Stendhal was an outstanding French writer of critical realism in the nineteenth century. His life was not long, less than sixty years, and he started late in literature, publishing only in his thirties. However, he left a huge spiritual legacy to mankind: several long books, dozens of short stories or tales, millions of words of essays, essays and prose, travelogues.
Stendhal's real name was Henri Bell. born on January 23, 1783 in Grenoble, France. His father was a bourgeois, but embraced kingship and the Church, and his mind was full of aristocratic ideas. Stendhal's tutor was a priest. This priest gave him a strict aristocratic upbringing and forbade him to play with ordinary children. His greatest influences were his mother and grandfather. His mother, who was of Italian descent, was lively and liberal, and was able to read Dante and others in Italian. However, she died when Stendhal was seven years old. Stendhal's maternal grandfather was a doctor. He was particularly open-minded, a devotee of Rousseau and Voltaire, and a supporter of the ****harmonists. Stendhal often lived in his grandfather's house as a teenager, where he read a lot of the world's masterpieces.
Stendhal's childhood was spent in the stormy waters of the French Revolution.
From 1796 to 1799, he attended the Ecole Centrale in Grenoble, a new type of school established during the French Revolution in accordance with the revolutionary ideas and educational ideas of the bourgeoisie. Stendhal systematically learned new ideas and knowledge there, and became y interested in French literature and materialist philosophy. 1779, he came to Paris, originally intended to apply for the famous Comprehensive School of Arts and Crafts, but inspired by the revolutionary situation, he joined the army led by Napoleon, and in 1800, he accompanied Napoleon to Milan, Italy, where he was led by the army. The people of Milan, who had long suffered from Austrian rule, regarded Napoleon's army as their savior. Their enthusiasm for the French revolution and their excellent cultural traditions had a deep influence on Stendhal. Later he lived in Milan for a long time, writing, and living as a Milanese.
From 1806 to 1814, Stendhal moved with Napoleon's army across the continent. During the Great Retreat from Moscow in 1812, he served as a logistics officer. The long practice of struggle made his **** and sectarian views more firm, and more abhorrent to the dark rule of the corrupt and decadent feudal aristocracy and the church. Therefore, it is not surprising that when he later took off his military uniform and devoted himself to literary creation, the brush of his criticism was always directed at the aristocracy and the church.
In 1814 Napoleon fell from power and the Bourbons were restored. The bourgeois revolutionaries were suppressed, while the feudal princes and nobles celebrated. In this situation, Stendhal felt that "in addition to humiliation, can no longer get what", so he left his country, living in Milan, Italy. Here he sympathized greatly with the Italian patriots and had close dealings with the charcoal-burners who fought for national liberation. His actions attracted the attention of the Austrian military and police who ruled Italy. When the Italian revolution failed in 1821 and many patriots were imprisoned, he was also deported by the police authorities as a sympathizer of the charcoal burners. He did not return to Italy again until 1834, when he was appointed French consul in the city of Civitavecchia, which was under papal jurisdiction.
Stendhal began to publish in 1817. The maiden work was done in Italy and was titled History of Italian Painting. Soon after, he published for the first time, under the pseudonym Stendhal, the travelogue Rome, Naples and Florence. From 1823 to 1825 he published a succession of essays that were later collected in a collection of essays, Racine and Shakespeare. Thereafter, he turned to fiction, publishing Almans in 1827 and the famous short story Vanina Vanini in 1829. His masterpiece, The Red and the Black, was first written in 1829 and then published in 1830. 1832 to 1842 was Stendhal's most difficult period, characterized by financial constraints, illness and harsh conditions. But it was also his most important creative period. He wrote the long novel Lucien Louvain (also known as The Red and the White), The Abbey of Bama, a long autobiography of Henri Brula, and a dozen short stories. At the time of Stendhal's death on March 23, 1842, he still had several unfinished manuscripts on hand.
Stendhal was famous for his long novels. His long masterpiece, The Red and the Black, has survived for more than a hundred years without losing any of its charm. However, his short stories are also brilliantly written. His masterpieces, such as "Vanina Vanini" and "Airey" (directly translated as "Abbess of Castello"), are vividly written and popular, and are considered to be the wonders in the world's garden of short stories. They, along with Mérimée's Matteo Falgona, Tamango, and Balzac's Gobsek, mark the maturity of French short story writing.
The Past was serialized in the English Illustrated London News in 1825-1826, and in 1826 a French translation or rewrite met readers at the Britannica bookstore in Paris, where no one knew at first that the author was Stendhal. After Stendhal's death, his cousin Colombe, while organizing his posthumous manuscripts, found part of the bottom of this work and included it in the 1854 edition of Stendhal's Collected Novels.
The novel depicts the social customs of the world during the occupation of Italy by Napoleon's army. Conservative people gathered under the banner of the Church, trying to God's blessing in the Virgin Mary, to stop the rolling tide of revolution, while the Church forces take the opportunity to create miracles, fabricate the so-called Virgin Mary's apparitions of the lie, to deceive the ignorant people; the young people, the rational people against the Church's attitude, and they welcome the arrival of Napoleon's army. The novel recounts a major historical event - the hijacking of the Pope - and has some wonderful depictions of the heroes of the chaos. In short, the Italian society depicted in the novel is a conservative and ignorant one, and the general public regards the Pope as God's representative on earth. Therefore, the defeat of Napoleon's army in Italy, the Pope restored, set off the revenge movement is inevitable.
The Box and the Ghost was written at the end of 1829. Stendhal had read it to Mérimée on Christmas Day of that year. Through the story of a police chief who uses his power to take over a woman and breaks up a pair of lovers, the novel exposes to the reader the ferocity and hegemony of the forces of the Spanish Restoration. As the antithesis of this evil force, the plot of the two lovers' innocence, kindness, and willingness to spill their blood for the sake of love is extremely moving and powerful.
The Enchantress was written in January 1830 and published in the Paris Review in June of the same year. Stendhal claimed to have written it as a "cure for headaches and a distraction". And he admitted to referencing the seventeenth-century French writer Scarron. He said: "The sauces are different in every age. I'm just replacing the sauce of 1660 with that of 1830." The piece depicts a young Spanish woman who is haunted and abandons her wealthy but aging husband. She runs off with a traveling circus performer and is duped but still unchanged. Perhaps this is indeed a pastime together, the idea of mediocrity, but in the creation of a unique approach, especially the beginning and the end of the praised. The beginning of the time, place, atmosphere and the plot is very harmonized, very able to capture the reader; the end of the simple words, giving people room for imagination.
Mina de Vanger was written between December 1829 and January 1830, and has been revised several times since. It has been revised several times since then. But Stendhal did not produce it for publication during his lifetime. It was not until eleven years after his death that the Revue du Monde in Paris published it. Among Stendhal's works, this is one of the few depictions of Germans. Mina de Vanger came from a family of great German nobility. Her father, who loathed unjust conquests, was watched by the court and eventually died of melancholy. In pursuit of her own happiness, she leaves her country and travels to Paris, where she falls in love. In order to achieve the purpose, this love of fantasy of the German girl at all costs condescending, disguised, to her private love of the man's home as a maid, unexpectedly because of excessive joy, spilled the secret, resulting in tragedy, and finally died of love. Through this sad and twisted love story, Stendhal demonstrates the difference in character between the Germans and the French and their different attitudes towards love. The heroine of the novel, Mina de Vanger, is a flesh-and-blood, luminous character in the author's gallery of characters.
Experts have not reached a definitive conclusion as to when Philippe was written. Some believe it was between 1827 and 1830. Others believe it was in 1839. But the French literary historian Kluwer analyzed the character traits of Philibert and Lucien, the main character of The Red and the White, and felt that the two were similar, so he thought that it became between 1835 and 1839. Strictly speaking, this piece may not be enough for a short story, but can only be considered a short story, which is also somewhat like the Chinese notebook novel. The content is also true as the subtitle, is an anointed son of a few slice of life, such as business, love, moving, etc., written in a more sloppy way. In Stendhal's short creation garden, it may only be a small grass, but for us to fully understand Stendhal's creation, after all, is useful, so we also put it into the collection.
Of the eight short stories included in the Italian Anecdotes, all were written after 1833, with the exception of the Vanina Vanini, which was written in 1829. Some information about these novels needs to be sketched.
In 1833, Stendhal came to Italy again, in a friend's library, found a number of "ancient manuscripts". These manuscripts are a true record of Italy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, some of the major "social news". Stendhal read them with great interest, thinking that they were "useful additions to the history of Italy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries"; they depicted "the customs that gave birth to the genius of the generation of Raphael and Michelangelo", so he spent a lot of money to buy the right to transcribe, and asked people to He purchased the right to transcribe them at great expense, had certain chapters carefully copied, kept them with him, read them over and over again, and rewrote them into short stories, partly in translation and partly in composition. While he was alive, he selected "Airee," "Vittoria Acolamponi" (or translated as "The Duchess of Pagliano"), and "The Sancy Family" for publication in a collection. Twelve years after his death, his cousin compiled the short stories according to which his temper had been rewritten, and added "Vanina Vanini," which describes an Italian love story, and published them in a collection under the title of "Italian Anecdotes.
Vanina Vanini, published in 1829, is a short masterpiece together. It glorifies the Italian national liberation movement through the love between the charcoal-burner Pietro and the Roman aristocratic lady Vanina, and the charcoal-burner who sacrificed his life for national liberation. Vanina is a beautiful woman. Although she was born in the valve reading family, but regarded the rich and powerful as floating clouds, willingly pursued a low-born, seriously injured, and the official wanted fugitive. For the sake of love, she is willing to give up everything, even at the expense of her own reputation. But in order to gain Pietro's love, she goes so far as to snitch and betray the warriors under Pietro, sabotaging their uprising. When she first fell in love with Pietro, she admired his spirit of great needlessness in fighting for the liberation of the nation. But because of the domination of selfishness, her love in the end became the resistance of the righteous cause.
As her antagonist, Pietro showed a singable patriotic spirit. He loves Vanina more than his own life. But when he had to choose between the fate of his country and his personal happiness, he gave up the latter. He was willing to suffer for the sake of national liberation, and when the fighters under his command were arrested and the uprising failed, he turned himself in to avoid being suspected of being a traitor. When he learned that it was his sweetheart who had told on him, he angrily refused her rescue and broke off his love affair with her. His awe-inspiring righteousness and extraordinary strength of character make him a glorious image of a patriot in literary history.
The Church of St. Francis on the Shore is a novel about the "Italian Passion", in which the Pope's nephew-in-law, the Princess of Campobasso, is aloof, noble, and a womanizer, but in fact full of irrepressible lust. She has a secret affair with the French attaché to the Holy See, the illegitimate son of the French Regent. But she was so intent on enjoying her lover's love that, once she learned of his emigration, she colluded with ambitious members of the Church and sent someone to assassinate him. Stendhal in the description of this pair of young people in love with the twists and turns, incidentally, a few strokes, will be the Church nepotism, weaving nepotism, under the banner of a grand banner of each other's private dealings of the ugly facts exposed to the fullest. The novel is written in the tone of "social news". Despite the twists and turns of the case and the thrilling way in which it is resolved, the best part of the story is the portrayal of Montecito, who was first a cardinal and then Pope Silistus V. Felix was the son of Montecito. Felix was Montecito's nephew and adopted son. The cardinal regarded him as the apple of his eye. However, when he heard the news that his adopted son had been assassinated, he "did not change his countenance" and did not show any sign of shock. The next day the Vatican held a meeting of the cardinals, people thought he would not be there, but he was as usual, the first batch of the meeting, and in the Pope's own tears to comfort him, he was also as usual, very calm, and asked His Holiness not to order an investigation into the case, saying that he had already pardoned the assassin. By these manifestations he won the favor of the Pope and others. Everyone said he was a marvelous cleric. Shortly thereafter, he was elected Pope (his behavior after his nephew's death no doubt tempered the way for his election), and his face immediately changed, forcing those suspected of being involved in his nephew's murder to flee Rome. All of his behavior is a vivid demonstration of the hypocritical mind of an ambitious, high-ranking cleric who will do anything to rise to the top.
The Sancy Family is a poignant and moving account of the misfortunes of Beatrice and her family. She was a beautiful young girl, in the prime of her life, and should have enjoyed the full measure of her parents' affection. Who knows that her father is a beast of burden, trying to abuse her, spoil her. She could not stand it, with her stepmother, asked to kill the lecher. This murder case had its causes and deserved the sympathy of the judge, but the Church's judiciary disregarded heavenly justice and sentenced the young girl and her family to death. Here the author expresses his strong indignation at the injustice of justice and his deep sorrow for the unfortunate girl.
The Duchess of Pagliano describes a common occurrence in aristocratic families: the mistress of the house cheats on her husband with a young valet. Stendhal did not overly describe the scene of the affair, but the process of dealing with this matter is described in detail, but also spent a lot of ink on the internal struggle of the Church, a realistic display of the death struggle. The two adulterers were, of course, executed. Even the fetus in the womb was not spared. This inhumane system of lynching in a large feudal family is shocking.
Ailee is a tearful tragedy of love. Ailee, a noblewoman, falls in love with Yura, a "bandit", and is strongly opposed by her father and brother. Unfortunately, in a battle, her brother died under Yura's knife. Her heartbroken parents sent her to a convent in order to break the bond between her and Yura; Yura failed in his attack on the convent, and in order to escape from the prosecution, he traveled far away from home and lost contact with her. In the case of parting with her lover, in a harsh environment, very painful, Ailee is self-absorbed, first spent a lot of money to bribe the abbess, and then lost her virginity to the bishop of the morally upright. In the end, she was sentenced to a heavy prison term because of her pregnancy. When she hears the news that Yura is coming to rescue her, she leaves a long letter and commits suicide. This masterpiece, through the misfortune of Ailee, a great lady, profoundly reveals that the feudal concept of family is the murderer who kills the happiness of young people; the hypocritical church, the abbey is the root cause of human degeneration.
There is a similarity in the subject matter of Bloodstained Style (directly translated as Favored Too Much and Harmed Others) and Suora Skoratika. Although the stories take place in different years, one around 1585 and the other around 1740, both novels write about the inhumanity of the feudal system and the dark secrets of the aristocratic monasteries. In order to ensure that the family's property is not dispersed, those noble families with many children often only pass the property to the eldest son, for the rest of the sons only give a certain amount of living expenses, and for the daughters are all kicked out of the house. Or marry them off for a fortune, or send them to the noble nunnery, which was specially opened for these people. Once in the convent, they were put in the grave and cut off from all contact with the outside world. As the nuns say in Bloodstained Style, "Our parents sent us to a convent, the family property was taken over by our brothers, and we were locked up in this tomb of the living, with no other way out." But the young girls are living, breathing human beings, unwilling to sacrifice their youth, love, and happiness, and find ways to rendezvous with outside lovers. Yet such behavior, when discovered, was to be considered blasphemy, punishable by dungeon and life imprisonment or death. Bloodstained and Suola Scolatica are about the lives of noble nuns, their desire for happiness and their struggle against fate. The authors expressed their deep sympathy for the nuns who were persecuted by society and their families, and praised their heroic resistance to the pursuit of happiness and freedom, calling these "simple and affectionate people" "the pioneers of modern civilization".
Jane. Jane Austen
Jane Austen is one of the few famous female writers in the world, a "painter of small pictures" and "domestic fiction" between neo-classicism and the lyricism of the Romantic movement, and in the eyes of literary critics comparable to Shakespeare in terms of immortality. Shakespeare in terms of his immortality.
In 2000, the BBC did a "Writers of the Millennium" poll, and Austen was ranked second behind Shakespeare, and the only woman in the top ten. This woman is the pride of England. She created a large number of characters and started the climax of realistic fiction in the 1830s.
There have been several revolutions of taste in British literature, and the renovation of literary tastes has affected the reputations of almost all writers, except Shakespeare and Austen, who have endured. And this great woman has lived only 42 springs, summers and winters in her life.
1794-95 First Impressions (Pride and Prejudice) is put to paper.
1796 First Impressions (Pride and Prejudice) is completed, and Eleanor and Marianne (Sense and Sensibility) is begun.
1798-99 Northanger Abbey (Susan) is completed.
1803 Susan (Northanger Abbey) sold for ￡10 to Richard Crosby. Crosby, but not published. The Watsons puts pen to paper (published 1818)
1805 The Watsons abandoned.
1811 Mansfield Park moved. Sense and Sensibility (Eleanor and Marianne) published.
1813 Pride and Prejudice (<First Impressions> revised edition) published. Mansfield Park is completed.
1814 Mansfield Park is published. Emma is begun.
1815 Emma completed and published. Persuasion is begun. Susan (Northanger Abbey) is bought back from the publisher Richard Crosby. Susan (Northanger Abbey) is bought back from the publisher Richard Crosby.
1816 Persuasion completed. Susan (Northanger Abbey) revised.
1817 The Sandy Tunes begins to be written
1818 Northanger Abbey (<Susan> revised) and Persuasion published.
Maupassant
Maupassant's three hundred and fifty short stories can be broadly categorized into the following aspects:
1. Reflecting the Franco-Prussian War: In the works of this kind of theme, Maupassant exposed the brutality and barbarism of the Prussian invaders; the incompetence of the French army, and glorified the patriotic spirit of the French people in defiance of the aggressors such as the "Sheepshead" (1880), "The Slipper" (1880), and "The Slipper" (1880), and "The Slipper" (1880). 1880), Papa Millon (1883) (required reading), and Two Friends (1883). The Goat's Ball is the story of a dozen inhabitants of Lyon, a city occupied by enemy forces, who flee in a single carriage. A carriage is a microcosm of a society. The author shows the different social identities and character traits of the passengers through their different reasons for fleeing, their behavior along the way, and especially their different attitudes before and after the mutton ball.
2. Describe the secular life of the bourgeoisie and expose the moral degeneration of the bourgeoisie, such as The Necklace (1884), Daijialou (1881), My Uncle Yule (1883), which shows that the world is greedy for money and does not pay attention to affection, and Umbrellas (1884), which describes the miserliness of the common people.
3. Those that reflect the poverty and pain of the life of the working people as well as their excellent qualities, such as Simon's Father (1881), The Story of a Female Longshoreman (1881), and so on.
There are books you want to read if you look for them