I. Overview of Brazil
The Federative Republic of Brazil (The Federative Republic of Brazil; República Federativa do Brasil), with an area of 8,547,403 square kilometers, is situated in southeastern South America, and shares borders with all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador. It is bordered by French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia to the north, Peru and Bolivia to the west, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. The country's land area accounts for about 46% of the total area of South America, second only to Russia, Canada, China and the United States, as the world's fifth largest country. The terrain of the whole country is divided into the Amazon Plain, Paraguay Basin, Brazilian Plateau and Guyana Plateau, of which the Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the country's area, and there are three major river systems: the Amazon, the Paraná and the S?o Francisco. The Amazon River is 6,751 kilometers long and runs through northwestern Brazil, with a basin area of 3.9 million square kilometers; the Parana River system, including the Paraná River and the Paraguay River, flows through the southwestern part of the country, with many rapids and waterfalls, and is rich in hydroelectric resources; and the S?o Francisco River system, 2,900 kilometers long, flows through the arid northeastern part of the country, and is a major source of irrigation water for the region. The coastline is more than 7,400 kilometers long, with a territorial sea width of 12 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone of 188 nautical miles outside the territorial sea.
Most of the region has a tropical climate, with parts of the south having a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature in the Amazon plain is 25 to 27 degrees Celsius, and the average annual temperature in the southern region is 16 to 19 degrees Celsius.
The population in 2000 was 169.799 million, ranking first in Latin America and fifth in the world. The urban population accounts for 81.25%, the rural population accounts for 18.75%, the average life expectancy of 68.8 years,. Caucasians account for 54.38% of the population, mulattoes for 39.88%, blacks for 5.21%, yellows for 0.39%, and Indians for about 0.14%. The Indians are the indigenous people of Brazil, *** there are 350,000 of them, belonging to 227 ethnic groups, speaking 175 different languages, and living in the 561 Indian reserves established by the State.
Brazil was once ruled by Portugal, with Portuguese as the official language. However, Portuguese in Brazil is heavily influenced by Indian and African languages, and even some of the names of places, plants and animals follow African dialects. Therefore, Portuguese dictionaries don't work very well in Brazil, where the Portuguese language is already very different from where it originated. Brazilians usually understand basic Spanish, as for English, it's not so common.
The flag is a green rectangle with a yellow lozenge in the center and a coffee-colored circle in the center of the lozenge. In the center of the lozenge is a coffee-colored circle. The circle is a celestial sphere with a white ribbon inscribed with the words "Order and Progress" in Portuguese. On the celestial sphere are five white stars, symbolizing the country's 26 administrative regions. Green and yellow are the national colors of Brazil, with green symbolizing forests and yellow symbolizing minerals and resources.
The centerpiece of the coat of arms is a five-pointed star. There are two concentric circles in the center of the pentagram, with five five-pointed stars in the center of the smaller circle, symbolizing the Southern Cross constellation. The large circle is surrounded by 22 five-pointed stars, symbolizing the states and the Federal District. The outer edge is a circle made of coffee and tobacco leaves. In the lower center is a sword. At the bottom is a ribbon with the text "Brazilian Federal State of **** and November 15, 1889" in Portuguese. The date is the day of the establishment of the State of ****. The national flower is the hairy crabapple. The first national anthem of the independent Brazil was composed by the musically talented Pedro I himself. On the day Brazilian independence was proclaimed on September 7, 1822, he composed the song "Ah Fatherland, Ah Emperor, Ah People" and personally sang it at a patriotic rally in S?o Paulo that night, accompanied by a chorus, which became Brazil's first national anthem. After the abdication of Pedro I, the famous musician Francisco da Silva, founder of the National Conservatory of Music in Rio de Janeiro, composed a song that later became the first national anthem of Brazil. After the abdication of Pedro I, the famous musician Francisco da Silva, founder of the National Conservatory of Music in Rio de Janeiro, composed a song that later became the national anthem of Brazil. In 1909, the famous poet Oriso Duke Estrada rewrote the lyrics. In 1909, the famous poet Oriso Duke Estrada rewrote the lyrics, which were examined by a committee of experts and made the national anthem of Brazil in 1922. The national anthem "Hear the Cry of Ipiranga" recalls Pedro I's cry of "Independence or Death!" on September 7, 1822, on the banks of the Ipiranga River outside S?o Paulo. It celebrates the independence of the country and is filled with the love and affection of the Brazilian people for their country.
On April 22, 1500, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral arrived in Brazil. Cabral, a Portuguese navigator, arrived in Brazil. He named the land "Holy Cross" and declared it Portuguese. Due to the Portuguese colonial plunder from the cutting of Brazilian mahogany began, "mahogany" (Brasil) word gradually replaced the "Holy Cross" as the name of the country, and is still in use, which is phonetically translated as "Brazil". "In the 16th century, Portugal sent an expedition to establish a colony in Brazil in the 30s, and appointed a governor in 1549. 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. 1820, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, and Prince Pedro stayed in Brazil as the regent. 1822, September 7, declared complete independence from Portugal, and established the Brazilian empire. 1889 November 15, General Fonseca staged a coup d'etat against Portugal. On November 15, 1889, General Fonseca staged a coup d'état to overthrow the empire and establish the United States of Brazil. 1964, the Brazilian military took power in a coup d'état, and changed the name of the country to the Federated States of Brazil in 1967. 1985, the military government returned the government to the people in March, 1989. 1989, November 15, 1989, the Brazilian military government held its first direct popular election in 30 years, and Fernando Collor was elected president. 1992, the military government returned the government to the people. On December 29, 1992, President Collor was forced to announce his resignation on suspicion of bribery, and Vice President Itamar Franco took over the presidency on the same day. On October 3, 1994, Fernando Enrique Franco was elected president. On October 3, 1994, Fernando Enrique Cardoso was elected President of the Republic. Cardoso won the national election and was inaugurated as the 38th President of Brazil on January 1, 1995.On October 4, 1998, Cardoso was re-elected.On January 1, 1999, Card was inaugurated as the 39th President of the country.
There have been several major waves of immigration in Brazil's history, with more than 4.97 million immigrants moving to the country between 1884 and 1962, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland, and Arab countries. Most of the yellow people came from Japan, Korea and China. There are 1.3 million Japanese and 250,000 Chinese in Brazil, mainly in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
The country*** is divided into 26 states and one federal district (Brasilia). There are 5,507 municipalities in the country***, 79 with more than 150,000 inhabitants and 12 with more than 1 million (1999). The names of the states are as follows: Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Amapá, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranh?o, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rond?nia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, S?o Paulo. Sergipe, Tocantins.
Brazil has the most complete industrial system in Latin America, and its economic strength is the first in Latin America. Historically, Brazil was once a mono-agricultural country, with sugar and coffee as its main cash crops, and in the early 1900s, it began the process of industrialization. Since the 1950s, Brazil has implemented the "import substitution" economic model and relied on massive borrowing to achieve an economic take-off, in which the average annual growth rate of the economy from 1967 to 1974 reached 10.1%, creating the "Brazilian Miracle", and initially established the "Brazilian Miracle". The economy grew at an average rate of 10.1% between 1967 and 1974, creating the "Brazilian Miracle" and initially establishing a relatively complete industrial system. After nearly 20 years, Brazil has been troubled by foreign debt and inflation, economic development came to a standstill. 1994 July Brazil launched the "Real Plan", successful control of hyperinflation, so that the economy appeared to grow steadily. However, the problem of fiscal and current account deficits became more and more serious, and its dependence on foreign investment deepened sharply. Under the impact of the financial crises in Southeast Asia and Russia, the country was forced to announce the adoption of a floating exchange rate system in early 1999. The real depreciated sharply against the dollar. Due to the implementation of stringent fiscal adjustment measures by the government to increase revenue and reduce expenditure, the PA economy quickly embarked on the road to recovery, with economic growth reaching 4.46% in 2000, and inflation basically under control.In 2001, affected by the global economic downturn, the Argentinean economic crisis, and the domestic power crisis, the PA economic growth declined to around 2-2.5%.
Two, S?o Paulo Overview (S?o Paulo)
S?o Paulo was founded in 1554, Brazil is also the largest city in South America, S?o Paulo state capital, is located in the southeastern part of the state. With an altitude of 760 meters above sea level, it covers an area of more than 1,500 square kilometers, three times the size of Paris, and has a population of more than 16 million. S?o Paulo city has a pleasant climate, the climate, temperature changes throughout the year is not too big, and the temperature difference between morning and evening
larger, there is "no four seasons in a year, a day in four seasons" said. Brazilian seasons and domestic opposite, December to February each year is the summer of S?o Paulo, rainy, but the highest temperature is about 30 degrees; June to August each year is the winter of S?o Paulo, the average temperature is also in the 16-20 degrees up and down;
S?o Paulo is the country's largest industrial center, financial center, cultural center. It is the largest industrial center, financial center, and cultural center in the country, where about half of the country's industrial production is concentrated, and where about half of the country's industrial output is produced, and where 3/5 of the country's 500 largest companies are headquartered. S?o Paulo has 3,000 financial institutions and more than 1,300 banks, and Santos is the world's largest coffee export port. It is also home to dozens of institutions of higher learning, including the prestigious University of S?o Paulo and the University of Medicine, six television stations and more than 270 newspapers and magazines, and the National Library, which has a collection of millions of books. S?o Paulo generates more wealth each year than the annual gross national product of a quarter of the world's countries.
S?o Paulo is a modern city that has been changing and renewing itself at a dizzying pace for more than 400 years. Numerous overpasses, several subway lines, the Beltway and helicopter companies make it easy to get around. S?o Paulo's commercial district is centered around Paulista Street and the Pra?a de República. It sells handicrafts, precious stones and antiques. On Liberdade you'll find Chinese signs, Chinese restaurants and stores selling Chinese goods.
Main tourist attractions in Sao Paulo:
1. Catedral Metropolitana: The largest church in South America, inaugurated in 1954, is a towering Gothic structure surrounded by a pedestrianized plaza, one of the most popular shopping areas in the city.
2. Ibirapuera Park (Ibirapuera Park): located in the southern suburbs of S?o Paulo, covers an area of 1.6 million square meters, there are artificial lakes, group sculptures, many museums, is one of the world's famous large park.
3. Oriental Street (Liberdade): many Japanese-Chinese-Korean expatriates live in the area, which has a distinctive oriental cultural atmosphere, there are many Chinese-run restaurants, stores, travel agencies.
Three, Brasília (Brasília)
Brasília is located in the central part of the Brazilian plateau, the climate is divided into wet and dry seasons, the wet season from September to April, and the dry season from May to August each year. The wet and dry seasons are distinct, and there is a large temperature difference between morning and evening, with an average annual temperature of 19 degrees Celsius. The population is 2.1 million.
Brasilia was built in the late 1950s on a plateau more than 1,000 meters above sea level in the state of Goiás in the interior of Brazil, and in 1960 the capital was officially moved from the old capital of Rio de Janeiro.
The city was built according to the "airplane-shaped master plan" of the famous Brazilian architect Lucio Cospei. An artificial lake was constructed by damming the river, and the entire city resembles a jumbo jet with its head held high, suggesting that Brazil is flying with the sunrise.
"Nose" for the three powers of the Square, that is, the Parliament, the courts and the Presidential Palace of the seat; fuselage is a 8-kilometer-long, 250-wide east-west main boulevard, of which the "front compartment" of the government ministries Square, arranged on both sides of the ministries of the office building, the "back cabin". The "rear compartment" is the cultural and educational district, sports city, the National Theater, the television tower and other buildings; "tail" is the industrial zone for the capital; "wing" is along the artificial lake spread the overpass and residential neighborhoods. The "wings" are the interchanges and residential neighborhoods along the artificial lake. The Plaza de los Tres Direitos is the centerpiece of the Brazilian capital. Its Parliament building consists of two 28-story buildings standing side by side, connected by an aisle, in the shape of an "H", the first letter of the Portuguese word for "human being", which symbolizes the legislative purpose of "all for the sake of the human being".
The platform on both sides of the building there are two giant bowl-type peculiar building, the right side of the House of Representatives building is a side of the sky "bowl", symbolizing the "wide acceptance of public opinion"; the left side of the Senate building is an inverted "big bowl On the left side of the Senate building is an inverted "big bowl", symbolizing the "concentration of public opinion". The lower side of the "bowl" is the two chambers meeting hall, as well as restaurants, stores, garages and other ancillary buildings.
Major tourist attractions in Brasilia:
1) Three Rights Square: one of the landmarks of Brazil, and one of the must-visit attractions of Brazilian tourism. The square is surrounded by the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, the National Court of Justice, the Presidential Palace, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Memorial of National Independence, the Monument to Laborers and many other buildings. The bi-weekly flag raising and lowering ceremony also attracts many tourists.
2) Presidential Memorial: Located in the middle of the "airplane", the statue of President JK faces the Parliament building, and the memorial casket of the President is displayed in the Memorial Hall, along with a variety of historical artifacts from the period of the construction of Brasilia.
3) Brasilia Cathedral: The cathedral is a hyperbolic, transparent building with a giant angel statue hanging from the roof. The Head of State often holds major events here, and Pope Pedro II preached here during his visit to Brazil.
Four, Rio de Janeiro Office Overview (Rio de Janeiro)
Located in the southeastern part of the Brazilian territory, in the north into the Guanabara Bay on the west coast, there are up to 14 kilometers long cross-bay highway bridge and the east coast of Niteroi City connected. 1502 January, the Portuguese colonizers came to the Bay, mistakenly thought that this is a large river into the sea, casually named "! In January 1502, the Portuguese colonists came to the bay, mistaking it for the mouth of a large river, and named it "January River", which translates as "Rio de Janeiro".
The city's foundations were laid half a century later. After more than 400 years of development, Rio de Janeiro has become a megacity and financial center for industry and commerce, second only to S?o Paulo, the largest foreign trade port along with the Port of Santos, and home to some of Brazil's most famous museums, the largest library in Latin America, the world's largest soccer stadium, and the country's largest parks and botanical gardens.
The two bread-like peaks (the Ocuca Hills) towering over the southern mouth of Guanabara Bay are the symbols of Rio de Janeiro. Take the cable car to the top of the mountain 395 meters above sea level, raise your eyes far away, the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro in full view: Guanabara Bay sparkling, white sails; the beach stretches along the shore of the bay, silver sand dazzling, tourists such as ants, umbrellas such as flowers in full bloom; wide beachfront boulevard has been stretched out to the unseen end of the road, the car shuttles to and fro ceaselessly, facing the sea and the modern buildings are densely populated ......
Many Christian countries around the world have Carnival, but in terms of the scale of the large number of participants, rich in content, the atmosphere of the warmth, to be the first to Brazil, and in the major cities of Brazil, and the number of Rio de Janeiro for the most. Every year in mid- to late February, the Brazilian nation celebrates three days and three nights. At that time, the streets and alleys of Rio de Janeiro lights, colorful flags flying, everywhere Phi a holiday dress. People out of the city, like a tidal wave on the streets, men and women, young and old, all heavily made-up, enjoy twisting waist, waving their hands, jumping samba. As if to put a year in the heart of the pent-up worries and hard work all vented out. Various music, dance, theater performances and competitions are held. Grand make-up parade Ba Festival celebrations to a climax, large colorful car clustered around the elected "King", "Queen" leading the way, the vast procession, the devil, angels, beautiful women, demon fairy, warriors, dignitaries, noblemen, black slaves and other kinds of Strange dress dazzling, dazzling; the audience applauded for their favorite characters, throwing flowers and ribbons. The annual Carnival shows the passionate and unrestrained national character of Brazilians.
Major tourist attractions in Rio de Janeiro:
1) Jesus Hill (Cordoba Hill), named for the 38-meter-high, 1,200-ton statue of Jesus built on top of the hill, which has become a symbol of the Brazilian nation.
2) Rio beaches: the beaches, which stretch for tens of kilometers successively from north to south, have become one of the destinations desired by tourists from all over the world, with COPACAPANA and IPANEMA being the most famous.