Kasubi Tombs Chinese Name: Kasubi Tombs English Name: Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi Country: Uganda Affiliated Continent: Africa Approval: 2001 Approval Criteria Introduction Selection Criteria: Criterion (i): The conception and construction of the Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi is a remarkable manifestation of the great creativity of mankind. Criterion (iii): The Kasubi Mausoleum is the strongest testimony to the cultural traditions of Baganda, which have been passed down to the present day; Criterion (iv): The Kasubi Mausoleum was designed in the most traditional Bagandan architectural and palatial styles, and is a fine example of Bagandan palatial complexes reflecting the technological achievements in the architectural development of Baganda over the centuries; Criterion (vi): The Kasubi Mausoleum carries a heavy responsibility to embody Bagandan history, traditions and beliefs, and is a major Bagandan monument. Criterion (vi): The Kasubi Mausoleum bears the burden of embodying Baganda's history, traditions, and beliefs, and is an important spiritual center of Baganda and the most vibrant religious center of the Kingdom.
Introduction to the Kasubi Mausoleum Introduction: Uganda is a multi-ethnic country with 56 tribes, and before it became a ****human country in 1967, there were the four kingdoms of Buganda, Bunyoro, Toro and Ankole.
By 1000 A.D., Buganda was already a united and powerful kingdom, and in the 14th century, Buganda became the most powerful dynasty, having extended its power over the Nile, Lake Victoria, and the Tanzanian border.
Located in Kampala, the capital of Uganda, Kasubi's Tomb is a testament to the history of the former Buganda Kingdom of Mutesa I, whose tomb and that of his three successors are buried here. A fence made of small, evergreen bamboos surrounds the mausoleum, making it a unique "green wall"; in the center is a huge circular building that looks like a huge tomb from afar.
This past palace, the roof is woven by palm leaves, a thick log pillar crisscross, supporting the entire mausoleum, do not use a nail, do not use a rebar, cross all with flexible rattan binding, after decades, solid as the first. Pillars are wrapped in a local bark, and each pillar represents a family in the kingdom.
Because of the construction of the palm fronds after rigorous selection and special treatment, this thatched building can waterproof shade, can keep indoor cool and pleasant all year round, and the grass smells fresh, with the effect of insect repellent and evil spirits. According to local traditional customs, during the construction of this housing, architects must stay away from women, women are not close to the building a step, otherwise the interior will always leak.
Inside the Kasubi Mausoleum, the remains of the last kings of the Buganda dynasty are buried, and the tomb contains personal effects of the Buganda monarchs - spears, bronze, iron, antelope skins, musical instruments, etc., as well as photographs of Mutesa I, Queen Dawdy, Kewa, and his son Mutesa II. Mutesa II, who was the last king, died in London in 1969 in poverty and loneliness.
Surprisingly, there is a specimen of a leopard resting inside the royal tomb - its tall, strong body drive is still a bit formidable; its brown fur still has a bit of luster; and its round eyes are still gleaming, as if it is still alive. The leopard was the pet of Mutesa I, and was said to be quite spiritual; it circled the king all day long like a tamed dog, and had lost its cannibalistic nature.
But when the king died, the leopard was finally difficult to change its body "spots", exposed the hideous face, eat every person, so that cannibalism into a fetish. Therefore, it was killed and made into a specimen, displayed in front of the king's death.
On the side, in a glass case, there is a game of African chess called "Omweso": 32 small round pits dug into a thick wooden board, *** four rows of eight, each holding 32 black seeds, the fruit of a local tree, which was a favorite game of Mutesa I. The game is played by two players, each holding 32 black seeds. Evaluation Synopsis World Heritage Committee Evaluation: The Kasubi Tombs of the Baganda Kings are situated on a 30-hectare hill in Kampala, which is mostly agricultural, and is cultivated in the traditional way by the local people.
In the center of the hillside is the past royal palace of the Baganda Kingdom, built in 1882 and since 1884 a royal cemetery. The main mausoleum building with a domed roof houses the tombs of four royals, all in a circular shape.
The Kasubi Mausoleum is an example of construction with the most primitive materials, mainly made of palm fronds, reed poles, and hedge bar strips. The greatest significance of the Kasubi Mausoleum lies not only in its architecture, but also in the spiritual values and beliefs it embodies.
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The history of the construction of Fontainebleau
According to French literature, the history of Fontainebleau Palace can be traced back to the 12th century Capet dynasty, when the monarch Louis VI loved to hunt, so he built a castle here.
In 1169, Louis VII added a chapel to the chateau built by his father, which was the beginning of the enlargement of the palace of Fontainebleau, and in 1259, Louis IX continued the work of his predecessors by building a large abbey for the monks of the Trinitarian order on the same site.
Since then, the French royal family has often visited the palace of Fontainebleau and hunted in the nearby forest. To solve the problem of rest and lodging, the royal family added many vacation cottages in the forest, which created the prototype of the Palace of Fontainebleau.
In the 14th century, Charles VI's consort, Isabelle, was active in the construction of the palace of Fontainebleau, adding a famous "oval square." In 1429, Isabelle's son, Charles VII, was crowned Emperor of France at the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Reims with the help of Joan of Arc.
Charles VII was at odds with his mother, Isabelle, since childhood, so he had a grudge against the palace of Fontainebleau, which his mother had built with great effort, and he almost never went there, leaving it to fall into disuse. After Louis XIV succeeded to the throne, Fontainebleau Palace has been dormant for many years to regain the importance, and become Louis XIV construction of the Palace of Versailles model.
This was, of course, thanks to the large-scale renovation of Fontainebleau by another French emperor, Fran?ois I, who was very fond of the palace. Fran?ois I loved the forests around Fontainebleau and believed that to demonstrate his authority as emperor, in addition to expanding his military power abroad, he had to build luxurious palaces at home to show the power of his country.
In addition, Francois I expedition to Italy, by the Renaissance thought is y influenced. Upon his return, he began a large-scale renovation of the Palace of Fontainebleau as the beginning of his realization of the Renaissance style architectural masterpiece.
Breton, a Parisian-born Renaissance architect, was first appointed by Fran?ois I. He took the palace of Fontainebleau to a new level. He rebuilt all the remaining medieval buildings of the Fontainebleau Palace.
In addition to the demolition of the old palace and the construction of new buildings, Breton designed a new and elegant Fontainebleau, combining traditional and contemporary styles. 1531, he also added a masterpiece to the palace, the Cloister of Fran?ois I, and converted the site of a former convent into a two-storey building and added a square surrounding the building, the Place de la Blanc de Blanc. Piazza del Blanco.
In order to harmonize the interior of the palace with its ornate and elegant exterior, in 1530 he hired the renowned Florentine painter Giovanni Battista, who was also a member of the Florentine Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1530, he hired the famous Florentine painter Giovanni Battista Rossu to decorate the interior of the palace. In 1532, Rossoux invited a large number of artists **** with this project, this group of artists have their own specialties in the form of sculpture or fresco painting, for the Palace of Fontainebleau has left many works of art with a strong Renaissance style.
Later, with this group of artists as the core, the so-called "First Fontainebleau School" was developed, which has left countless wonderful works of art in the history of the world. In addition to Fran?ois I, Henri IV is also an important figure in the architectural history of the Palace of Fontainebleau.
The king, who succeeded to the throne in 1589, invested huge sums of money in the renovation of Fontainebleau, and hired the leading architects and artists of the time to carry out a rigorous planning for his renovation project. After the renovation of the Palace of Fontainebleau scale than before, more magnificent, extraordinary.
One of the most important aspects of the renovation was the reorganization of part of the Oval into what is today the Place du Pont Blanc, and the design of the Cloister of Fran?ois I as a link between the two squares. The quiet and elegant Diana's Garden was built on the north side of the cloister, and the Carp Pond, which had survived the war, was built on the south side of the cloister, in the Fountain Square.
In addition, Henri IV also added a gallery row of rooms in the Palace of Fontainebleau on the side of the Oval adjacent to the Place de la Dauphiné, as administrative offices. Thus, the scale and pattern of the Palace of Fontainebleau was basically formed.
The same as Fran?ois I, the interior of the palace decoration construction, Henry IV from all over France to hire many famous painters and sculptors to create. These artists, each with their own specialties, made the palace even more magnificent inside and out.
Later they also formed the "Second Fontainebleau School". The splendor of Fontainebleau lasted for more than 30 years, until Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles, which became a secondary palace for the French royal family.
The French royal family, after Henry IV, did not add anything more remarkable to Fontainebleau. Under Louis XVI, however, it was inappropriately constructed, and the integrity of the original building was destroyed.
During the French Revolution, the Palace of Fontainebleau was damaged to a certain extent, and the collection of rare treasures and valuable furniture in the palace were all looted. After Napoleon's accession to the throne, a large construction in this place, Fontainebleau Palace was able to regain its former glory.
Napoleon remodeling refurbishment project showed a very conservative style, retaining the appearance of the original style of Fontainebleau Palace. Some of the more important additions to Napoleon's remodeling included a parade ground adapted from the Place du Cheval Blanc, an English garden designed by the Empress Josephine herself, and the addition of a cloister overlooking Diana's garden.
In addition, Napoleon made many modifications to Henry IV's sitting room, council chamber, and other chambers to suit his personal needs, and in 1814, Napoleon signed his abdication in the study of the "King's House," bringing his storied life to a close.
With Napoleon's abdication, the Palace of Fontainebleau finally retired from the stage of French history. However, this palace, which has been active for more than 600 years, has become an irreplaceable heritage site of cultural, artistic and historical value in France, thanks to its spectacular and diverse architecture and the enormous number of priceless works of art.
The history of the construction of Xishiku Church
Xishiku Church, also known as the North Church, in the *** Lake Silkworm Chikou (now diagonally across from the old Beijing Library), opened in 1703.
In 1887, due to the expansion of ***, it was demolished, and later the Qing Dynasty *** allocated 450,000 taels of silver, Xishiku in the Xi'an Gate and built on the same site; in 1900, when the renovation of a layer of height, to become today's stately and beautiful North Church. North Hall is a typical Gothic architecture.
Its four tall spires, three pointed arches of the entrance and the main span in the center of the round rose window, shaping a dignified and beautiful fa?ade, in the pines and cypresses surrounded by more and more appear white and upright. The lobby is in the shape of a cross, with a floor area of about 2,200 square meters, a height of 16.5 meters, and a bell tower spire of about 31 meters.
In front of the hall, there is a Chinese-style pavilion with yellow glazed tiles on each side, and inside the pavilion is a stone tablet inscribed by Qianlong himself. A western and a Chinese, a tall and a short, skillfully matched, it is amazing.
The statues of the saints on both sides of the main entrance are unique among the churches in Beijing. Inside the church, the golden vaults supported by 300 giant pillars and 80 stained-glass windows are always reminiscent of Notre Dame.
The overall architectural style is a combination of Chinese and Western styles. 1985 saw the restoration of the North Nave, with the re-dedication of the main altar of Jesus at the front of the nave, and the altars of the Virgin Mary and Joseph the Father on the east and west sides.
On December 24, 1985, the opening ceremony was held. Xishiku Church became the most splendid church in Beijing.
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Fourth, Panshan Tiancheng Temple, Pangu Temple construction history and culture
Tiancheng Temple is located in the north of Tianjin city north of Jixian Panshan Lotus Ridge.
Also known as Fushan Temple. It was built in the Tang Dynasty, rebuilt in the Liao Dynasty, and repaired and expanded in the Qing Dynasty.
1942 for the Japanese invasion forces burned down. 1980 rebuilt.
Tiancheng Temple leaning Cuiping Peak, divided into two levels. The upper floor has a large hall, the hall, the moon gate, the ancient Buddha stupa and the brick monk's tower, the monk's tower and the Qing dynasty Qianlong "Imperial Pan Mountain Tablet" and so on.
The lower level of the "Pavilion" and the corridor. Outside the temple was rebuilt Wolunlou.
Bangu Temple Legend has it that Pangu, who opened up the sky and opened up the earth, was conceived in a big, chaotic egg, and 18,000 years later, Pangu stomped on the egg shell with his horn. After his birth, he opened up the sky and created the sun, moon and stars, mountains and rivers, wind, rain, thunder and lightning, six animals and trees, flowers, plants, insects and fish, human beings and so on.
Pangu was born when he broke the eggshell, was buried under the Taihang Mountains, slowly turned into a layer of delicate and smooth stone. Later, people used this stone to make an ink stone that does not seep water, which is the famous "Pan ink stone".
In order to commemorate the achievements of Pangu in opening up the sky and the earth, the descendants built the Pangu Temple on the Taihang Mountain where Pangu was born. Later, because of the sound error, passed into the Pangu Temple.
V. Introducing the history of the construction of the Bund in ShanghaiThe Bund is the starting point of the modern urban development of Shanghai's rented area and the whole city.
Before 1843, it was a mudflat by the Huangpu River, and from 1844 onwards it was designated as a British Concession, and the British used the area as a wharf, and soon opened a number of British companies, such as Jardine Matheson, and the American-funded Flagstaff House.
In 1848, a road was paved and the riverbanks reinforced. The name of the road (Bund) is still the western name for the Bund in Shanghai.
In 1868 today's Huangpu Park was established (then called the Bund Park), the oldest park in Shanghai, and by 1928 the Bund Park was open only to Westerners.
Starting at the end of the 19th century, the Bund gradually became the area where the administration of the Concession Area, the banks, the hotels, and so on, constructed their respectable buildings.
Gradually, the smaller buildings that had been erected in the early days of the Concession were torn down, and new luxury towers were erected, and on July 1, 1928, the Bund Park was officially opened to the Chinese.
By the 1930s the canopy of the Bund was largely in place. After the founding of the People's Republic of China most of these buildings were used by state or city organizations.
Until the 1980s, the exterior of the Bund remained largely unchanged. In the late 1980s, many new skyscrapers were built in Shanghai, some of which were built directly behind older buildings (such as the Bund Tower), and the old buildings on the Bund looked very small compared to the new ones, which changed the appearance of the Bund dramatically.
The piers that used to be directly on the Bund's riverfront were all relocated, and the flood walls along the river were repaired and reinforced. In addition, the clock tower of the former passenger terminal was moved southward by about 50 meters during the construction of the interface of the Yan'an East Road elevated highway into Zhongshan Dongyi Road.
A People's Heroes Memorial Tower was also constructed at the northernmost section of the Bund where the Suzhou Creek empties into the Huangpu River. Some of the buildings were later leased out to foreign or state-owned corporations.
There has been some discussion in recent years about a proposal to apply for a World Heritage Site for the Bund complex in Shanghai.
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No. 3 - Shanghai General Association Building, built in 1910. No. 4 - Favorable Building, built in 1922, today is the Shanghai residence of Singapore Giti Pte Ltd.
The Bund Museum No. 5 - Nissin Bank, built in 1925, today is the Shanghai branch of the Hua Xia Bank. No. 6 - China Merchant Bank Building, also known as Yuanfang Building, built in 1906, today is the Shanghai residence of Hong Kong's Chiao Fook International Enterprises Ltd.
No. 7 - Telegraph Building, today the Shanghai branch of the Thai Pangaea Bank. No. 9 - The Ship Merchants Building, built in 1901.
No. 12 - HSBC Building, once used as the Municipal Building, built in 1925, today is the residence of Pudong Development Bank. No. 13 - The Customs Building, built in 1927, is one of the most iconic buildings on the Bund and has always been the residence of the Shanghai Customs.
No. 14 - Bank of Communications Building, one of the youngest buildings on the Bund, built in 1948, has always been used by the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce since the founding of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China. No. 15 - China-Russia Daosheng Bank Building, built in 1902, was once the Central Bank Building and today is the Shanghai Foreign Exchange Trading Center.
No. 16 - Japanese Bank of Taiwan Building, built in 1924, today's Shanghai branch of China Merchants Bank No. 17 - Zilinxi Newspaper Building, also known as Guilin Building, built in 1921, today's Shanghai branch of American International Assurance Company Limited. AIA Building No. 18 - McGarry Bank Building, today known as Chunjiang Building, built in 1923.
No. 19 - Palace Hotel, built in 1906, today is the South Building of the Peace Hotel. No. 20 - Sassoon Building, Chinachem Hotel, built in 1929, was the tallest building on the Bund.
Today it is the North Tower of the Peace Hotel. No. 23 - Bank of China Building, built in 1937, is the only building on the Bund designed by Chinese.
No. 24 - Yokohama Shokin Bank Building, built in 1924, today is the Shanghai branch of the China Construction Bank. No. 26 - Yangzi Building, today the Shanghai branch of the Agricultural Bank of China No. 27 - Jardine Matheson Building, completed in 1922, today the Foreign Trade Building.
No. 28 - Green Post Building, the Bund, also known as the Broadcasting Building, built in 1920, the People's Republic of China **** and the founding of the State has always been the Shanghai People's Broadcasting Station's premises, now the Shanghai Radio and Television Group. No. 29 - Oriental Exchange Bank, built in 1914, today is the Shanghai branch of China Everbright Bank.
No. 33 - British Consulate General in Shanghai, built in 1873, is the oldest building on the Bund. The Broadway Building on the north side of the Waibaidu Bridge, 20 North Suzhou Road, built in 1934, used to be the headquarters of the Japanese secret police during the Japanese occupation, with a sensational prison in its cellar.
Today it is the three-star Shanghai Mansion Hotel. [edit] Intersecting roads Aidoya Road (East Yan'an Road) Guangdong Road Fuzhou Road Hankou Road Jiujiang Road Nanjing Road Renji Road (Dianchi Road) Beijing Road Suzhou Road [edit] See also Shanghai Bund Sightseeing Tunnel Shanghai Bund Architecture Complex Asia Building | Shanghai General Association Building | Lee's Building | Nisshin Building | China General Merchants' Bank Building Telegraph Building | Flagstaff House | HSBC Bank Building | Customs Building | Bank of Communications Building Chinese and Russian Dawson Bank Building | Bank of Taiwan Building | Word Forest Building | McAuley Bank Building | Huizhong Hotel Building Sassoon Building | Bank of China Building | Yokohama Shojin Bank Building | Jardine Matheson Building | Greene Postal Ship Building Oriental Exchange Building | British Consulate | Broadway Building .
Six, the historical background of the construction of the Longhai RailwayThe Longhai Railway is a railroad line from Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China to Lanzhou, Gansu Province, started in 1905, after more than 40 years of construction, to the completion of the entire line in 1952, with a total length of 1,759 kilometers, for the Class I double-line electrified lines. The Longhai Railway is the most important railroad line running through the east, middle and west of China, and is also an important part of the New Asia-Europe Continental Bridge from Lianyungang in China by the Pacific Ocean to Rotterdam in the Netherlands by the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the major east-west railroad lines in China. It is also called Long Qin Yu Hai Railway. It traverses five provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and Gansu, starting from Lianyungang East Station in the east, connecting with the sea port; traveling west through Xuzhou, Shangqiu, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Baoji, Tianshui to Lanzhou West Station, connecting with Lanzhou-Xinjiang, Baolan, Lanzhou-Qingdao Railway; and intersecting with the Beijing-Shanghai, Jing-Guangzhou, Jiaozhi, Nan Tongpu, Xian-Tong, Bao-Cheng Railway and other railroads, with a length of 1,759 kilometers.
Construction in the Republic of China:
Bianluo Railway from Bianliang (now Kaifeng) to Luoyang was built according to the branch line of the Luhan Railway, which was started in October 1904, and started from Zhengxian Station, and worked in the east and west directions, and was completed in December 1909, with a total length of 183 kilometers.
In September 1912, Beiyang *** and Belgium signed a loan contract for the construction of 1,800 kilometers of the Longhai Railway, Bianluo Railway as the basis for the east-west direction of the construction, the two sections of the project in May 1913 at the same time. 1915, May, Kaifeng to Xuzhou section was opened to traffic, the length of 277 kilometers. In September of the same year, the 30-kilometer section from Luoyang to Guanyintang was completed. in May 1920, the Beiyang *** also signed a loan contract with Belgium and the Netherlands to continue the construction of the Longhai Railway. The eastern section, 198.3 kilometers of Dapu from Xuzhou to Haizhou, was started in 1920 and completed in 1923. The western section of the line west of Guanyintang was repaired to Lingbao by November 1927.
Nanjing *** After the Ministry of Railways was established in 1928, it was decided to renew the Longhai Railway. The Lingtong (Tongguan) section was 72 kilometers long, started in November 1930 and completed in December 1931. The section of Tongxi (Xi'an) was 131 kilometers long, started in August 1932 and completed in December 1934, while the section of Xibao (Baoji) was 131 kilometers long, started in August 1932 and completed in December 1934. The Xibao (Baoji) section was 173 kilometers long, started in January 1935 and completed in December 1936. The Lingtong section was built with the remaining part of the gung money returned by Belgium as a loan. The foreign purchase of materials for the Tongxi and Xibao sections was undertaken by a French consortium.
The section of the Longhai Railway from Baoji to Tianshui is 154 kilometers long. This section of the railroad project is complex and arduous, Nanjing *** suddenly stopping and building, changing orders. From May 1939 to December 1945, it took nearly 7 years to barely complete. After the opening of the car, landslides continue to occur, known as the Longhai Railway "appendix".
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in April 1950 to continue the construction of Tianshui to Lanzhou section,
July 1953 to complete, so that the entire line of the Longhai Railway repaired and opened to traffic. 1955, after the construction of Zhengzhou, Lanzhou, Xuzhou, Shangqiu, Xi'an, Baoji and other hubs of the project; 1956-1970 Zhengzhou to Baoji subsection rebuilt as a duplicate, which in the Sanmenxia Reservoir project to build a new railway, and the construction of a new railway, the Longhai Railway, the Longhai Railway, the Longhai Railway, the Longhai Railway, the Longhai Railway, the Longhai Railway, and other railway projects. In 1956~1970, Zhengzhou to Baoji was reconstructed into a double line, in which the corresponding rerouting was also carried out in the Sanmenxia Reservoir project; in 1980, Zhengzhou to Shangqiu double line was completed; in 2000, BaoLan second line project was constructed, and the line was started from Baoji Station East Gate, and west to Lanzhou Station West Gate, with a total length of 487 kilometers, and it was the national Grade I double-line electrified railroad, which was an important project for the expansion of the Northwest East Passage Road. BaoLan two line is also China's electrification to build the second line of the longest railroad, the whole section of the special bridge 22, 67 bridges, tunnels 108, bridge and tunnel total length of 106.89 kilometers, accounting for the total length of the line of 22%. At present, the project has been fully completed, and has realized the electrification of the entire railroad. This railroad project is difficult, such as Baoji to Tianshui section, through the Qinling Liupan Mountains, the upper line along the north bank of the Weihe River Canyon extension, depending on the mountains and the water curved line, geology, topography are more complex, the lower line of high bridges and long tunnels, a straight line forward. It was opened to traffic, the development of China's western region in particular has great significance.
The Longhai Railway is the most important railroad line running through the east, central and west of China, and is also an important part of the New Asia-Europe Continental Bridge from Lianyungang in China by the Pacific Ocean to Rotterdam in the Netherlands by the Atlantic Ocean.