The Khitan nationality is a nationality with far-reaching influence in the history of China. The original meaning of "Khitan" is wrought iron, indicating firmness. However, since the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Khitan nationality suddenly disappeared from the historical records. Fuxin, a prefecture and county, began in Liao country, and Fuxin is called the "hometown" and "cradle" of the Qidan people by historians. During the Liao Dynasty, Fuxin had nine prefectures with a population of 200,000. It can be said that Fuxin and Qidan are inextricably linked. Recently, after the news that experts used DNA technology to identify Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames as descendants of Qidan became public, Fuxin became the "important place" to solve the problem of Qidan descent. Yesterday, the reporter made a further follow-up investigation on the origin of the Khitan nationality. Using DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of Qidan once created the Qidan nationality in Liao Dynasty, which lasted for 2 19 years. From the end of Yuan Dynasty to the beginning of Ming Dynasty, it suddenly disappeared from the historical records. In real life, does this nation disappear like a lost time? A few days ago, some experts from China Academy of Medical Sciences and China Academy of Social Sciences used DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the Khitan nationality: Daur nationality has the closest kinship with the Khitan nationality and is the descendant of the Khitan nationality. The "I" of A, Mang and Jiang in Yunnan has similar paternal lineage to the Daur nationality and is also a descendant of the Khitan nationality. In fact, there are hundreds of thousands of people in Baoshan, Yunnan, belonging to more than a dozen ethnic groups. In recent years, they claimed to be descendants of the Khitans and asked the relevant departments to clarify their ancestry. However, due to the obstacles in archaeological technology, the academic circles have never been able to "correct the name" of this group claiming to be descendants of the Khitan. Similarly, once upon a time, the academic circles have been arguing about the ethnic origin of the Daur nationality. Some people say that it originated from the Dahe clan in Qidan, while others say that it has developed independently from other ethnic groups since ancient times, each holding its own word. Now, this historical mystery that has been puzzling historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the origin problem of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames. This cracking process is as follows: in five small villages in Baoshan, Yunnan, experts took blood samples from nationalities such as A, Mang and Jiang's surname "I"; The wrist bones of the female corpse of the Khitan were taken from Leshan, Sichuan, and the teeth and skulls of the Khitan people with epitaphs were taken from Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Blood samples were collected from Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han nationalities in Molidawa Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. By comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method from dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, an accurate conclusion is drawn: Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan. At this point, experts have made such a conclusion and metaphor: when the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian Empire across Eurasia, they fought for years, and the Khitans who frequently used troops were conquered and scattered everywhere. Some of them have maintained large ethnic groups, such as Daur, while others have been assimilated by the local people. The latter is the most difficult to find, because the Khitans have maintained the "exogamy system" for more than 1000 years, so the pure Khitans no longer exist. After continuous migration, isolation and integration, most of the Khitans melted like ice thrown into the sea. In professional terms, they were named as "descendants in the molecular sense". Can these melted "ice" be found? Two genealogies tell the family history of this Yeleshi family. In the 1980s, Dai, the first mate of Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, found two genealogies in Ye Jiazhen, one in Mongolian and the other in Chinese. Together with these two genealogies, there are two documents sent to this family by the Tumote government, one is from the 15th year of Qing Daoguang, and the other is from 19 18, all in Mongolian. Later, these two genealogies and documents were included in Meng Guole's Jin Family and Villagers' Examination edited by Gao Lebagan in Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County. Since then, Chen Zhijian, a cadre of Fuxin Construction Bureau, has determined that Ye is a descendant of the Khitan family according to the Chinese version of Mongolian Lejin Surnames and Villagers' Studies and the Ye Changqing Family Tree, and affirmed that his family origin comes from Yelv's family, that is, Ye is now from Yelv's Liao Qidan. Yesterday, the reporter met Ye Changqing. Although Elymus is over seventy years old, he is in strong health. He showed the reporter two genealogies and two government documents treasured by his family. The title of the document awarded by Daoguang in the 15th year is: "Allow Lu Ye to learn from Confucianism and treasure roads, etc. Register as a local license. " The preface of his Chinese Genealogy is: "During the reign of Gengzi in Kangxi, Qing Dynasty, he was asked to accompany Gege. Grandfather was Tu Niu Lu of Zhengbaiqi, and Kangxi died in Beijing in the year of Renyin. By the first year of Yongzheng, his father and grandmother Zheng accompanied him to become a monk. "This family tree dates back to the fourth generation from grandfather Naha and grandmother Zheng. Zhu Ziwan, a famous historian in Qidan, commented on the two genealogies collected by the family: "It provided valuable information for the flow of Qidan people after the death of Liao. "Khitan: A historical memory left to modern people is Fuxin, which is the hometown of the Khitan nationality, which has long been recognized by historians. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Qidan nationality has been active in Fuxin. Liao was founded in 907, with the title of Khitan, on 9 16. It was renamed Liao in 938 (947), Qidan in 983, and Liao in 1066. Since Lu Ye Abaoji, the ancestor of Liao Dynasty, established Da Liao, during the whole Liao Dynasty, the rulers of Qidan took Fuxin as their "hinterland". According to textual research, there are nine prefectures in Fuxin today, which belong to Suizhou, Zhou Shun, Haozhou and Zhou Huan in the early Liao Dynasty, Huizhou, Chengzhou and Hengzhou in the middle period, and there is also an oasis with unclear times. At that time, there were more than 1.9 million people in these nine States. If the military population is added, it can reach more than 200,000 people, of which the Khitans account for 10%. After Liao died, where did all the Khitans in Fuxin flow? How many foreign Khitans have flowed to Fuxin, and which ethnic groups have they merged into? At present, the discovery of the descendants of Qidan, which is proved by Fuxin genealogy, provides a real context for exploring the mystery of the disappearance of Qidan. Perhaps, in the near future, the disappearing national Khitan will bring more surprises to people. Where do the Khitans in China come from now? What province are they from? What nationality do you belong to? Now the Daur nationality is a descendant of the Khitan nationality, and I, who lives in Yunnan, also has the lineage of the Khitan nationality.
The Qidan nationality originated in the Xilamulun River basin in northeast China and Inner Mongolia.
It was divided into eight parts in the early days, and later formed a tribal alliance, which was subordinate to Turkic and Uighur successively. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Ye Abao unified the ministries and proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Qidan. In 947, it was renamed Liao. Liao was later destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and then Yelushi established the Western Liao, which once became a powerful country in Central Asia. Xiliao was finally destroyed by Mongolia in 12 18.
With the demise of Liao, the Khitan people gradually merged into other ethnic groups, and a few evolved into Daur people and Yunnan people today. I live in Baoshan, Yunnan, with more than 65,438+people. My surnames are A, Mang and Jiang, and now I belong to 10 ethnic groups.
Extended data:
Clothing: Qidan has close contacts with neighboring countries, and all aspects of economy and culture are integrated with other national and cultural factors, especially with China culture. Taking clothing as an example, the traditional clothing of the Khitan people is left slit, round neck and narrow sleeves, waist belt and trousers under boots.
Hairstyle: Both men and women in Qidan wear earrings, and like Wuhuan and Xianbei people, they also have the habit of curly hair. Their hair styles are different, some only shave off the top of their heads, and the hair around their skulls droops and falls; Some left two locks of long hair on both sides of the skull, which naturally drooped or braided; Some people have two locks on their temples, which naturally droop in braids or through earrings, which is what Shen Kuo said: "Men can cut their hair properly." The murals of Liao tombs provide images of bearded hair, and the female corpse unearthed in Haoqianying, Wulanchabu League, Inner Mongolia also provides the bearded hair style of Qidan women that is not recorded in the literature.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-qidan nationality
Where do the Khitans in China come from now? What province are they from? What nationality do you belong to? 1: In the heyday of Qidan, the territory reached Sakhalin Island in the northeast, Selenger River and Shileka River in central Mongolia in the north, Altai Mountain in the west, Haihe River in Tianjin in the south, Baxian County in Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province, which bordered the Northern Song Dynasty, thus confronting the Song Dynasty, which ruled the Central Plains at that time, forming a confrontation between the north and the south. Liao history is called "Wan Li".
2. The Khitan nationality originated in the northeast of China and lived a life of semi-farming and semi-herding.
3. Most of the Khitans are now integrated into other ethnic groups in northern China, such as Jurchen and Mongols, and some of them have developed into today's Daur and a group called "I" in Yunnan.
Extended data:
Khitan (English: Khitay) is an ancient nomadic people in China, which originated in the northeast of China and lived a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral life. Qidan was divided into eight parts in the early stage, and a unified Yamato alliance was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Taizong, the Tang Dynasty set up the Governor's Office at the end of the Song Dynasty and gave him the surname Li. After the collapse of the Yamato Alliance, the Khitans established the Yaodi Tribal Alliance, which belonged to the post-Turkic khanate.
In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), the post-Turkic was destroyed by Uighurs, and the Khitan was ruled by Uighurs for the next hundred years. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries and was able to sweat in the first year of Kaiping, Hou Liang (907). In the first year of Shenshu (9 16), he proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Qidan. In the first year of Datong (947), Emperor Taizong of Liao changed the country name to Liao, and in the second year of Tonghe (984), it was renamed Da Qidan. In the second year of Xianyong (1066), it was renamed Liao.
In the fifth year of Tianqing (1 1 15), the Nuzhen people established the Jin Dynasty. Under the attack of Jin Jun, the Liao Dynasty perished in the fifth year of Baoda (1 125). In the ninth year of the Western Liao Dynasty in Yanqing (1 132), Yelushi proclaimed himself emperor, known as "Western Liao" in history, also known as "Karachitan", and became a powerful country in Central Asia at that time. Xiliao was established in Venus for two years (12 18) and was destroyed by Mongolia.
The Khitans have long hair and are usually dressed in robes with narrow sleeves and round necks. The residence of the Khitan people is a felt account, and the imperial account of the emperor is called a mortar account. With the demise of Liao, the Khitan people gradually merged into other ethnic groups, and a few evolved into Daur people and Yunnan people today.
References:
Qidan nationality-Baidu encyclopedia
Since 2004, after the news that experts identified Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surname "I" as the descendants of Qidan was made public, Fuxin has become a "key place" to solve the problem of Qidan descent. A few days ago, some experts from China Academy of Medical Sciences and China Academy of Social Sciences used DNA technology to solve the mystery of the disappearance of the Khitan nationality: Daur nationality has the closest kinship with the Khitan nationality and is the descendant of the Khitan nationality. The "I" of A, Mang and Jiang in Yunnan has similar paternal lineage to the Daur nationality and is also a descendant of the Khitan nationality.
Now, this historical mystery that has been puzzling historians has finally been solved, and DNA technology has solved the origin problem of Daur nationality and Yunnan A, Mang and Jiang surnames. By comparing the variable regions of mitochondrial DNA extracted by silicon method from dental pulp and bone marrow of ancient specimens, an accurate conclusion is drawn: Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan.
At this point, experts have made such a conclusion and metaphor: when the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty established the Mongolian Empire across Eurasia, they fought for years, and the Khitans who frequently used troops were conquered and scattered everywhere. Some of them have maintained large ethnic groups, such as Daur, while others have been assimilated by the local people. The latter is the most difficult to find, because the Khitans have maintained the "exogamy system" for more than 1000 years, so the pure Khitans no longer exist. After continuous migration, isolation and integration, most of the Khitans melted like ice thrown into the sea. In professional terms, they were named as "descendants in the molecular sense".
Extended data:
Khitan (English: Khitay) is an ancient nomadic people in China, which originated in the northeast of China and lived a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral life. Qidan was divided into eight parts in the early stage, and a unified Yamato alliance was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Taizong, the Tang Dynasty set up the Governor's Office at the end of the Song Dynasty and gave him the surname Li. After the collapse of the Yamato Alliance, the Khitans established the Yaodi Tribal Alliance, which belonged to the post-Turkic khanate. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), the post-Turkic was destroyed by Uighurs, and the Khitan was ruled by Uighurs for the next hundred years.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries and was able to sweat in the first year of Kaiping, Hou Liang (907). In the first year of Shenshu (9 16), he proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Qidan. In the first year of Datong (947), Emperor Taizong of Liao changed the country name to Liao, and in the second year of Tonghe (984), it was renamed Da Qidan. In the second year of Xianyong (1066), it was renamed Liao.
Baidu Encyclopedia: Qidan Nationality
Which nationality was the Khitan nationality in Liao later? Daur nationality. 10 century ago, Qidan was a northern nomadic people who chased water plants in cold and hot weather. Its activity area starts from Taoer River in the north (in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, it originates from the southeast foot of Daxing 'anling Mountain and flows into Nenjiang River) and reaches Daling River in the south (in present-day Liaoning Province, it originates from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region).
The territory of the heyday of the Liao Dynasty included Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province and parts of Mongolia. After the Liao Dynasty 1 125, some Khitans vowed not to eat golden millet, and Beitou was a rising Mongolian. The Khitans, led by Culler, moved northward to the Ergon Valley in the northwest of Daxinganling.
At the turn of Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Khitan adherents scattered in Xilamulun, Halamulun and Taoerhe River basins moved northward to Heilongjiang River basin. The middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang became the settlements of the Khitans who moved northward. The historical changes of the Khitan nationality mentioned above are very consistent with the historical legends of the Daur nationality about their ancestors.
Daur nationality has its own language, and Daur language belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family. The original text has been lost, and now the text based on Latin alphabet is used. Daur people can be good at fighting, and later Jin consolidated the rear for entering the customs and levied Soren three times. Therefore, there is a saying that Soren is the best in the world.
The internal and external wars in the Qing Dynasty were fought by Daur generals. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, he made outstanding contributions to the Northeast Anti-Japanese War. Daur people are good at singing and dancing, and folk music includes folk songs, counterpart songs and dances and other forms.
Baidu encyclopedia-Daur nationality
Which nationality does the Khitan belong to now? What is the state of Liao in China now? The Khitan nationality belongs to the extinct northern minority in China, and the Khitan nationality is an ancient nomadic people in China.
Liao territory:
At the peak of the Liao Dynasty, the territory of Liao reached Sakhalin Island in the northeast, Selenger River and Shileka River in central Mongolia in the north, Altai Mountain in the west, Haihe River in Tianjin, Baxian County in Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province in the south, and the Northern Song Dynasty in the north.
Founded in 9 16 AD, the founding name is "Qidan", and its capital is in Beijing, near Huangfu (now Nanpolo City, Balinzuoqi, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). In 947, Emperor Taizong of Liao led his troops south to the Central Plains and captured Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). Ye Ludeguang ascended the throne in Bianjing and proclaimed himself emperor, changing his country name to "Daliao" and his year name to "Datong".
In 983, it was renamed "Grand Khitan". 1007 Liao Shengzong moved the capital to Beijing Dadingfu (now Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). 1066 Yelv Hongji of Liao Daozong revived the country "Liao". 1 125 was destroyed by the state of Jin.
The Khitan nationality was originally a nomadic people. Liao Dynasty paid attention to national development. In order to safeguard the national, nomadic and agricultural nationalities were controlled separately, they advocated custom rule and created a bicameral political system.
Create the Khitan script and preserve their own culture. Absorbing the culture of Bohai Sea, Five Dynasties, Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia and Western Regions effectively promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Liao country. The military power and influence of the Liao Dynasty covered the western regions, so after the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Central Asia, West Asia and Eastern Europe all took the Liao Dynasty (Qidan) as the representative title of China.
Extended data
Qidan nationality originated in the northeast of China, and lived a life of semi-farming and semi-grazing. Qidan was divided into eight parts in the early stage, and a unified Yamato alliance was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Taizong, the Tang Dynasty set up the Governor's Office at the end of the Song Dynasty and gave him the surname Li.
After the collapse of the Yamato Alliance, the Khitans established the Yaodi Tribal Alliance, which belonged to the post-Turkic khanate. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), the post-Turkic was destroyed by Uighurs, and the Khitan was ruled by Uighurs for the next hundred years.
Nomadic refers to a way of production and life formed by human beings on the grassland. Modern archaeological excavations have gradually proved that nomadic people were born no earlier than 1000 BC. The earliest recorded nomadic people in history were in the middle of the 8th century BC, distributed in the west of Altai Mountain, and were called Scots.