Shoes have a long history
When did shoes originate? And who invented them? Now there is no way to prove, but history shows that our country is not only an ancient civilization of clothing, but also an ancient civilization of manufacturing shoes. About five thousand years ago in the Paleolithic Age, primitive man in the bone needle sewing animal skin clothes, also sewing animal skin shoes, to protect the feet, tracing the wording. Shoes is a collective name for tracks, boots, shoes and clogs. In ancient times, they were called clothes, shoes, sandals, leather shoes (low). Crawlers and sandals are the same thing, but they are called differently depending on the era in which they are worn. Before the Han Dynasty, they were called sandals, and they were mostly single-soled shoes made of hemp and kudzu, as in the Spring and Autumn Period, when the poem "Wei Feng" (魏风), which was compiled, was written. Wei Feng? Ge Sandals" reads: "Tangled Ge Sandals". Later Han called shoes, it is made of hemp, silk shoes. Horse sandals are grass shoes. According to the East Han Liu Xi compiled "interpretation of the name - interpretation of the clothes" recorded: "Handsalts, grass shoes are also ...... traveling with, Handsalts, Handsalts lightweight, because of the name." Clogs are also a kind of shoes, usually refers to the wooden bottom, or with teeth, or toothless; also made of grass or silk. The "Interpretation of Names? Interpretation of Clothing" contains: "Palm clogs, made of silk, such as hemp sandals. It is not said that hemp sandals, hemp sandals can not trample mud, clogs can trample mud. This can also step mud and roll, so it is called clogs." According to the "Song Book - Xie Ling Yun biography", "Ling Yun often wear wooden clogs, up the mountain is to go to the front teeth, down the mountain is to go to the back teeth." In ancient times, the term "leather shoes" referred to shoes made of animal skins, and the taller ones were called boots. "Boots" refers to the long boots above the ankle bone, which were gradually popularized with the introduction of Hu clothing, and appeared in large quantities only after the Han Dynasty, and were popularized only in the Tang Dynasty. The Book of Jin? Liu Zhaozhuan": "I tasted someone riding a donkey with boots on, to the outside of Zhao's door." Boots are characterized by strong thermal insulation, walking in mud and swamps, and ease of horseback riding. Legend has it that "clothes" also means shoes made of animal skins. According to "Han Shu - Yang Xiong's biography": "I serve frugally, I don't wear clothes, and I don't wear leather clothes." "Children's shoes" means slippers. It is written in the second volume of the book: "Children's shoes are angular brown socks and towels." Yan Shigu's note: "Children's shoes are called wei cui, with a deep head and a flat bottom. Nowadays, people call them tricksters." Also known as children's shoes. In the three dynasties, they were made of leather, but in the second year of Emperor Shihuang, they were made of bushels, and from Jin to Tang, they were made of grass, and in the time of Emperor Wu of Liang, they were made of silk. According to Tao Zongyi's "Dropout Record" Volume 18, "children's shoes": "People in western Zhejiang, grass for the track without a heel, called children's shoes." At this time, it has been proposed that slippers are also a kind of shoes. According to the evidence, as early as four thousand years ago in the Xia Dynasty, people have begun to wear grass shoes. Three thousand years ago, the word "Cui" was recorded in "Zhou Yi", and it was clear that Cui was shoes. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the famous poet Xie Ling Yun invented the "Xie Gong Clogs", which had teeth on the bottom, the front teeth were used when going up the mountain, and the back teeth were used when going down the mountain, making them the ideal hiking shoes. For this reason, Li Bai, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Dreaming of Traveling to Tianmu and Reciting Farewell", "With Xie Gong Clogs on my feet, I climbed the ladder of green clouds. I saw the sun on the half-wall of the sea and heard the rooster in the air." The famous poem vividly depicts the poet's pleasure of enjoying the beauty of the "world of the immortals" by climbing Tianmu Mountain, which towers above the clouds.
During the North and South Dynasties, legend has it that a woman made cloth shoes with incense cushions inside and lotus flower patterns on the soles of the shoes with hemp rope. This kind of shoes will leave a beautiful lotus pattern on the soil, people called this kind of shoes "step by step lotus shoes". In the Tang Dynasty, people also invented shoes suitable for walking. It is said that the great poet Li Bai loved to wear this kind of shoes, and after that, many literati and writers followed suit, and it appeared more than a thousand years earlier than the traveling shoes that are popular all over the world nowadays. According to legend, in the ancient land of Qilu, also popular with a kind of surface with cowhide shoes, the name of the day "kicking dead cow", comparable to the modern good soccer shoes.
As for clogs, they are generally made of wood. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Duke Wen of Jin went into exile for 19 years and rewarded his followers after taking the throne. One of them was a minister named Jie Zi Tui, who did not want to accept the reward from the Duke of Jin, so he hid himself in the mountains and refused to work. Duke Wen was so angry that he threatened to burn the mountain, and Jie Zi Tui died by burning a tree. Afterwards, the Duke of Jin was very sad, so he made wooden clogs from this tree as a memorial, and the clogs were widely spread among the people. According to the evidence, ancient people wore wooden clogs, one is to cool, walking hard; two is to prevent moisture, especially wet and rainy south, often put the clogs as rain shoes to wear. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, women and children mostly wore red clogs, while men wore black clogs, which became casual shoes in daily life. Even when a girl got married, she had to paint colorful clogs for her trousseau.
In ancient times, shoes, boots and clogs were clearly divided, especially there were strict rules about what occasions to wear boots and what occasions to wear shoes or clogs. In our country's history, there are many legends about shoes, such as "Zheng Ren buy shoes" ("Han Fei Zi - said on the left of the external reserves": "Zheng Ren have and put the tracker, the first from the degree of its feet to its sitting, to three cities and forget to manipulate, has been obtained Crawler, is the day: 'I forgot to hold the degree. ' He went back to get it, and returned to the city, and was not allowed to perform. People said: 'Why don't you try it with your feet?' He said, 'I'd rather believe in the degree than in the confidence.") The "foot cut to fit the shoe" (准南子-说林训): "The man who is so nurtured but harms what he nurtures is like disturbing the foot cut to fit the shoe, killing the head and then crowning it.") The "Kou Zhun Carrying Boots" and "Wearing Small Shoes" are all household tales and legends. These philosophical tales and legends bring people a lot of enlightenment and warnings. It can be seen that shoes are not only the running aid on the journey of mankind, but also the crystallization of human wisdom.
The History of Shoes [Foreign]
8000 BC In Missouri, the remains of Native American shoes were found.
3300 B.C. An ice merchant who died high in the mountains of France left behind a primitive pair of shoes woven from grass.
3000 BC Paintings of shoes or shoemakers can be found in Egyptian temples.
100 A.D. Bare feet were the most fundamental difference in clothing between Greek slaves and free men.
200 A.D. Roman Emperor Marco. Aurelius declared that red sandals were forbidden to anyone but him and his heirs.
15th century Knights wore shoes with long toes (24 inches long), and the law, which had always promoted thrift, explicitly specified the length of the toes.
Early 16th century High heels were invented under the influence of Leonardo da Vinci.
In the mid-16th century, 30-inch heels were popular throughout southern Europe.
Early 17th Century As one of the most popular accents, shoelaces appeared.
Late 17th Century Due to a mistranslation, Cinderella's flannel slipper, from the French fairy tale, became Cinderella's crystal slipper.
Mid-18th century It took nearly a century to finally replace the traditional method of shoemaking, and the first shoe factory appeared. The first shoe store soon followed in Boston.
Early 19th century Flat shoes and Greek beach shoes were popular.
Mid-19th century The first sneakers (also known as rubber-soled canvas shoes) appeared. Then Elias and Howe invented the first pinwheel.
The end of the 19th century The indispensable ornament of clothing, the clasp button, was also applied to shoes, and soon became a fashion standard.
Before this century, shoemaking was as lowly a trade as carpentry, blacksmithing and tailoring. Shoe design was not considered a separate, artistic endeavor, but was seen as part of the overall shoemaking process.
Famous shoe designers rose to prominence mainly in Europe, because in the United States, with the rapid development of mass production in the modern shoe industry, the individual shoemaker became redundant. The shoe industry in the United States began in the colonies of New England, where farmers made their own shoes in their kitchens in the winter. Entire families were involved in this work. The men cut the leather and affixed the soles, and the women sewed the edges. The workbenches used by colonial shoemakers are now collectors' items. Having mastered the art of shoemaking, some enterprising farmers opened small shoe workshops, where three or four workers worked together to put together and sole the materials sewn by the local shoemakers, and then made the finished shoes.
In 1750, a shoe factory was built in Leen, Massachusetts, which led to the further development of local shoemaking techniques. There workers no longer made shoes independently; each part of the shoe's production was handled by a trained and dedicated person. Production lines began to take shape. At first shoes were still made to order, but in order to give the workers something to do during the off-season, the owners of the shoe factories began to make shoes that were not booked. These shoes were called for-sale shoes and were displayed in the windows of local stores. In the early days, the Harvey brothers loaded up their wagons with for-sale shoes and peddled them around the neighborhood.
In 1793, they opened the first retail shoe store in Boston, selling finished shoes every Wednesday and Saturday. Inventors have been working on improvements to the sewing machine since the mid-eighteenth century. It wasn't until 1790 that the first sewing machine dedicated to leather processing was adapted by an Englishman named Thomas Saint. It was pretty much just an awl that went up vertically to make holes in the leather. The Englishman, Sir Mark Browler, was a member of the Port of New York. Sir Mark Brownler, who was chief engineer of the Port of New York, invented a press that sewed the upper to the sole with a metal needle. In order to do his part in Britain's war against Napoleon, Browler produced 400 pairs of shoes a day with the help of disabled soldiers. After the war, the British shoe industry returned to manual labor.
In 1810, similar machines appeared in the United States. At the same time, two Frenchmen named Ingeborg Buhler and Jolieleur were building such machines in Paris. A shoemaker from Stuttgart, Germany, named Bressi experimented with screws to join the upper to the sole, and in 1829 a man named Nathaniel Nionado of Merrimack, Massachusetts, in the U.S., made the final refinement of the shoe-studding machine. Around 1812, Thomas Blanchard of Shotton, Massachusetts, converted a lathe for making gunstocks into a machine for carving shoe lasts, which were wooden molds made into the shape of the shoe on which the shoe was assembled. In the 1830s, still in New England, cobblers began to cut uppers with the help of molds, rather than relying on individual cutting skills. In the 1840s, the use of rolling mills for leather compression facilitated the molding of the heel-reinforced back of the upper. The British continued to make shoes by hand until the late nineteenth century, when they were forced by economic necessity to switch to machine production. It was then that they realized that all the patents belonged to the Americans and they had to rent American machines and pay royalties. But this also allowed England to retain a strong tradition of handmade shoes.
In 1846, Ellis Howie of Spencer, Massachusetts, registered a sewing machine as a patent. The machine could sew not only fabric but also leather with waxed thread. Three years later, American inventor Ishaq M. Singer invented the sewing machine with a treadle in Boston.
In 1858, Leeman B. Black invented machines that could sew the soles and uppers of shoes together. Two years later, a gentleman named Mack perfected the machine. Over the next 21 years, Black and Mack combined forces to monopolize the shoe-making industry. In Italy, the tradition of handmade shoes continued into the twentieth century, while in France, the design of customized shoes was closely integrated with the modestly produced fashion industry. The Parisian fashion industry was founded by an Englishman named Charles Frederick Woos, who opened a fashion house at 7 rue de la Pace in Paris in 1858. He was the first to launch a collection of garments each season and called on young girls to model them. As the first person to rise to the top of the fashion world, he was also the first to set up a system for designing clothes that could be mass-produced in Parisian factories and sold all over the world. Princess Pauline de Maitrich, wife of the Austrian ambassador to France, wore one of his dresses to a ball at the court of Napoleon III, which gave him his first great opportunity. Soon Napoleon III's wife, Empress Josényi, and other noblewomen at court began to wear Wuss's clothes. He designed the luxurious petticoats of the Second Empire period and added waist pads to the back, making them the standard dress for women in the 1870s and 1880s. Woos dominated dress codes and before his death in 1895, he was making clothes for all the royal families of Europe. Some garments were secretly sent to Queen Victoria's court without even being labeled. After Worth's death, the business was taken over by his two sons, Gaston and Jean Philippe. They soon realized that fashion was changing rapidly, and in 1900, in order to keep up with the ever-changing fashion tastes, they brought in the designer Paul Bolles, who was only 21 years old at the time. Pollux's avant-garde clothes soon appeared on the celebrities of the day. After four years with the Wirth Brothers, he left them to start his own business. By that time, a number of other boutiques - Pacquiao, Cheroot, Dauchet - had sprung up around the Worth Brothers' store and on the neighboring Place Vend?me, and Paris had become the center of the world's fashion industry. Most shoemakers worked quietly for the boutiques, but a few began to become well-known shoe designers.
The fashionable woman who wore a Bolles or Paquet costume must have been wearing shoes designed by Chabrieri of the Rue de Lisieux or Ferry of the Rue de la Gourangie-Bataille. Pilot of the Rue de la Paradis Possessionnelle was one of the most up-to-date of these designers. Born in 1817, the son of a country shoemaker, he learned the art of shoemaking from his father, and in 1855 he traveled to Paris, where he earned a reputation among buyers in the fashion industry with the Worth Brothers, thanks in large part to his designs for heels that were thinner and straighter than the Louis heels that were popular at the time. When Pilot retired, his son took over the business. Until World War II, Pillette's shoes were known for their nobility and elegance.
While Pillette's shoe stores in London and Paris attracted thousands of customers, another famous shoe designer who started work in Paris during World War I won only 20 customers. His name was Pietro Gentini and he claimed to be "the designer with the highest price in the world". This guaranteed him an exclusive clientele. His shoes are now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts in New York City. After Yann Turner, André Perugi is another young designer from Leys. He learned his shoemaking skills from his Italian father. Perugi was brought to Paris by Paulette and worked in many fashion houses. The number of shoes he designed that are now on display at the Musée de la Chausse in Norman, France, is two thousand.
Salvatore Ferragamo, a young Italian shoemaker, brought the art of handmade women's shoes back to the United States after immigrating to Boston in 1914. Deeply disappointed with American machine-made shoe-making methods, he moved to California and became a prop maker while handcrafting shoes for movie people. Soon movie stars began buying his shoes. After he returned to Italy in 1927, the stars remained his loyal customers. In the 1930s, he developed shoes with cork soles, which were popular for more than a decade. After his death, his masterpieces toured the world.
In the 1940s, a young Englishman named David Ivins came to the West Coast of the United States after Ferragamo and became a shoe designer for Hollywood stars. He also designed shoes for some of New York's most famous fashion designers, including Bill Blass and Oscar de la Renta. Meanwhile, the legendary Roger Ver went to Paris to work for Christian Dale, where he became famous for designing women's shoes with thin high heels. His creative works are also sought after by art museums around the world.
There is now a new generation of shoe designers in Europe and the United States, whose work is already favored by customers and fashion designers, although no museums have yet noticed them. The work of Maro Blahnik, Joan Halpern, Maud Frejean, Bess and Hobart Levine, Ande Fest, Jane Jensen, Patrick Cox, and Kristin Lubbers is more inspired, and it is safe to say that their work will one day enjoy the same status as that of their well known predecessors. Their shoes will be appreciated as works of art, not just protectors for their feet.
The work "Shoes" 31×14.5CM, carved by Qingtian Fengmen Jelly Stone, has a unique conception and clever use of its playful colors. The author takes an ordinary shoe in life to portray the twists and turns reflecting the life experience, and highlights the humanized life experience in the blandness. The road is under the feet, the shoes have been stepping all over the rugged, the shoes have been for the success of the cause of travel, the shoes will always be unforgettable, it is accompanied by us to the road to success
History of shoes [China]
Soles, gangs, and protective and decorative role of the foot wearing things. The production of shoes includes the process of shoe design, material selection, processing and molding.
History Shoes have a long history. In China, the earliest images of shoes can be found in colored pottery during the clan society. The earliest shoe in existence is a pair of shoes sewn with leather unearthed from a Chu tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province. The main types of shoes in ancient times were sandals, slippers, ? clogs, shoe shoes and so on. ①Sandals: there were hemp sandals, kudzu sandals, leather sandals, etc. Hemp sandals were most commonly used. Hemp sandals were most commonly used and were made of hemp rope, which was braided and smashed to make them strong. Ge sandals were worn in summer and leather sandals were worn in winter. Leather sandals are early leather shoes, also known as leather shoes and wei shui. The leather shoes of ethnic minorities were called leather shoes. Shuowen: "Leather shoes are also known as leather shoes, and the Hu people's shoes with shins are called leather shoes." The leather shoes, known as "leather shoes", were introduced to the Central Plains by King Wuling of Zhao, who introduced the hu uniform for riding and archery. About since the Han Dynasty, Cui instead of sandals, became the general term for shoes; since the Song Dynasty, Hubei replaced Cui as a general term. Slippers: an alternative name for sandals. There is a single sole for sandals, wooden slipper called the difference between the double bottom. Slippers are special shoes used by the emperor and ministers for rituals, so they are also called sandals. ③? The shoes were made of woven grass and were often used as shoes. It is a kind of shoes made of grass, often called man? It is often called "manchu" (芒聙聺, which is used by laborers. Clogs: wooden clogs. A kind of clogs with a flat bottom and a kind of clogs with teeth underneath. In addition, clogs have been extended as a general term for shoes, such as grass clogs, brocade clogs, and silk clogs. ⑤靸: slippers. They were made of leather at the beginning, and belonged to the category of wei cui. In the early days, they were made of leather, a kind of wei cui; in the Qin Dynasty, they were made of straw and called children's shoes.
Since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were systems for wearing shoes. For example, in the Han Dynasty, the shoes were worn as slippers for ceremonial dress, boots for court dress, sandals for swallow dress, and clogs for going out. To the Tang Dynasty, officials and citizens can wear boots, only slightly different styles, women's popular soft-soled hollow Jin leg boots. Song and Yuan basically followed the Tang Dynasty shoes, but the variety of styles increased. The Ming Dynasty officials with boots or cloud head (court shoes), Confucian students wore black double-beam shoes, the common people wear cloth shoes, bushy shoes or cowhide straight sewing boots, foot-bound women wearing camphor wood for the high bottom of the bow shoes (wooden bottom exposed outside the upper called "outside the high bottom", the wooden bottom of the upper inside the called "high bottom"). The wooden sole exposed on the outside of the upper is called "outer high sole", while the wooden sole inside the upper is called "inner high sole".) During the Qing Dynasty, the emperor wore square-toe boots when he went to court, the officials wore black satin boots for their official uniforms, and the soldiers wore fast boots (called "creeper"), and the senior officials wore dental boots. Toe gradually from square to pointed. The name of the shoes have cloud head, inlaid, double beam, single beam and so on. Noble flag women wore shoes with flowerpot soles. There are also slippers for indoor wear, spike boots for rainy days, and ice skates for ice.
In modern times, the Chinese people wear cloth shoes; leather shoes for the upper class with suits, military uniforms, and later wearers increased; rubber shoes with the rise of sports and popularity. the early 20th century, China has the beginning of the scale of the footwear industry, the production of leather shoes, cloth shoes and rubber shoes; after the 1950s, the gradual formation of leather, cloth, rubber, plastic as the main material of the footwear industry system.
Shoes from all over the world, the cowhide sandals of ancient Egypt in 3000 B.C. are the oldest shoes in existence. In Egypt also found around 2000 BC with papyrus knitted shoes. Moccasins, sandals and simple boots were popular in medieval Europe, while the poor wore wooden shoes; the Arabs made shoes from high-quality leather. Until recent times, most shoes were still made at home.