Chapter 1: The Origins of Chinese Civilization (1-12)
1. The earliest known human being in China is the Yuanmou Man, which is 1.7 million years old P2
2. The fundamental difference between human beings and animals is whether or not they can make tools P2
3. The time and place where Peking Man and Shanding Cave Man lived P1.3.4
4. Labor played a decisive role in the evolution from ape to man.P2
5. Peking Man used natural fire, while Cave Man knew how to make fire artificially and had mastered the techniques of polishing and drilling.P4-5
6. Peking Man lived in groups, while Cave Man lived in clans.P5
7. Hemudu The Hemudu people lived in the Yangtze River Basin and the Semipo people lived in the Yellow River Basin, both of which already used ground stone tools.P7-8
8. The Hemudu people cultivated rice, and the Semipo people planted corn, and China was the earliest country in the world to cultivate both rice and corn.P7-8
9. In the Late Dawenkou Culture, there was the emergence of private property and the polarization of rich and poor. P7-P8
10. The Yandi and Huangdi tribes formed an alliance to form the later Huaxia tribe, and the Yandi and Huangdi were honored as the ancestors of the Huaxia tribe.P12
11. The one who is known as the "first ancestor of the humanities" of the Chinese nation is the Yellow Emperor.P13
12.
12. Yao, Shun and Yu's "Zen Transition": a method of democratically electing the head of a tribal alliance.P14
Chapter 2: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring, Autumn and Warring States (13-40)
14. In 2070 B.C.E., Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty of slavery in the history of China. p15
15. P21
15. Tang destroyed Xia and established the Shang Dynasty, which was ruled steadily after Pan Geng moved to Yin.P21
16. In 1046 B.C., King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang through the Battle of Muye and established the Zhou Dynasty, with the capital at Haoxo .P23
17. The Western Zhou Dynasty practiced the system of feudalism, which strengthened the rule of various regions.P23-24
18, In 771 B.C., the Western Zhou Dynasty fell.P24
19. The Simuwuding tripod of the Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze vessel discovered in the world, and Ningxiang, Hunan Province, has unearthed a peculiarly shaped four-goat square Zun.P26
20. Bronze masks, large-scale bronze statues of standing men, and bronze god trees unearthed at the cultural site of Sanxingdui have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreigners. P27
21, agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commercial prosperity, the formation of China's Xia, Shang and Western Zhou brilliant bronze civilization.P27
22, 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved east to Luo, known as the "Eastern Zhou". The Eastern Zhou was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.P30
23. The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period: Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Fuzha of Wu, and King Goujian of Yue.P30-32
24. Duke Huan of Qi put forward the slogan of "honoring the king and hustling the barbarians".P31
25. >25、The battle that decided the Duke of Jin to become the hegemon of the Central Plains was the Battle of Chengpu.P32
26、The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Han The Situation Map of the Warring States Period P33
27、The Battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao in 260 BC, and the Zhao army suffered a great defeat, and from then on, the six eastern states were no longer able to defend themselves from the attack of the Qin army.P34
28、The Spring and Autumn Period was the first time that China started to use the term "war". During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farming tools and oxen plowing, and oxen plowing was a revolution in the history of China's agricultural development.P36-37
29. The popularization of iron farming tools and oxen plowing led to a significant increase in the utilization of land and the yield of crops.P37
30. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, China invented the technology of pig-iron smelting, which is more than 1,900 years older than that of Europe. China was also the first country in the world to invent porcelain, which was manufactured as early as the Shang Dynasty.P27,P36
31. During the Warring States period, Li Bing presided over the construction of the famous water conservancy project Dujiangyan, which made the Chengdu Plain the "Land of the Heavenly Capital".P37
32. The main content and significance of the change of the law of Shang Yang. P38-39
33. The text written on tortoise shells or animal bones by the Shang Dynasty people is called "oracle bone writing".P41
34. The history of written texts in China started from the Shang Dynasty.P41
35. The texts cast on the bronzes of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "golden texts". text, called "Jinwen", also known as "inscription".P41
36, on the solar eclipse, lunar eclipse records and the twenty-four seasons P43
37, Bian Magpie is the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of the famous doctor, he summarized the Chinese medicine look, smell, ask, cut "four diagnostic methods". P43
38. Qu Yuan lived in Chu at the end of the Warring States period, and his masterpiece is "Li Sao" P43
39. The whole set of bells from the Warring States period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province P44
40. >The important contributions of Confucius in ideology, education and culture P46-P47
41. Laozi, the founder of Taoism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, recorded his doctrines in Tao Te Ching; during the Warring States Period, the founder of Mohism was Mozi,
who advocated the principle of "love for all" and "non-attack". He advocated "concurrent love" and "non-attack"; the representative of Confucianism was Mencius, who demanded that rulers use "benevolent government" to govern the country; the representative of Taoism was Zhuang Zi, who put forward the idea of "doing nothing but ruling The representative of Legalism is Han Fei, who advocated reform; the representative of Militaryism is Sun Wu, who wrote "The Art of War", the military maxim of "If you know yourself and your enemy, you will not be in danger in a hundred battles", which came out of this book.
P47-P49
Chapter 3: Qin, Western Han, and Eastern Han (41-67)
42. From 230 to 221 B.C., Qin conquered the six kingdoms one after another, completed its unification, and set its capital at Xianyang. In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shi Huang accepted Li Si's suggestion to "burn books and bury scholars"
44. Qin Shi Huang ordered his general Meng Tian to launch a counterattack against the Xiongnu and seize the Hetao region.
45. The Great Wall stretches from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. The construction of the Lingqu River bridged the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system.P59
46. In 209 B.C., Chen Sheng and Wu Guang revolted in Dazhe Township and started an uprising, and established power in Chen.P63
47. In 202 B.C., Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an, which is known historically as the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Bang is the Gaozu of Han Dynasty.P64
48. The rulers of the early Han Dynasty learned the lessons from the death of Qin Dynasty, implemented the policy of rest and recuperation, reduced the burden of corvée service, military service and taxes on farmers, and focused on the development of agricultural production.P67
49. During the Wenjing period, the government paid attention to the principle of "transforming the people by virtue", which led to the stabilization of the society, and the people became more affluent. The people became rich. History calls this period of rule the "Rule of Wenjing".
50. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted the advice of Lord Fu Yan and ordered the weakening of the power of the vassal states. P68-69
51: In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu, a member of the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, was proclaimed emperor and set his capital at Luoyang, which became known as the Eastern Han Dynasty. P69
52: Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty ordered Wang Jing, an expert in water conservancy, to preside over the control of the Yellow River. P73
53, In the Han Dynasty, seeds were sown with a columbine, and jacquard machines were used in the textile industry.P73
54, In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Shi invented the water row, which utilized the water power to drum up the wind for iron smelting, which was more than a thousand years earlier than that of Europe.P74
55, At the time of the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding chief of the Xiongnu, Bolden Monarch, united the Mongolian steppe.P77
56, In 119 B.C.E.. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Zhaodi to attack the Xiongnu in the north.P78-79
57. The leader of the Xiongnu, Hohanxie Monarch, claimed the title of vassal to the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun went out to marry Hohanxie Monarch in the time of Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty.P79
58. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sent Zhangqian to visit the Western Regions, and the western Han Dynasty set up a Western Regions Capital Protector in 60 B.C., which made the Xinjiang area come under the jurisdiction of the central government.P83
59: Ban Chao of the Eastern Han Dynasty operated the Western Regions. Banchao sent his subordinate Gan Ying on a mission to Da Qin. 166 Da Qin sent an envoy to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct interaction between a European country and our country.P84-85
60.
Silk Road: China's silk and silk fabrics were transported from Chang'an to West Asia through the Hexi Corridor, the present-day Xinjiang region, and then to Europe, where the exotic treasures of the Western countries were imported into mainland China. Exotic treasures into the Chinese mainland. The Silk Road is a major land route that connects China and the West, and is historically known as the Silk Road.
P83
61, China's use of paper as a writing material began in the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun improved papermaking. p87
62, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "nine chapters of the arithmetic," is a mathematical masterpieces. p88
63, Eastern Han Dynasty Zhang Heng made the geodesic is the earliest seismic instrument recognized by the world P88
64, the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the first earthquake instrument P88
64. 64. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, the "Sage of Medicine," wrote the book "Treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases," and Hua Tuo created an anesthetic called "Ma Bo San," and wrote the medical gymnastics called "Five-Animal Play.
65. In the late Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced to the Central Plains of China, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism emerged in the folklore, with one of the founders called Zhang Ling, who honored Lao Zi as the master of the religion.P92-91
66. Wang Chong, a materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote the book "Lun Heng" (Discussions on Harmony).P93
67. Sima Qian, who lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wrote the book "The Records of the Histories" (Shiji), which is the first book of China's history and history. book "Records of the Grand Historian," which was China's first chronological general history.P94
68、The Terracotta Warriors of Qin Mausoleum is by far the largest treasure trove of art unearthed in the world.P95
Chapter 4: The Three Kingdoms, the Two Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, and the North and South Dynasties (68-84)
70、In the year 200, Cao Cao's battle of Guandu against Yuan Shao laid the groundwork for the unification of the north.P102
71, 208, Cao Cao's Battle of Red Cliff against the allied forces of Sun and Liu , laid the foundation for the Triple Triad. p103-104
72, 220, Cao Pi claimed the title of emperor, the state name of Wei, and set the capital at Luoyang; 221, Liu Bei claimed the title of emperor at Chengdu, the state name of Han, and the history of the city of Shu; 222, Sun Quan claimed the title of king, the state name of Wu, and set the capital at Jianye, and the Triple Triad was formed. The three kingdoms were formed.
P105
73. Sun Quan sent Wei Wen with a fleet of 10,000 ships to reach Yizhou (present-day Taiwan Province), which strengthened the connection between Yizhou and the mainland.P106
74. In 266, Simayan established the Jin Dynasty, with its capital at Luoyang, which is known as the Western Jin Dynasty.P108
74. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty ended the division of the country by destroying the state of Wu. P108
75. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Capricorn, dizi, and Qiang migrated inward.P109
76. The Western Jin Dynasty collapsed in 316, and the imperial family, Sima Rui, rebuilt the Jin Dynasty with its capital at Jiankang in 317, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty.P109
77.
77, 383 years, the former Qin and East Jin Interfluve Battle, East Jin with fewer than many defeated the former Qin .P11O
78, 420 years, the East Jin general Liu Yu established the Song, since then the South has experienced the Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, four dynasties, collectively referred to as the "Southern Dynasty"
79, after the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the North has seen the emergence of Eastern Wei, Western Wei, and Western Wei. After the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the northern part of the East Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou four dynasties have emerged. P116
80, south of the Zu Chongzhi in the world for the first time to the value of pi, calculated to the seventh decimal point. P118
81, the north of the Jia Si Fo has written a "qimin jiu ji" book, this is China's first existing complete work of agricultural science. P119
82, the north of the Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan wrote the book "water". Li Daoyuan wrote "Water Classic Note", is a comprehensive geography monograph.P119
83, the Eastern Jin Dynasty's Wang Xizhi has a masterpiece "Lanting Preface", called later known as the "Sage of the Book" P122,
84, the Eastern Jin Dynasty's Gu Kaizhi's masterpieces are the "Women's History" and the "Luoshen Fu Figure" P123<
85, Fan Jian, a thinker in the Southern Dynasty, who wrote The Theory of God's Destruction.P124
86, Famous grottoes during the Northern and Southern Dynasties: the Yungang Grottoes and the Longmen Grottoes.P124
Question and answer questions:
1, What is the content and significance of the change of law by Shang Yang?
Answer: 356 B.C. Duke Xiaodong of Qin appointed Shang Yang to change the law.P38-39
Content: The state recognized private ownership of land and allowed free trade. It rewarded farming and warfare, and those who produced more grain and cloth were exempted from corvée service. Titles and fields were granted according to the size of military service, abolishing the privileges of the old nobles who had no military service. The county system was established, with the monarch directly sending officials to govern.
Significance: It enabled the Qin state to develop economically, strengthen the fighting strength of its army, and develop into the richest and strongest feudal state in the late Warring States period.
2. What are the achievements of Confucius in ideology and education?P46-47
A: Ideology: Confucius put forward the doctrine of "benevolence", advocated "loving people", and asked the rulers to He demanded that rulers should be sensitive to the people's feelings and cherish their strengths, and that "governance should be based on virtue", opposing tyrannical government and arbitrary punishment and killing.
Education: he founded a private school, regardless of birth and family wealth, widely accepted disciples, has trained three thousand students. Pay attention to "teaching according to the material", good at inspiring students to think about the problem. He taught students to have an honest attitude towards learning and to be humble and studious. They are required to review what they have learned from time to time so that they can learn from the past and know what is new.
3. Evaluation of Qin Shi Huang. P57, P62
Answer: Qin Shi Huang made great contributions to the history of our country: he obeyed the people's wishes and accomplished the unification, he called himself the emperor, and he was in charge of all the powers; the central government set up a prime minister, a lieutenant, and an imperial historian, who were in charge of the administration, the military, and the supervision, and the final decision was made by the emperor. The county system was introduced at the local level and a monarchical centralized system was established. He unified writing, currency, weights and measures, etc. He built the Great Wall and developed the southern border, consolidating unification and promoting economic and cultural exchanges among various regions and ethnic groups. At the same time, he was also a brutal feudal emperor, who extensively repaired palaces and tombs, wasting a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, and affecting the normal production and life of the people; he also formulated cruel criminal laws, which made the people live in dire straits; he burned books and pitted scholars, which clamped down on the ideas and destroyed the culture. In short, he was an emperor with great merits as well as great faults.
3. Which measures did Emperor Wu of Han take to realize unification?P68,P74,P78
Answer: Emperor Wu of Han took a series of measures to strengthen centralized power.
1) Accepting the advice of Lord Father Yan, he ordered that the kings be allowed to divide their lands among their children and establish smaller marquisates.
②Accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion to "depose the hundred schools and revere only the Confucians," making Confucianism the feudal orthodoxy. He organized the Imperial College and promoted Confucian education.
3) The right to mint coins and the right to operate salt and iron at the local level was brought back to the central government, and the five-baht coins were minted in a uniform manner, thus realizing economic unification.
④Militarily, Wei Qing and Huo Daizi were sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas.
This made the Western Han Dynasty realize great unification in politics, ideology, economy and military, and entered its heyday.
5. What were the reasons for the development of the Jiangnan region during the Southern Dynasties of the Eastern Jin Dynasty?P111
Answer:① The Jiangnan region had abundant rainfall, hotter climate, fertile land, and superior conditions for the development of agriculture.
② A large number of people from the north moved southward, bringing with them a large number of laborers, advanced production techniques, and drought- and cold-resistant crops.
3 ③ relative social stability in the south ④ the strengthening of national integration, the hard work of all ethnic groups ⑤ the rulers attached importance to the development of the economy, took a series of measures
6, what are the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and what is the historical significance of the reform measures?
Answer: After moving his capital to Luoyang, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out further reforms
Contents: Chinese language had to be used in the court and Xianbei language was banned; officials and their families were required to wear Han Chinese clothes; the surnames of the Xianbei people were changed to Han Chinese surnames, and the royal family was changed from the family name of Tuoyuan to the family name of Yuan; the nobles of the Xianbei people were encouraged to marry the nobles of the Han Chinese people; the Han Chinese system of officialdom and laws was adopted; the Han Chinese rules were studied, and Confucius was respected, the country was ruled by filial piety, and the country was governed by Confucius. Confucius, ruled the country by filial piety, and advocated the culture of honoring the elderly and pensioners, and so on.
Significance: 1. National integration was promoted.2. Traditional Han culture was developed
.