2. From Shang Dynasty to Zhou and Qin Dynasties, Qinghai was called "Xirong Qiang Land".
3. During the Western Zhou Dynasty (about 1 1 ~ before the 8th century BC), the residents at that time were able to make knives, knives and other bronze weapons, and agriculture and animal husbandry in the Zhou Dynasty were developed. From Xia-Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, Qinghai belonged to Yongzhou, and Qiang people were closely related to Xiongnu and Huaxia. Some Qiang people near the Central Plains gradually merged with Huaxia people and became later Han people.
4. During the Warring States Period (5th-2nd century BC), under the influence of Central Plains culture, the Qiang people in Hehuang changed from hunting and animal husbandry to agriculture. Due to the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, there are more and more tribes attached to the Quartet.
Ai Jian (a historical representative respected by the Qiang people at that time) was chosen as the leader, and then the hereditary system was implemented, which was inherited by his descendants. The leaders of the Western Qiang people were called Hao, Chief and Rong Wang, and they were the rulers of the tribes at that time.
5. In the Qin Dynasty (2265438 BC+0 ~ 207 BC), a corner of Qinghai was relatively stable, and the Qiang people flourished. Aijian's great-grandson Ren and his younger brother Wu still stayed in Huangzhong, and his uncle moved thousands of miles south to Vietnam and branch in Hexi. He is very successful in animal husbandry.
At that time, the trade was barter trade, and cattle played a prominent role in barter trade. The introduction of copper processing technology improved the production tools and living tools, and the handicraft industry developed.
6. Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD)
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Linqiang County and Poqiang County (now Ledu area) in Qinghai, which brought advanced technology and culture. In the first year of Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty, General Zhao Chongguo led the army to attack Qiang first and reclaimed land at the same time.
At this time, Qiang people divided into living Qiang and cooked Qiang households. The mixed residence of Qiang and Han promoted the further development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Hehuang area. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang asked the Qiang people in the West Sea to dedicate their land to him, and the leader of the Qiang people in the North River agreed to give up the land around the West Sea.
Wang Mang set up Xihai County and Taishou in the triangle city of Haiyan County today, and has five counties under his jurisdiction. In the 1970s and 1980s after the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiang people migrated to Longdong, Gansu, western Shaanxi and southern Ningxia, and were called Dongqiang, while the western Qiang people were called Xiqiang.
7. Three Kingdoms, Western Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties (3rd-6th century AD)
Wei established Xiping County (now Xining) in Qinghai. Starting from Tianshui, west of Didao and south of the Yellow River, it is the nomadic range of Qiang people. After the reunification of the rulers, xiping county was still established, and generals were set up in Manglachuan (southern Guangxi) to seize the Qiang people.
In 397-4 14, Xianbei people expanded their power and established local separatist regimes in Ledu and Xiping successively, controlling tens of thousands of Qiang and Hu tribes. A Tuyuhun kingdom established by Tuyuhun of Xianbei nationality has set up schools, selected talents, set up scholars' courses, set up official positions, and opened up east-west traffic channels, making Xining a traffic artery.
The fourth century was the most prosperous period of Tuguhun, which was 3,000 miles long from east to west and more than 1,000 miles long from north to south. They lived with the Qiang people and engaged in nomadism. At this time, the vast pastoral areas in Qinghai entered the primary stage of nomadic feudal society.
8. sui dynasty (589 ~ 6 18)
Tugu Soul "says he is a fan." Yang Di established Xihai County and Hehuang County, which controlled the eastern and southern parts of Qinghai Lake. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Fu Yun, a Tuyuhun man, led many people back to Qinghai Lake. Qiang people live in remote areas and live a nomadic life completely, which is very different from the ethnic groups in the eastern valley.
9. Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18 ~ 896)
In the second year of Tang Wude (AD 6 19), he changed xiping county to Shanshan and ordered the secretariat to control Qinghai. In the middle of the 6th century, Tibetan Tubo (Tibetan) became increasingly strong. Songzan Gambu, the leader of Tubo, defeated Tuyuhun in the east of Qinghai and completed the rule of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with Luodian as its capital and Qinghai under the jurisdiction of Tubo.
In 638 AD, Tubo and Tang fought in Songzhou, winning and losing each other. Songzan gave up fighting and apologized to Tang. In 640 AD, Princess Wencheng, the daughter of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, married Songzan Gambu. The craftsmen, artists and books brought by Princess Wencheng have a great influence on the economic and cultural development of Qinghai and Tibet. In 7 10, Tang Zhongzong's daughter Princess Jincheng married Xu Zan, a Tibetan exile.
Tang and Tubo made up and set up a monument in Chiling (now Moon Mountain), where "crossing horses" and "exchanging markets" are located. The Tang Dynasty had close contacts with Tubo, and Qinghai became the main road from Lhasa to Chang 'an (that is, the ancient Tubo Road in Tang Dynasty).
At the same time, Tang's agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft technology gradually spread to all parts of Qinghai. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, after the rule of Tubo in Qinghai was overthrown, many small tribes appeared in pastoral areas, forming a separatist situation.
10, Song Dynasty (10 ~13rd century)
1 1 At the beginning of the century, the feudal forces in eastern Qinghai established the descendants of Tubo Puyue as kings, called "Mi (Yingu) Silo", and posthumous title Zongka King, with its capital "Qingtang" (now Xining).
During the period of 1099- 1 104, the central government of the Northern Song Dynasty arrived in Hehuang area, and the name of Xining came into use. The regime of the Northern Song Dynasty established land in Hehuang area, and it was not until 1 127 that the Northern Song Dynasty abandoned the land in Qinghai when the Jin soldiers invaded Shaanxi.
1 1, Yuan Dynasty (A.D.13 ~14th century)
/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Genghis Khan returned from Central Asia, led a great army to occupy Xining House via Lintao, and set up the "Marshal House of Tubo Xuanwei Department" in Hezhou (now Linxia County) to manage the vast pastoral areas of Tubo and other ethnic groups such as Gansu, northern Sichuan and Qinghai. All counties in the Huangshui River Basin belong to Xining House.
At that time, the pastoral area implemented the toast system, and the upper members of the Tubo tribe were appointed as toast and Qianhu to rule the area under their jurisdiction. During this period, nomadic tribes in Qinghai gained stability. At this time, with the support of Genghis Khan, Tibetan Buddhism gradually became popular in Qinghai and many monasteries were established.
Extended data
Qinghai is located in the west of China, with a geographical location between 89 35 ′-103 04 ′ east longitude and 319 ′-3919 ′ north latitude, with a total area of 722,300.
Qinghai's neighboring provinces border Gansu Province in the north and east, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the northwest, Xizang Autonomous Region in the south and southwest, and Sichuan Province in the southeast.
Baidu encyclopedia-Qinghai