What does comprehensive internal medicine include?

Internal medicine and surgery are the first-level branches of the hospital, cardiovascular medicine and digestive medicine are the second-level branches, and nephrology and diabetes are the third-level branches. Small hospitals have only first-class branches, while large and medium-sized hospitals have second-and third-class branches. Internal medicine is a department that takes drug therapy as the main means, mainly including: 1, cardiovascular medicine, and is good at treating diseases of the heart and great vascular system, such as various heart diseases and hypertension. At present, large and medium-sized hospitals have set up cardiovascular specialties, and hospitals with poor conditions have also set up cardiovascular specialties in internal medicine. Different hospitals set up ECG room, cardiac function examination room and cardiac catheterization room in cardiovascular department to examine and diagnose various heart diseases and functions. Many hospitals have cardiac intensive care units to help rescue and monitor serious cardiovascular diseases. 2. Gastroenterology specializes in treating diseases of digestive organs, such as stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen. Digestive system diseases are common and frequently-occurring diseases, and the Department of Gastroenterology is a specialized subject with a wide range of diseases and many patients. With the development of medicine, the research on the etiology and pathogenesis of digestive tract diseases has developed to the level of molecular biology. Endoscopy has become very common, such as endoscopic ultrasound, local biopsy, laser treatment, ulcer, tumor local drug spraying or injection treatment. New diagnostic instruments and drugs have promoted the development of gastroenterology. 3. Respiratory medicine specializes in treating respiratory diseases such as chest, trachea and lung. It is a large professional internal medicine, with various diseases and complicated causes, including immunity, infection, allergy, tumor, environmental factors and many diseases with unknown causes. Respiratory departments in many hospitals have lung function rooms and bronchoscopy rooms. 4. Urology (Nephrology) This department treats urinary system diseases, namely kidney, bladder, ureter and urethra diseases. Kidney disease is a young subject with a short independent time. Although it started late, it has developed rapidly, and many general hospitals have opened nephrology. At present, many new detection projects have been carried out in diagnosis. In treatment, dialysis therapy is widely used to treat renal failure, which has accumulated rich treatment experience, effectively improved the cure rate of acute renal failure and prolonged the survival time of patients with chronic renal failure. The common diseases in our hospital include primary glomerulonephritis, acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, pyelonephritis, acute and chronic renal failure, renal tubular acidosis and so on. 5. The Department of Neurology treats nervous system diseases and some muscle diseases, and it is also a specialty with many and complicated diseases. Patients who die of cerebrovascular diseases account for the second cause of death every year. In clinical diagnosis, in addition to the original means, advanced examination means such as brain scanning, evoked potentials, Doppler ultrasound, radiological images, high-precision diagnostic techniques of radionuclides, etc. All of them have increased, greatly improving the diagnostic accuracy of nervous system diseases and making new progress in treatment. 6. Hematology mainly treats various anemia, abnormal red blood cells and hemoglobin, various leukemia, various hemorrhagic diseases and coagulation mechanism defects. Many large general hospitals have established hematology departments, and there is a practice of merging hematology and oncology into one department abroad. Some hospitals in China have started bone marrow transplantation to treat leukemia. 7. Endocrinology is a major with strong basic theory. It can be used for treating endocrine gland diseases such as thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, gonad and islet, such as adrenocorticotropic adenoma, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes and gastrinoma. This is a complicated and difficult major. Many hospitals do not have independent departments, and some large hospitals only set up endocrine specialist groups.