movements, as well as technical and choreographic errors. When there are artistic or technical deviations in the completion of an action, points will be deducted. 0.1 points will be deducted for minor mistakes; 0.3 points will be deducted for medium mistakes; 0.5 points will be deducted for major mistakes; 1.0 points will be deducted for dropped equipment. The artistic deduction points, the deduction points for completion errors and the deduction points for technical and arrangement errors are summarized and deducted from the 10 points. The score obtained is the final "B" score. The "A" points and the final "B" points are added together to form the final score for a set of actions. When the total score is the same, it depends on the effective score of the B score. For example, in the 2008 Olympic women's uneven bars final, Chinese player He Kexin and American player Liukin also scored 16.725 points, and the A points were both 7.7 points, but Chinese player He Kexin The effective points will be deducted less (in order to make the whole rule more fair, the current "tie break" rule starts to use the method of averaging the effective points. If two players have the same score, they will read the ingredients first and the one with the higher score will win; If the completion scores are the same, then remove the lowest one among the valid completion scores, average the remaining completion scores, and compare until there is only one score left. If there is still no comparison at this time, then start from the beginning. The lowest score among all 6 finishing points is taken, and the remaining 5 scores are averaged. If all scores are equal, the ranking will be determined by drawing lots. However, due to the protests of some association countries, the tie breaking rule is only in the Olympic Games. Adopted in China, ties are still allowed in the World Championships), so the Chinese player is the first. [Edit this paragraph] International Gymnastics Federation (FIG), referred to as International Gymnastics Federation, is one of the oldest and largest international individual sports organizations in the world's history. The International Gymnastics Federation was established in Antwerp, Belgium on July 23, 1881. At that time, it was called the Federation of European Gymnastics (FEG) and had only three association members. On April 7, 1921, it was renamed Gymnastics (Figure 6). There are currently 125 members in the association.
The International Gymnastics Federation currently has five categories of gymnastics: men's competitive gymnastics, women's competitive gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, general gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics. In 1999, with the merger of the International Skills Federation and the Trampoline Federation, it was added to seven major sports. The International Gymnastics Federation is a member of the International Federation of Individual Sports. Its working languages ??are French, English, German, Russian and Spanish. Formal records and documents are predominantly in French.
The mission of the International Gymnastics Federation is to mobilize various forces that are beneficial to physical development through physical education and gymnastics, study gymnastics theory and practice, issue documents, and determine competition actions and procedures; Association members provide technical assistance; organize international competitions, and encourage and strengthen friendly exchanges between athletes from various countries.
The highest authority of the International Gymnastics Federation is the Congress, which is held every two years and holds elections every four years. An association member can send 3 representatives to attend the meeting, but only has 1 voting right.
The congress discusses the chairman's summary report, the reports of the Men's and Women's Technical Committees and the Rhythmic Gymnastics Committee, the suggestions of the association members, and elects the members of the Council, Executive Committee and Technical Committee. The International Gymnastics Federation Council consists of 44 people, including members of the Executive Committee, and meets once a year. The daily work of the International Sports Federation is handled by the Executive Committee, which is composed of 21 people including the President, 3 Vice-Presidents, Secretary-General, Deputy Secretary-General, 7 members, the President of the Continental Federation and the Chairman of the Special Committee. The Executive Committee oversees the implementation of the Federation's charter and rules, prepares the agenda for the Congress, and studies suggestions from association members. In addition to meetings during the Congress, meetings of the Executive Committee shall be held once a year. The current president of the International Gymnastics Federation is Italian Bruno Grandi.
The International Gymnastics Federation has a number of specialized committees, including the Men's Competitive Gymnastics Committee (MAG), Women's Competitive Gymnastics Committee (WAG), Rhythmic Gymnastics Committee (RSG), and Rhythmic Gymnastics Committee (AER). and the General Gymnastics Committee (GG). With the addition of skills and trampolining, technical committees for these two events were added in 1999. In addition, there are disciplinary committees, appeal committees, athletes committees, etc.
The International Gymnastics Federation publishes and distributes the Federation Bulletin 8 times a year, which introduces the meetings of the Executive Committee and Technical Committee, publishes the minutes of the Congress, and also publishes technical articles on various projects.
The main competitions of the International Gymnastics Federation include: Olympic gymnastics competitions held every four years; World Championships held every two years (single year); World Cup held every one year; and World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships held every two years. ; Championships and gymnastics festivals on all continents (demonstration performances by athletes of all age groups).
The Chinese Gymnastics Association joined the International Sports Federation in October 1978. [Edit this paragraph] Gymnastics Little Knowledge In gymnastics competitions, audiences often see athletes wearing a leather thing on their hands when doing rings or horizontal bars, with one end on the fingers and the other end tied to the wrist. It's the "protective palm". As the name suggests, "palm protectors" are used to protect the palms of gymnastics (Figure 7). Because when athletes perform various hanging, swinging, looping, turning and other movements in hanging rings and horizontal bars, they completely rely on their two hands to grasp the rings or bars. There is friction between the palms and the equipment. Over time, the palms will The skin will often become blistered or even peeled off, affecting training. In order to protect the palms, make the training time longer, achieve better results, and avoid blistering and peeling, the "palm protector" was invented during the actual training process. However, with the passage of time and the development of gymnastics technology, the function of "palm protectors" has also changed. It has gradually evolved from a single "protection" function to one that can improve "grip strength", help and promote the development of the difficulty of movements, and make the horizontal bar, The technical development of lifting rings has taken a leap forward.