Names of the garden
In history, open space for different content and form of different names. China's Yin and Zhou period and Assyria in Western Asia, to raise animals and birds for hunting and enjoyment of the realm known as the 囿 and Hunting Garden. China's Qin and Han Dynasties for the emperor's recreational realm known as the court or palace garden; belonging to the government or private known as the garden, garden pool, house garden, and so on. The word "garden", seen in the Western Jin Dynasty after the poetry, such as the Western Jin Dynasty Zhang Han "miscellaneous poems" has "twilight spring and gas should be, the sun shines in the garden" sentence; Northern Wei Yang Xuanzhi "Luoyang Galaxy Records" commenting on the Secretary of the Nong Zhang Lun's residence, said: "the gardens The beauty of the mountains and ponds, the kings can not be compared." After the Tang and Song dynasties, the word "garden" is more widely used, often used to refer to a variety of recreational areas.
Categories of gardens
According to different perspectives, gardens can be divided into the following categories: to distinguish between classical gardens and modern gardens in terms of history; to distinguish between Chinese gardens and Western gardens in terms of geographic area; to distinguish between the scale of forest gardens, urban gardens and gardens; to distinguish between the function of the comprehensive gardens, zoos, botanical gardens, children's parks and urban green space. In classical gardens, Chinese gardens have royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens; Western classical gardens have regular gardens and natural style gardens. Different countries in different times can also be subdivided into different types. Classification of modern parks Due to the differences in national conditions and concepts of various countries, the classification of parks varies and it is difficult to form a definitive conclusion. (1) Categories of parks in the United States National parks, comprehensive parks, sports parks, waterfront parks, botanical gardens, zoos, urban neighborhood parks, children's parks, downtown parks, and so on. (2) Parks in Germany Forest parks, national parks, comprehensive parks, suburban green spaces, botanical gardens, zoos, sports and playgrounds, squares and decorative paths, and fruit and vegetable gardens. (3) Categories of parks in Japan Historical parks, regional parks, scenic parks, botanical gardens, zoos, comprehensive parks, sports parks, urban parks, and children's parks. (4) Categories of parks in China Classical gardens, scenic parks, comprehensive parks, monumental parks, botanical gardens, zoos, children's parks, parks in urban areas and residential neighborhoods, and so on.
Functions of Gardens
According to modern understanding, gardens are not only used for recreation, but also have the functions of protecting and improving the environment. Plants can absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen, purify the air; can absorb harmful gases and adsorption of dust to a certain extent, to reduce pollution; can regulate the temperature and humidity of the air to improve the microclimate; and attenuate noise and wind, fire and other protective effects. Especially important is the garden in the psychological and spiritual beneficial effects. Recreation in the beautiful scenery and quiet garden, help to eliminate the tension and fatigue brought about by long hours of work, so that the brain, physical strength to be restored. Culture, fun, sports, science education and other activities in the garden can enrich knowledge and enrich the spiritual life. From the layout, the garden can be divided into two categories: the rule of Western gardens on behalf of the countries represented by the Italian palaces, French Terrace and the Chinese Royal Gardens, natural style on behalf of the Chinese private gardens, Suzhou Gardens, Lingnan Gardens, mixed modern architecture, rule of the type and the natural type of collocation
Garden development
From the development of the way that the garden can be divided into two categories: one is to take advantage of the original One is the use of the original natural style, to remove the chaos, repair and development, open up the path, the layout of the garden building, without the cost of personnel work can be formed in the natural gardens. Such as the Tang Dynasty Wang Wei's Rim River is a private villa camping in the mountains and lakes of the victory of the natural valley area, can be called a mountain villa; such as Hunan Dayong County Zhangjiajie, Sichuan Songpan County Jiuzhaigou, with a beautiful view of a wide range of natural areas, a little more construction, development, can be utilized, known as the natural scenic area; such as Taishan Mountain, Mount Huangshan, Wuyi, etc., the development of a long history of cultural relics and monuments, myths, legends, religion, art and other content, known as scenic spots, and the development of a natural landscape. Art and other content, known as scenic spots. The other category is artificial gardens, that is, within a certain geographical area, to improve the ecology, beautify the environment, meet the needs of recreation and cultural life and the creation of the environment, such as small gardens, gardens, parks and so on. Chinese classical gardens have a high reputation in the world, the masterpiece is the Suzhou Garden, the more famous are the Humble Administrator's Garden, Liouyuan Garden, the Net Master Garden, the Huanxiu Villa, Lotus Garden, Lion Grove and so on.
Garden realization
The so-called garden realization - that is: gardening. Usually, the advantages and disadvantages of garden landscaping, in addition to some of the restrictions on the timing and geographical location, more depends on the designers of the garden, whether the ingenuity, whether the clever use of regional and environmental characteristics, the integration of their own aesthetic concepts in which they stand out. Therefore, the design in the front, the layout in the back; selection of materials in the front, construction in the back; landscape in the front, integration in the back. Of course, regardless of the effect and input now gardening, is not desirable, can not protect the ecological environment on the basis of gardening, but also shallow and no area, it will be difficult for the era of fragrance.
Gardening
Cultivation goal: to cultivate can adapt to the 21st century China's socio-economic development needs, moral, intellectual and physical all-round development, solid basic theories, broad knowledge, adaptability, strong working ability, high overall quality, rich in the spirit of innovation and a certain degree of professional skills in the construction and management of the garden talents with urban greening, landscape architecture, landscape engineering, landscape gardening and other professional skills. They have the basic ability of urban greening, landscape architecture, landscape engineering, landscape gardening, planning and design, and cultivation, breeding and maintenance management of garden plants. Main Courses: Introduction to Landscape Architecture, Fine Arts, Botany, Landscape Engineering Drawing, Surveying, Preliminary Design, Computer Aided Design, Introduction to Landscape Design (Bilingual Teaching), Environmental Art, Urban Green Space System Planning, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Design, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Plants, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture, and Landscape Architecture and Landscape Architecture. etc. Graduates of this program should have the following knowledge, ability and quality: 1, with solid gardening, architecture, design art and other disciplines of basic theory, basic knowledge. 2, with a certain degree of drawing skills, and design art. 2, with a certain degree of painting skills and aesthetic knowledge, can apply the appropriate art theory and design techniques of natural landscape, plant materials for artistic creation. 3, master scenic area planning, forest park planning, urban green space system planning, all kinds of garden green space planning and design, garden architecture design, garden engineering design, garden plant landscaping design methods. 4, with the landscape, urban landscaping construction and management of the basic skills. 5, master the necessary garden plant cultivation, breeding and maintenance management techniques. 6, with research and decision-making, organizational management and scientific research, independent access to knowledge, information processing and innovation of the basic ability. 7, familiar with China's land greening, scenic spots and forest park construction, forest resources, land resource management and protection and urban environment and protection of guidelines, policies and regulations. 8, have a certain degree of scientific research and practical work ability, understand the theoretical frontiers of domestic and foreign gardening disciplines, application prospects and development trends. 9, with strong English comprehensive application ability and computer application ability; master literature search and the application of modern information technology to obtain data and information of the basic methods. 10, to understand the basic knowledge of sports and physical exercise basic methods, to meet the physical health standards of students; learning humanities and social sciences and natural sciences in the basic theories and basic knowledge, with a high overall quality. Employment: Graduates can be employed in urban gardening, architecture and environmental engineering, municipal landscaping, public utilities, urban and rural planning and construction management and other related industries, departments and institutions, but also can continue to study gardening, landscape, architecture, urban planning, environmental art professional category of the master's degree.? Title: Title Certificate: Technician, Assistant Engineer, Engineer, Senior Engineer, Professor Senior Engineer, etc. These can be evaluated as long as the conditions are sufficient. There are registered construction engineer, registered cost engineer, registered urban planner, registered architects and so on to participate in the national examination. Landscape architects have not yet organized a national qualification examination, the state is brewing the way the practice test, name and content. Relevant qualifications: florist (junior, middle and senior), greening (junior, middle and senior), landscape architect (junior, middle and senior), plant protection workers (junior, middle and senior) and so on these to participate in the examination.
Chinese gardens
Chinese gardens have a long history, is China's ancient architectural treasures, the art of gardening is far-reaching, as early as the period of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty, there is the activity of building the Palace Court, the formation of her mainly by the ideas of the ruling class and the Buddha, Taoism, painting, poetry and art, such as in Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties period, the ruling class is fierce, the country is divided, coupled with the Taoist and Buddhist influence of the prevalence, produced the Xuanxuan, the Buddha, the Buddha, the Buddha, the Buddha, the Buddha, and the Buddha. The influence of the prevalence of Taoism and Buddhism, produced the metaphysics, the scholar, or people want to enjoy themselves, or cleanliness, or travel to the mountains and waters, resulting in the formation of natural aesthetics, and the characteristics of the garden is also characterized by the natural interest of the idyllic landscapes. The construction of classical Chinese gardens is mainly based on natural landscape, paved with artificial palaces, corridors, buildings, pavilions and other buildings, to emulate nature by artificial means, in which the humanistic ideas of different historical periods, especially poetry, lyrics and paintings of the ideological realm. Classification of ancient Chinese gardens can be categorized in different ways from different angles. Generally there are two kinds of classification methods. (A) according to the identity of the occupant 1, the royal garden is exclusively for the emperor to rest and enjoy the garden. The ancients said that under the sky is not the king's land, in the view of the ruling class, the country's mountains and rivers belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by a large scale, more real water, the garden building colorful, tall buildings. Existing for the famous royal gardens are: Beijing's Summer Palace, Beijing's Beihai Park, Hebei Chengde summer resort. 2, private garden is for the royal family relatives, princes and officials, rich merchants and other leisure garden. It is characterized by a smaller scale, so commonly used fake mountains and fake water, the building is small and exquisite, showing its elegant and pure colors. Existing private gardens, such as Beijing's Prince Gong's Palace, Suzhou's Humble Administrator's Garden, stay in the country, Canglang Pavilion, the network of lion's garden, Shanghai's Yuyuan Garden and so on. (B) according to the geographic location of the garden points 1, the northern type of northern gardens, because of the wide area, so the scope is larger; and because most of the capital is located, a so the building is rich and magnificent. Because of natural weather conditions are limited, rivers and lakes, garden stone and evergreen trees are less. Because of the style of coarse expansion, so showy beauty is not enough. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang. Kaifeng, especially Beijing as a representative. 2, Jiangnan type South of the more densely populated, so the garden geographical range is small; and because of the river and lake, garden stone, more evergreen trees, so the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Because of the above conditions, it is characterized by bright and beautiful, elegant and simple, winding and deep, but exactly the area is small, a little sense of urgency. Southern garden generation; table mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou as a representative. 3, Lingnan type because of its location in subtropical, evergreen, and more rivers, so the gardening conditions than the north and south are good. Its obvious characteristic is a tropical scenery, buildings are higher and spacious. Existing Lingnan type gardens include the famous Qinghuiyuan in Shunde, Guangdong, Keyuan in Dongrong, and Yuyinshanfang in Panyu. The essential features of classical Chinese gardens are reflected in the following aspects: 1. Landscape type of modeling mountains and water The vernacular landscape type composed of natural resources such as terrain and geomorphology, hydrogeology, and native plants is the constituent element of the spatial main body of classical Chinese gardens. The fine craftsmanship of native materials and the expression of landscape mood are one of the main features of Chinese traditional gardens. Classical Chinese gardens emphasize "although made by people, like from heaven", emphasize "from nature but higher than nature", and emphasize people's knowledge and feeling of nature. 2, the ideal environment suitable for human habitation The pursuit of an ideal living environment, to create a healthy and comfortable, fresh and pleasant microclimate conditions, due to the relatively poor living environment in ancient China, the Chinese classical garden landscape are very much focused on the improvement of microclimate conditions, to create a more comfortable and pleasant environment, such as the layout of the landscape, the planting of the plants, the construction of pavilions and corridors, etc., are based on the influence of light and shadow, airflow, temperature and other factors of human comfort. Based on the human comfort factors such as light and shadow, airflow, temperature, etc., it forms an ideal environment for comfortable living and living. 3, cleverly borrowed visual boundaries are not confined to the scope of the courtyard, expanding the visual boundaries of the space through borrowed scenery, so that the garden landscape and the natural landscape outside the connection, echo, and create a holistic garden landscape. Whether moving or static view can see the beautiful scenery, the pursuit of infinite extension of the spatial visual effect. 4, progressive spatial organization combination of static and dynamic, contrast between reality and reality, bearing the top and bottom, step by step, fascinating, gradual change of space organization and space zigzagging, garden in the garden type of spatial layout principle often separates the garden as a whole into a number of different shapes, different scales and different personalities of the space, and the formation of the space of all the elements blended together, the difference between the interlacing, each other, the nature, the landscape, Humanities landscape is divided into a number of segments, respectively, so that people can see the local interlacing of space, in order to form a rich landscape that seems to have no end. 5, small see big space effect Ancient gardening artists seized the typical features of various beauties in nature to refine and cut the peaks and valleys one by one in a small courtyard, highlighting the three-dimensional spatial effect on the two-dimensional garden site. "Create unlimited space with limited area". "Big" and "small" is relative, the key is "fake natural scenery, create landscape real interest, get the garden mood. 6, intriguing garden culture people often use landscape poems, landscape paintings sent landscape, expressing the pursuit of transcendence and natural coordination **** life thinking and mood. Classical gardens often through couplets plaques, carved stones, calligraphy, art, literature, philosophy, music and other forms of expression of the landscape mood, so that the constituent elements of the garden rich in connotation and landscape thickness. Classical Chinese gardens refer to the Chinese landscape gardens represented by the private gardens in Jiangnan and the royal gardens in the north, which are unique in the history of the development of the world's gardens, and are the valuable historical and cultural heritage of all mankind. Classical Chinese gardens can be categorized in different ways from different perspectives. Generally there are three classifications: [According to the choice of the garden site and the development of the way points] 1. Artificial landscape garden China's gardening development to the stage of completely conscious creation and the emergence of the highest aesthetic realm of a class of gardens. These gardens are built on flat land, especially in towns and cities. Inside the architectural environment of the town, small environments are created to simulate natural wildlife, like a little oasis, so they are also called "urban forests. 2. natural landscape garden generally built in the suburbs of the town or the suburbs of the mountain landscape area, including landscape garden, mountain garden and water garden. The key to building a natural landscape garden lies in choosing the base site, and if the site is properly chosen, it can be far better than an artificial landscape garden with a small amount of money spent on the true interest of the natural landscape. [ According to the identity of the occupant, affiliation points ] 1, the royal garden is exclusively for the emperor to rest and enjoy the garden. The ancients said that under the sky is not the king's land, in the view of the ruling class, the country's mountains and rivers belong to the royal use. Therefore, it is characterized by a large scale, more real mountains and water in the garden building colorful, tall buildings. Existing for the famous royal gardens are Beijing's Summer Palace, Beijing's Beihai Park Hebei Chengde summer resort. Belonging to the emperor's personal and royal family private, the ancient books called the court, the court, the palace garden, the imperial garden, the imperial garden. 2, private garden is for the royal family, princes and officials, rich merchants and other leisure garden. It is characterized by a smaller scale so commonly used fake mountains and water, small and exquisite buildings, showing its elegant and pure colors. Existing private gardens, such as the Prince Gong's Mansion in Beijing, Suzhou's Humble Administrator's Garden, Liou Garden, Net Lion Garden, Shanghai's Yuyuan Garden and so on. Belong to the private nobility, bureaucrats, red gentry private, the ancient books inside the garden, garden pavilion, garden villa, pool museum, mountain pool, mountain villa, the other side of the house, the grassy knoll, etc.. 3. Temple Gardens The gardens attached to Buddhist temples and Taoist monasteries also include the internal courtyards of the temples and the landscaped environments of the peripheral lots. [ According to the geographical location of the gardens ] 1, the northern type of northern gardens, because of the wide area, so the scope is larger; and because most of the white county is located, so the building is rich and beautiful. Because of natural weather conditions limited by rivers and lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees are less. So the beauty of the beauty of the show is not enough. Representatives of the northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, especially Beijing as a representative. 2, Jiangnan type South of the more densely populated, so the garden geographical range is small; and because the river and lake, garden stone, evergreen trees more, so the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Because of the above conditions, its characteristics of bright and beautiful, elegant and simple, winding and deep, but exactly the area is small, slightly confined. Representatives of the southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou as a representative. 3, Lingnan type because of its location in the subtropics, evergreen, and more rivers, so gardening conditions than the north and south are good. Its obvious characteristic is a tropical scenery, buildings are higher and spacious. Existing Lingnan-style gardens include the famous Qinghuiyuan in Shunde, Guangdong, and Keyuan in Dongguan. 4. 4. In addition to the three major thematic styles, there are also various forms of gardens such as the Ba Shu Garden and the Western Garden. Classical Chinese gardens have their own means of handling some of the design concepts of eastern and western gardens; and after integrating their own historical, humanistic and geographical characteristics, they also show some of their own unique features. 1, the nature worship of the unity of man and nature 2, the landscape type of imitation natural landscape pattern 3, poetic and picturesque expression 4, comfortable and pleasant living environment 5, the expansion of the field of view of the skillful use of borrowing 6, the spatial sequence of the gradual progression of the 7, small in the big visual effect 8, the euphemistic and subtle expression of emotions China's four great classical gardens Summer Palace, Summer Resort, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Garden of Reunion Suzhou's four great classical gardens (the Canglang Pavilion, the Lion's Grove, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Garden of Reunion) The four classical gardens in Suzhou (Canglang Pavilion, Lion Grove, The Humble Administrator's Garden, Liouyuan Garden) Types of professional companies in the gardening industry: The first category, flower seedling companies, including: flower production companies, flower planting companies, seed breeding companies, seed sales companies, rental companies, cut flower sales companies The second category, landscaping engineering companies, including: lawn and ground cover plant production companies, seed companies, garden machinery sales companies, engineering companies, picking up the mountain of the stone company, sprinkler irrigation companies, Garden project bidding company, garden supervision company
[Edit paragraph] The origin and development of China's garden
China's gardening should begin in the Shang Dynasty, when it is called 囿. King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty, "good wine and lust, the benefits of collecting dogs and horses and strange things, filling the palace, the benefits of wide sand dunes court platform (Note: Hebei Xingtai Guangzong area), more beasts (flying) birds placed in which ......". King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty built the Spirit Catchment, which was "seventy miles square, in which the grass and trees flourished, and the birds and animals multiplied. The first "囿" was to encircle a place with beautiful natural scenery and release animals and birds for the emperor to hunt, so it was also called "游囿" (游囿). The son of heaven, the vassals have 囿, only the scope and specifications of the hierarchy of the difference, "the son of heaven 100 miles, the vassals 40". From the Han Dynasty onwards, it was called Yuan (苑). The Han Dynasty in the Qin Dynasty on the basis of the early 囿, the development of garden-based imperial court Palace, in addition to the layout of the garden for the emperor to rest, but also held a congratulations, dealing with the imperial government. The "Weiyang Palace" of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, the "Sixian Garden" of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the "Shanglin Garden" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the "East Garden" of King Liang Xiaowang (also known as Liang Garden) were the most important gardens of the Han Dynasty. "(also known as Liangyuan, Cuyuan, Suoyuan) of King Liang Xiaowang, and "Leyouyuan" of Emperor Xuandi are all famous gardens in this period. From the murals of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, the pavilions of the Han Dynasty, and the scroll of the Han Dynasty by the Yuan Dynasty's Li Rongjin, it can be seen that the Han Dynasty's gardens were already at a high level and on a large scale. Mei multiplier's "Cusu Garden Fugue", Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fugue", Ban Gu's "Xidu Fugue", Sima Qian's "Historical Records", as well as "Xijing Miscellaneous Records", the canonical record of the "Sanshou Huangtu" and other historical books and documents, for the above catching the court, there are more detailed records. Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties is an important period in the history of China's social development, once the social and economic prosperity, cultural prosperity, the scholarly class to pursue the beauty of the natural environment, travel to the famous mountains and rivers has become the general fashion of the upper strata of society. Liu Innocenti Diao Long, Zhong Rong's Poetry, Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, and many other masterpieces, were released during this period. Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, "to encourage governance, national prosperity", the society into the Tang Dynasty, the Palace Court design is more and more exquisite, especially because of the stone carving process has been skillful, the palace buildings carved fences and jade masonry, extraordinarily looks gorgeous. "Forbidden Palace Court", "Dongduyuan", "Shenduyuan", "Cuiwei Palace" and so on, are charming and unprecedented. The Tangquan Palace built by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty on Mount Li in Xi'an was later changed to Huaqing Palace by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Here, the palace buildings and pavilions were "connected into a city", and the king of the Tang Dynasty "sang and danced slowly and condensed the silk and bamboo, and the king did not see enough". Du Fu had a long poem "from Beijing to Fengxian County Wing love 500 words", describing and denouncing the corrupt life of the princes and dignitaries. Song dynasty yuan dynasty garden also have a prosperous period, especially in the use of stone, there is a greater development. Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, under the slogan of "Fenghuang Yudai", made a great effort to build a garden. He had some attainments in painting, especially like the stone as an object of appreciation. First set up in Suzhou, Hangzhou, "the creation of the Bureau", and later added in Suzhou, "should be dedicated to the Bureau", specializing in the collection of folk exotic flowers and stones, boat after boat to Kaifeng, Kyoto, the construction of the Palace. "Shoushoushan Burgundy" of Wanshoushan is a considerable scale of the Imperial Palace. In addition, there are "Qiong Hua Yuan", "Yichun Yuan", "Fang Lin Yuan" and some other famous garden. Now Kaifeng Xiangguo Temple in the exhibition of a few pieces of lake stone, the shape is really strange and unusual. Suzhou, Yangzhou, Beijing and other places also have "flower stone outline" relics, are very strange. During this period, a large number of literati, painters involved in gardening, further strengthening the creative mood of the landscape garden. Ming and Qing Dynasty is the peak of China's garden creation. Royal garden creation to the Qing dynasty Kangxi, Qianlong period is most active. At that time, social stability, economic prosperity to the construction of large-scale natural gardens provide favorable conditions, such as "Yuanmingyuan", "summer resort", "Changchunyuan" and so on. The private garden is the main achievement of the Jiangnan garden built in the Ming Dynasty, such as "Canglang Pavilion", "Huoyuan Garden", "Humble Administrator's Garden", "Yichang Garden "and so on. At the same time in the late Ming Dynasty also produced a garden art creation theory books "garden metallurgy". In their creative thinking, they still inherited the creative source of the Tang and Song dynasties, from the aesthetic to the creation of the garden mood are "small in the big", "Sumi Arabidopsis", "pot in the world" etc. as the creation techniques. Natural view, writing, poetry and painting become the dominant creative position, the architecture of the garden plays the most important role, become the main means of landscape. Gardens from ornamental to live in the gradual development of tourism. Large gardens not only imitate the natural landscape, but also set imitation of local attractions in a garden, forming a garden within a garden, a large set of small garden style. To the end of the Qing Dynasty, the exploration of garden theory stagnation, coupled with the society due to foreign aggression, the impact of Western culture, the collapse of the national economy and other reasons, so that the garden creation by the heyday to decline. But the achievements of Chinese gardens has reached the peak of its history, its gardening techniques have been admired and copied by Western countries, set off a wave of "Chinese garden fever" in Western countries. Chinese garden art from the East to the West, became the world's **** recognized the mother of the garden, the world's artistic wonders.
Somewhat more slowly see but really want to learn good garden is very hard just to learn drawing construction botany chemistry garden planning and so on are very let a person eat not too consume and because the course needs often stay up late to make drawings