These self-contained genres and their own characteristics of the folk songs, are reflected in all aspects of social life, singing the people of Northern Shaanxi, and the people of Shaanxi. Singing the bitterness and joy of the people of northern Shaanxi, love and hate, and when the social system fundamentally changed, the content and form of folk songs also changed. This change is reflected in the content of the performance of new social life and new characters, but also make the various genres have a new meaning. The following is an introduction to the classification of Shaanxi folk songs and the characteristics of various genres.
(I) Labor Horns
1. The Generation of Labor Horns
Labor Horns are folk songs sung by laborers along with labor rhythms. The intense labor movements and heavy physical loads give its singing the characteristics of labor calls - yells and shouts. Therefore, the folk call the labor horn is not called "drink", the north is called "yell horn", the south is called "shouting horn", Sichuan is called "whistle "The labor call is the first of its kind in human society. The labor trumpet is the first form of poetry in human society, and one of the sources of all subsequent poetry.
(2) Xintianyou
Xintianyou belongs to the folk song of the mountain song, is the song of the mountains, therefore, the area of Shenfu also called it "mountain song". It is one of the most distinctive types of folk songs in northern Shaanxi. The largest number, the most tunes, the widest range of content, the most popular with the masses. Therefore, the folk had "believe in the sky tour, not head, broken head of the poor can not solve the sorrow" said.
I. The Circulation of Xintiayou
Xintiayou is most representative of Suide and Mizhi area. * Shanxi Hequ, Inner Mongolia Ikezhaomeng, Ningxia Yanchi and other neighboring areas of the albatross, due to the influence of the mountain song, climbed the ground tune as well as flowers, a unique flavor. Meanwhile some songs are owned by several local ****s together.
Traditionally, the traditional Xin Tian You mostly expresses women's pain in marriage, love and family life, and their resistance to the bondage of feudalism; it also expresses the bitterness of the long and lonely journey in which the footmen express their hard life and their longing for their loved ones in their hometowns; and it also reflects the working people's yearning for a better life in the future. In order to express these rich thoughts and feelings, the singers often touch the feelings, the object to express their aspirations, improvisation, the export of poetry; so beautiful and beautiful songs on the letter of the sky and travel throughout the mountains and villages, therefore, the people called this form of "letter of the sky tour" or "Shun Tianyou Therefore, the people called this form "Xingtianyou" or "Shuntianyou". With the development of the revolutionary situation, Albatross not only expresses the personal joys and sorrows of the working people, but it is also tightly linked with the revolutionary struggle, resulting in countless Albatrosses that glorify the Party, the leaders, the revolution, and the new life. Today, the albatross has become an indispensable form of art for the people of northern Shaanxi to express their feelings in the most direct, simple and beautiful way.
The characteristics of Albatross
①The lyrics of Albatross are characterized by a two-sentence structure. Since its words are words of sound and subject to the strict limitations of musical phrases, it has formed a stable form of two sentences and one stanza. It uses pi xing as a means of image thinking to select life and refine artistic images that harmonize and unify content and form. This is the "soliciting objects to support feelings" or "touching feelings". These two traditional methods of expression in the long-term development of albatross, has become its own fine tradition, it is generally the first sentence of the rise, than, the next sentence point. The use of comparison is natural, skillful and appropriate. The sentences are diversified, the rhythm is distinctive, and the rhyme scheme is flexible and free. It is catchy to read and pleasant to sing. Length can be long or short, two lines can be used as an independent poem, multi-line and multi-paragraph organic combination, can make the short chapter into a continuous long song, performance more rich and complete content.
②Albatross is a lyrical song, as mentioned above, because it is an outdoor song of the mountains, the environment is open, and is not subject to the limitations of the labor movement, so it is characterized by the tune is rough and unrestrained, melodious and high-pitched, fully embodies the Shaanbei people's bold character. As sung by Albatross, "singing in the empty kiln does not show the sound". Of course, Albatross also has a lingering, gentle, delicate, simple tunes, such as women who miss their lover's tune is mostly so.
③The singing of Albatross is not limited by the tunes. According to the content of the lyrics and the singer's mood, the same song can be sung with different feelings, long or short, fast or slow, and at the same time, each section of the lyrics can be sung with any tune, which means that the tunes of Albatross are not fixed.
Three, Albatross is basically categorized into two types: high cadence and flat cadence.
Free rhythm, wide range, melodic ups and downs, and exuberant feelings, such as:
(1) The river flows in the ditch across the street, and some guerrillas come down from the mountains.
(2) Your mother beat you, you give your brother to say, why you put the foreign cigarettes to drink.
(3) The blossoms on the cliffs are red on the cliffs, and the sufferers are looking forward to a good time.
(4) You're not a genius, why do you wear red shoes in the dewy ground?
Singing the first type, (examples 1 and 2) should use a high voice; singing the second type, (examples 3 and 4) should use a flat voice. Most of the high voice with falsetto, the so-called "sheep's voice back to the sound of the cattle" singing, because the tune is unrestrained, melodious high, coupled with a wide range, jumping big, free rhythm and rich in change, many tunes with unlimited extended tone and mixed beat, thus singing free stretching, emotional exuberance, the flat cavity structure is compact, the rhythm of the more neatly, melodic and relatively smooth.
Xintianyou and Shanxi's "mountain song", Inner Mongolia's "climbing mountain song", all belong to the mountain brother song body, the three are not only in the style, approach and flexibility of tunes, singing style and other characteristics of basically the same outside, in the language approach is also very similar to the place. The three are not only basically the same in terms of style and flexibility of tunes, but also very similar in terms of language techniques. For example, the Song of Faithfulness says, "Fend off the knife of the death-row inmate, and stand on the door of the water-horn mother-in-law." The song of the mountain climbers sings: "The Eunuch of the Ghosts of the Guns is a horse-riding ghost, and the Grandmother of the Hanged Ghosts is standing on the doorstep." Another example is the song of Faithfulness, "The cow flower is red, the dewy couple is empty." The mountain song says: "Snowflakes hit the wall and ice covers the house, the dewy couple will not be long." The mountain song says: "Ice and snow are beating the wall, for the next big girl will not last long." Another example is the song "The blossoming of the petunia cow is slowly reddening, and the blossoming of the petunia cow is not planned for the morning." These sentences are very similar to each other! In fact, this is the inevitable phenomenon of folklore being passed on by word of mouth and the interaction between regions. Although they have the same points or similarities in form, from a careful analysis of the content, language, and use of tunes reflected in the folk songs, it is still possible to identify the significant differences between them. In the case of the Mountain Climbing Song, although it has a wide range of subjects, it is not as rich and complete as the Albatross, especially in the revolutionary folk songs. In the expression of feelings, Albatross is delicate, with gentle and colorful lyrics, while Climbing Mountain Song has far-reaching meanings and a rugged style. In the use of language, each of them has its own customary dialect spoken in the mass areas. Such as climbing songs commonly used in the "La La Slip", "drift whistle", "lonely whistle", "hitching stacks", "Trance Scrape", "Strong Strong Price" and so on. Sometimes in order to rhyme or express strong feelings, the end of the sentence using "le", "ah", "la" and other imaginary words. These are not found in Xin Tian You. In addition, both of them use superimposed words, which are more often used in the climbing song, and both of them have distinctive colors and local flavor of their respective places in their tunes, but the names of the tunes of the climbing song are named after the places in the region, which is one of the significant differences between it and Xintiyou in terms of tunes.
(3) Minor Tunes
Minor tunes refer to all kinds of folk songs that are popular in the occasions of rest, recreation and festivals of mass life. If Albatross is the "song of the mountains", then the ditty is the "song of the alleys". The so-called "Songs of the Mountain and the Wild" means that Albatross, which belongs to the genre of mountain songs, is a folk song genre that has been passed down and developed in the countryside. The so-called "Songs of the Lane" means that the circulation and development of ditties were more connected with towns and cities, and most ditties were transmitted from towns to the countryside.
1. Characteristics of the ditties
1) Rich in content and mixed in essence and coarseness. Due to the extensive contact with different classes and strata in urban and rural areas, coupled with the dissemination of professional artists and the printing of singing books, the ditties promoted more artistic processing, and at the same time brought complexity to the ideological content of the ditties. The main performance is that it not only reflects the life of the peasant class, but also reflects the small craftsmen and other laborers and merchants, the life and consciousness of the public, therefore, the content of the ditty is varied, the essence of the coarse and coarse, both pure and simple and healthy singing, but also with the public greasy, vulgar tunes, lack of the kind of strong local flavor and freshness as the albatross with the tone of the quality. However, it expresses the content and feelings delicately, and is good at expressing feelings through the method of narration.
②The subject matter is varied, life is wide. The life reflected in the ditty is very wide. It expresses the history of revolutionary struggle and sings about real life; it also recounts historical events, legends or life stories; it reflects various major political and social events; it also reflects games and customs in daily life. Especially in the revolutionary era, literary workers and the masses created many new revolutionary ditties, which played a fighting role in uniting the people, educating them, fighting the enemy and destroying them.
③The lyrics are mostly in the form of sectional openings. There are various types of sentences, including five and seven lines. Each section has four or six sentences, and there are also three or five odd sentences. Some of the lyrics are shorter, and some of them are up to twenty or thirty paragraphs. Generally, the lyrics are fixed and not characterized by improvisation. Singing forms include solo and duet singing, as well as singing in unison or as a group.
4 As the ditty and song and dance, music and opera influence each other, so in the art of more processing. Generally speaking, the rhythm and beat of the minor key is relatively neat, the melody is flowing and flowing, rich and diverse but standardized, the structure is clear and complete with independence, and widely used in the liner notes and cadences, commonly used instrumental accompaniment, and with the introduction, the door and other sets of forms.
2. Classification of ditties
Based on the ideological content of the ditties, singing and use, we divided it into five categories: passable ditties, social fire songs, customary songs, silk-string ditties, and large-scale suites. There are narrative songs, lyrical songs and witty songs in the passable ditties.
Passing ditties
①Narrative songs
Narrative songs, like narrative poems, are based on writing about people and events. It has a relatively complete story and distinctive characters, but does not give specific and detailed depictions.
The narrative of a narrative song is usually based on narration, which means that the singers use the third person to sing about people and events. Sometimes they combine narration and endorsement, using the first person to replace the singing of the characters in the work. Comrade He Qifang once said in Talking about Writing Poetry, "Narrative poetry is not telling a story, but singing a story." By singing a story, I mean that in a narrative song, not only the story is narrated, but also the emotion is expressed. But this "love" must be combined with the character and the progress of the story. Lyric in the narrative, in the lyric in the narrative, so that the narrative and lyric well combined. Xie said, "Narrative is the mother of sentiment, but sentiment is the untamed son of sentiment." This sentence has two meanings, one is the lyricism can not be vague, the second is the narrative should be simple, lyricism should be complex. That is to say, lyricism must be based on the narrative, the feelings expressed are dripping, refreshing, its words out of the mouth, no softly pretentious attitude to enhance the characteristics of the narrative.
Narrative songs are usually sung in a single tune over and over again, and most of the narrative songs written by professional authors are in the form of through-score songs, seldom in the form of sectional songs.
②Lyric Song
There are many narrative songs in the minor key, but most of them are short lyric songs. It is the poet-singer because of the objective things caused by a variety of feelings, such as love for the motherland, leader, hometown, relatives and all the beautiful things, the enemy and all kinds of ugly things hate, as well as love between men and women, friendship, etc. Joy, pain, sadness, nostalgia, expectations and other feelings of the true expression, it is not like the process of narrative poetry detailed account of the events of life, do not describe the characters in specific terms, general There is no plot, but to express their feelings, or to express their feelings through the scenery.
③Witty Songs
Witty Songs are songs that make people laugh with witty strokes. Generally with vivid plot description, humor, lively and cheerful, can give people unlimited fun and interest. It can praise the advanced and beautiful things, express the optimism of the working people's witty and humorous character, and also satirize and ridicule the ugly and corrupt things.
In addition, some of the works in the ditty, the subject matter, the content is basically the same, but there are different kinds of tunes or the same tune but there are a few different subject matter and content of the lyrics. This kind of variation is one of the important features of oral composition.
One of the reasons for this phenomenon of variation is that folk songs are passed on orally among the working masses, and there is no material form to fix them, or the singers change them intentionally or unintentionally according to their own interests and hobbies, so that a song is often changed at different times and in different spaces. The second reason for this phenomenon of variation is the interaction between regions.