1. Lisbon, Portugal
Earthquake: November 1, 1755
Magnitude: about 9
The Lisbon earthquake was the largest in Europe to date. It occurred at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, a few dozen kilometers from the city of Lisbon. The city of Lisbon was devastated, killing some 70,000 people. The earthquake caused a tsunami nearly 30 meters high, which struck the coast of Lisbon and caused damage to the coasts of Britain, North Africa and the Netherlands. Considerable waves were observed even in Central America. The earthquake was followed 214 years later, on February 28, 1969, by another magnitude 8 quake west of the sea.
Lisbon, with a population of 600,000 people and 2,100,000 in the surrounding satellite cities, is the political and economic center of the country and its first port, located in the westernmost part of the continent, and is well connected to Latin America, West Africa and the Mediterranean. Lisbon has preserved its traditions by continuously restoring and renovating historic buildings and sculptures, and the medieval streets still survive today. 400 years ago Lisbon was the center of one of the most powerful empires in the world, but due to the political and economic decline, it has faded out of the international scene in recent centuries. From 1255 A.D., when Lisbon became the capital of the Portuguese Empire, to the end of the 15th century, when Portugal and Lisbon were at their most prosperous, Portuguese seafaring explorers traveled throughout Asia, Africa and South America. On November 1, 1755 A.D., Lisbon suffered a massive earthquake, which caused the glory to disappear in an instant, killing nearly 1/5 of the population and destroying 2/3 of the city. The reconstruction of the city under the leadership of the Prime Minister, Count Pompeo, completed the construction of brand new Catholic-style squares and churches, which gave Lisbon a different and new look.
Lisbon is not a large city and is very walkable, with parks and cafes interspersed among the buildings. The city doesn't have a lot of historical sites, but there are some great monasteries, palaces and castles that are well-preserved and well worth seeing. Other lively areas include Chiado, Rossio Square, Alfama ...... and many more. The suburb of Belém is a bit far from Lisbon, but it has a considerable number of museums and monuments and is a must-see on any trip to Lisbon. The glory of the Portuguese empire is still here, and the well-maintained museums and monuments are a reminder of the prosperity and opulence of the empire.
Indonesia - Sumatra
2. Sumatra, Indonesia
Earthquake: December 26, 2004
Magnitude: 8.5
The 9.0-magnitude earthquake, the strongest in 40 years, struck the waters north of Sumatra, Indonesia, at 8:00 a.m. local time on December 26, and triggered a tsunami that hit several parts of Southeast and South Asia. that spared several countries in Southeast and South Asia. The massive waves swept along the coasts of Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Maldives and Bangladesh. 10-meter-high waves swept along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, catching many local residents and travelers on beachfront vacations by surprise and drowning them.
Sumatra is Indonesia's westernmost island and the world's sixth largest. The island covers 470,000 square kilometers.
Sumatra has a northwest-southeast orientation, crossing the equator in the middle, and consists of two regions: the Barisan Mountains in the northwest and the marshlands in the east.
Sumatra is separated from Java by the Sunda Strait in the southwest, from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca in the north, from Borneo by the Karimata Strait in the east, and from the Indian Ocean in the west.
The Barisan Mountains run across Sumatra. Deposits of coal and gold have been found in the area. Minerals erupted by volcanoes make the soil fertile. The mountains have beautiful and fascinating scenery, such as the area around Lake Toba.
In the east, powerful rivers carry silt downstream, creating vast flatlands dotted with swamps and lakes. Although the region has little arable land, which is not good for agriculture, its importance to Indonesia's economic development cannot be underestimated, because "what goes above the ground produces oil, and what goes below the ground also produces oil": palm oil and petroleum.
In ancient times, much of Sumatra was covered by tropical forests, which used to be the habitat of valuable flora and fauna (orangutans, tigers, tapirs, Rafflesia, etc.). Unfortunately, these pristine forests are now in danger of destruction due to the corrupt practices of the authorities and the illegal exploitation of the forests. Even the so-called "protected areas" have been deforested.
San Francisco, U.S.A.
3. San Francisco, U.S.A.
Earthquake: April 18, 1906
Magnitude: 8.3
The San Francisco Earthquake was the most destructive earthquake in the United States to date, with a magnitude of 8.3, and was felt over an area of one million square kilometers. The quake was felt over an area of one million square kilometers. The quake occurred along the famous San Andreas fault. The rupture zone created on the ground was about 300 kilometers long, with almost flat thrusts, in some places up to 7 metres horizontally and very little vertically. The damage zone of this earthquake extends along the fault zone for a long time, but no damage can be seen 50 kilometers away from the fault zone. Repeated triangulation across the fault before and after the earthquake provided information on the deformation and displacement of the source fault before and after the earthquake. Accordingly, H.F. Reid put forward the famous theory of elastic rebound, establishing the theory that earthquakes are formed by sudden fault misalignment.
San Francisco, known as San Francisco to the Chinese. Located on the San Francisco Peninsula on the west coast of California, it covers an area of 47 square miles and is surrounded by water on three sides, making it a mountainous city with a beautiful environment. The climate is warm in winter and cool in summer, with plenty of sunshine, and is known as "the most popular city in the U.S." The city was discovered by the Spaniards in 1769, and was admitted to the United States in 1848. The city has a population of about 760,000, of which 250,000 are Chinese.
The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 devastated the city, but it was quickly rebuilt. San Francisco is home to many artists, writers and actors, and has been one of the centers of rebel culture and modern liberalism in the 20th century. In many ways, San Francisco has a similar feel to New York and Boston.
San Francisco's most famous sights are the cable cars, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Bay Bridge, the Transamerica Pyramid and Chinatown.
Japan Kanto
4. Japan Kanto
Earthquake: September 1, 1923
Magnitude: 8.2
The epicenter of the Kanto Earthquake was in Sagami Bay, 60 to 80 kilometers near Tokyo, Japan, and the magnitude of the quake was 8.2, with the depth of the quake being shallow. The capital city of Tokyo and the nation's largest port, Yokohama, were almost completely destroyed, and the disaster was so severe that it drew Japan's attention. The earthquake inspired the Japanese seismological community to actively conduct research on earthquake prediction and seismic resistance. The secondary disasters (e.g., fires) of the earthquake were particularly severe, increasing the number of casualties. ***More than 100,000 people lost their lives in the earthquake, many of whom fled to the plaza but were still surrounded by fires and died. Significant long-period fluctuations had been observed on tide gauges minutes before the earthquake.
The Kanto region is located roughly in the center of Japan, with Tokyo at its center. Compared with the Kansai and Kyushu regions, it has a shorter history of development. It was not until the Kamakura Shogunate was opened at the end of the 12th century and became a political center that real development began, and in the Edo period, it became more developed as a large city. After the Meiji period, Edo was renamed Tokyo and became the capital of Japan. With the development of modern industry, the entire Kanto region developed rapidly.
Concepción, Chile
5. Concepción, Chile
Earthquake: May 22, 1960
Magnitude: 8.9
Earthquake in Chile The epicenter of the earthquake was in Concepción. This earthquake has two very prominent features: first, three earthquakes greater than magnitude 8 occurred in quick succession; second, the waves were very far away. From May 21 to June 22, 10 earthquakes of magnitude 7 or greater occurred, of which 3 exceeded magnitude 8. The May 22 earthquake had a magnitude of 8.9. The most devastated areas were from Santiago to Puerto Montt. The tsunami generated by the earthquake crossed the Pacific Ocean, and the Japanese coast was hit by a tsunami wave as high as 4 meters, causing great damage. In addition, it was found that the epicenter of the earthquake had an intensity of VⅡ on natural soil, while the intensity of the artificially filled surface soil could reach XⅠ. Through this earthquake, it was found that the rupture propagation speed during the earthquake could reach several kilometers per second. Because the earthquake was so strong, it provoked a significant free oscillation of the earth.
Concepción, Chile, the capital of the province. It is located in south-central Chile. The Bío Bío River runs alongside the city. The population is about 303,000 people. The average temperature of the hottest month is 20℃, the average temperature of the coldest month (July) is 10℃, and the average annual precipitation is about 1000 millimeters. It is 10 kilometers west of the coastal port city of Talcahuano. Originally built in 1550. It was damaged by earthquakes and tsunamis, and the city was relocated several times before moving to its present site in 1754. Coal is produced nearby. Agriculture is well developed, and the city is a center of wine and grain trade. Industries include textiles, flour, tanning, glass, ceramics, sugar, iron and steel, paper and oil refining. There is a railroad to Santiago. There is the University of Concepción.
Alaska, USA
6. Alaska, USA
Earthquake: March 27, 1964
Magnitude: 8.4
At the epicenter of the Alaskan earthquake was the city of Anchorage, a modern city. After the earthquake, the damage to this city was relatively minor, and it became an on-site laboratory for evaluating the seismic design of modern buildings. In the aftermath of the earthquake, seismologists and the general public in the United States began to take earthquake prediction seriously.
Southeast and south-central Alaska has a temperate climate, with year-round temperatures of about 0-15 degrees Celsius. The interior has a continental climate, with temperatures of up to 26 degrees Celsius in the summer and -15 degrees Celsius in the winter. The western and southwestern parts are influenced by the ocean, which is cold and windy. The northern circle has a polar climate and is sub-zero throughout the year.
Alaska is a land of mystery and wonder, the largest state in the U.S. and the home of the alpine, with the world's largest collection of glaciers, coasts, wilderness, natural resources and wildlife. Wildlife enthusiasts can have a blast in Alaska. A large caribou may be seen roaming the roads, a grizzly bear may be strolling in the distance, whales may be watched from the shore, and eagles may be whistling overhead. Alaska's people, places and wildlife*** weave together a beautiful tapestry, and when you visit, you'll realize that this is the way the world was meant to be.
Almaty, Kazakhstan
7. Almaty, Kazakhstan
Earthquake: January 3, 1911
Magnitude: 8.4
The epicenter of the Almaty Earthquake was located to the south of Almaty and to the north of Issyk-Kul Lake. This was the largest earthquake in inland Central Asia, which caused many large fracture zones in the epicenter area. The earthquake occurred in the area of extremely strong vertical differential motion, and thus some Soviet earthquake geologists advocated that the young and strong vertical differential motion zone is the zone of the occurrence of large earthquakes.
Almaty (Alma-ata) is a unique tourist city located in southeastern Kazakhstan, in the hilly area at the foot of the northern foothills of the Tianshan Mountains, surrounded by mountains on three sides. It covers an area of 190 square kilometers and is 700-900 meters above sea level. It is famous for its apple production, and Almaty means "apple city" in Kazakh. The majority of inhabitants are Russians, followed by Kazakhs, Ukrainians, Tatars and Uyghurs. The population is 1.5 million (2007).
Almaty has a long history, as the ancient Chinese Silk Road to Central Asia passed through it. The city was founded in 1854 and in 1867 became the administrative center of a viceroyalty of Turkestan; in 1918 it was established as a soviet regime; in 1929 it became the capital of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist**** State; and after the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 it became the capital of the independent Kazakh Socialist**** State.
Because of Almaty's location in a frontier region with limited room for urban expansion, in 1994 Kazakhstan decided to move the capital to Akmola (Astana) in the north-central region by the year 2000, and in September 1995 President Nazarbayev issued a decree to relocate the capital. After the relocation, Almaty's position as the scientific, cultural and economic center of the country remained unchanged; it would still host most visiting foreign leaders for quite some time to come, and most of the major events in the country would continue to be held in Almaty.On December 10, 1997, Akmola replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan.
Sendai, Japan
8. Sendai, Japan
Earthquake: March 2, 1933
Magnitude: 8.5
The three-land epicenter of the earthquake was located at the bottom of the ocean, about 300 kilometers northeast of Sendai, and had a magnitude of 8.5. In the aftermath of the earthquake, a huge tsunami struck the southern coast of Hokkaido and the eastern coast of Fukushima Prefecture, causing much damage along the coast. This earthquake verified that the tidal forests and tidal walls adopted after the June 1896 tsunami were effective in mitigating the tsunami disaster.
Sendai is located about 300 kilometers north of Tokyo, on the Pacific-facing coast of Honshu, the largest of Japan's four main islands. Japan is divided into seven regions, and Sendai is at the center of the Tohoku region.
Sendai is the political and economic center of the Tohoku region with a population of one million. Sendai is the political and economic center of the Tohoku region with a population of one million. As a large city, Sendai is known as a modern city that blends in with nature, with beautiful scenery such as the Hirose River running through the center of the city and the green Zelkova Road. Especially in the center of the city, there are a lot of trees, parks and other green vegetation, and it is also known as "Dudu" (meaning "city of trees").
Sendai is located at the same latitude as Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. The climate in Sendai is very comfortable and mild compared to other cities in Japan. The average temperature is 12.1°C and the annual precipitation is 1,241.8 mm. The average temperature in August, the hottest month, is 24.1°C and the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is 1.5°C. The average temperature in Sendai is 1.5°C and the average temperature in January, the coldest month, is 1.4°C. In Sendai, you can enjoy spring, summer, and winter. summer? Autumn and Winter. Autumn, Fall, Winter, and Spring are the most beautiful seasons in Sendai. In particular, you can enjoy the autumn leaves in autumn and the snowy scenery in winter, as well as the beautiful scenery of the town and the mountains in the countryside.
Messina, Italy
9. Messina, Italy
Earthquake: December 28, 1908
Magnitude: 7.5
The Messina Earthquake struck at the bottom of the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Calabria. It was second only to the 1755 Lisbon earthquake in terms of damage to Europe. It destroyed 98% of the houses in the city of Messina and killed no fewer than 40,000 people.
Messina is the third largest city in Sicily, Italy, and the capital of the province of Messina. Messina is in the northeastern corner of Sicily, bordering the Strait of Messina.
Messina was founded by ancient Greek colonizers in the 8th century BC and has a history of more than 2,800 years.
The city was flattened by the earthquake and tsunami of December 28, 1908, and then destroyed by bombing during World War II. It was destroyed by bombing during World War II. But after half a century of reconstruction, Messina now has a population of 270,000 people.
The church of Messina was built in the twelfth century and has a bell tower and an ancient astronomical clock.
Erzincan, Turkey
10. Erzincan, Turkey
Earthquake: December 27, 1939
Magnitude: 8
An earthquake of magnitude 8 shook Turkey violently between 2:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. on December 27, 1939, especially in the provinces of Erzincan, Sivas and Samsun. All buildings in Erzincan were in ruins except for a prison. As a result of the earthquake, 50,000 people died and dozens of towns and more than 80 villages were completely destroyed. The disaster was compounded by a blizzard that hit the affected areas after the earthquake.
Erzincan is a city in eastern Turkey and the capital of Erzincan Province. It has a population of 73,000 (1980). Located on the north bank of the upper Euphrates Karasu River, it controls the major east-west transportation routes through the valley of the river. It has been damaged by earthquakes several times in its history, most recently in 1939. There are industries such as cotton weaving, silk weaving, sugar production, copper manufacturing and pharmaceuticals.
Chimbote, Peru
11. Chimbote, Peru
Earthquake: May 31, 1970
Magnitude: 7.6
On May 31, 1970, the city of Chimbote, Peru's largest fishing port, was struck by a magnitude 7.6 earthquake. More than 60,000 people died in the quake, more than 100,000 were injured, and 1 million were left homeless. Chimbote was hit by both the earthquake and the tsunami and suffered heavy damage. The city of Jungai, east of the city, was buried by a glacial mudslide triggered by the quake, burying 23,000 people alive in the city.
Chimbote, a city in west-central Peru, is the largest fishing port in the country. The harbor is excellent, capable of berthing large sea vessels. Population 216,000 (1981). Originally a fishing village, it was founded in 1822 and established as a city in 1895. Since the middle of the twentieth century, it has been the fastest growing industrial city in Peru, thanks to the establishment of new iron and steel factories, a new port and fishmeal processing plants. The city is easily accessible by rail and road, and has an airport.
Mexico
12. Mexico
Earthquake: September 19, 1985
Magnitude: 8.1
7:19 a.m. on September 19, 1985, Mexico's southwestern Pacific Ocean seabed 8.1 magnitude earthquake occurred 400 kilometers away from the epicenter of the Mexican capital of Mexico City, suffered serious damage, more than 700 buildings collapsed. More than 700 buildings collapsed, more than 8,000 buildings damaged, more than 200 schools razed to the ground, the bustling Juarez Street in many places into ruins. Forty percent of Mexico City was without power, 60% of the area was without water for two weeks, and all telecommunications with domestic and foreign countries were interrupted. The earthquake killed 35,000 people, injured 40,000 and left 10,000 homeless. The reason for such heavy damage, far from the epicenter, is that the city's main part is built on a dry lake with soft foundations, which, combined with the excessive use of groundwater, has made the ground sink year after year, making the buildings even more unstable.
Mexico is the 3rd largest country in Latin America and the largest country in Central America. Located in the south of North America, Latin America's northwestern tip, is South America, North America, land transportation must pass through, known as the "land bridge". Because of the Mexican territory for the plateau terrain, winter without severe cold, summer without heat, four seasons of evergreen trees, so enjoy the "Pearl of the Plateau" of the United States.
Mexico is the ancient civilization of the Americas, had nurtured the Maya, Aztec, Toltec, Olmeca and Teotihuacan and other ancient Indian culture. Mariachi music and Sabateo dance fusion of Spanish and Indian music and dance characteristics, become Mexico's unique national art form. Mexico has 21 monuments declared by the United Nations as "cultural and natural heritage of mankind".
Mexican food to spicy, the mainland residents often turtle, snake, turtles, squirrels, stone chicken into the dish, home cooking vegetables to count the fried cactus, cactus ball is the most distinctive. Mexicans are also known for their addiction to alcohol. Guests come to the door, the habit of the first wine hospitality.
Armenia
13. Armenia
Earthquake: December 7, 1988
Magnitude: 6.9
December 7, 1988 at 11:41 a.m., the then-Soviet Union of Armenia*** and the country of the magnitude of the earthquake 6.9, the epicenter of the epicenter of Armenia's second-largest city, near Leninakan, the intensity of 10 degrees. The intensity was 10 degrees and 80% of the city's buildings were destroyed. As a result of the earthquake, 24,000 people were killed, 19,000 were disabled and the direct economic damage amounted to 10 billion roubles, which exceeded the damage caused by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. The earthquake was characterized by a low magnitude but heavy damage, and in 1989 an earthquake of the same magnitude struck San Francisco in the United States, killing only 68 people.
Armenia*** and the State of Armenia are landlocked countries located in the southern part of Transcaucasia. More than 90 percent of the territory is more than 1,000 meters above sea level. It is bordered by Turkey to the west, Iran to the south, Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east. Subtropical alpine climate. January average temperature -2 ~ 12 ℃; July average temperature 24 ~ 26 ℃. The main tourist attractions are the capital city of Yerevan and Sevan Lake Nature Reserve.
In the 9th to 6th centuries B.C., the slaveholding state of Uladu was established in what is now Armenia. In the 6th to 3rd centuries BC, the Achaemenid and Seleucid dynasties ruled Armenia and established the State of Greater Armenia. Later, it was divided by Turkey and Iran twice, and in the two Russo-Iranian Wars of 1804-1828, which ended in Iran's defeat, Eastern Armenia, which had been occupied by Iran, was annexed to Russia. on May 28, 1918, the First Armenian SSR was established under the leadership of Dashnaktschukhun, and on January 29, 1920 the Armenian SSR was founded, and in March 1922 it joined the Transcaucasian SSR. In March 1922, it joined the Transcaucasian Union of Soviet Socialist ****hestates, and on December 30 of the same year, it joined the Soviet Union as a member of the Union. on December 5, 1936, the Armenian SSR was transformed into a state directly under the Soviet Union as one of the Union's Affiliate ****states. on August 23, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of Armenia adopted the Declaration of Independence and renamed the country "Armenia ****hestates". On September 21, 1991, Armenia held a referendum and formally declared its independence.
Japan Osaka
14. Osaka, Japan
Earthquake: January 17, 1995
Magnitude: 7.2
At 5:46 a.m. on the morning of January 17, 1995, a 7.2-magnitude earthquake of the downward magnitude struck the city of Kobe in Japan, and Osaka was also severely affected. The earthquake killed more than 5,400 people, injured more than 34,000, collapsed and damaged more than 190,000 houses, and caused direct economic losses amounting to 100 billion dollars. The two artificial islands in Kobe City were severely liquefied, with almost all of the shore walls collapsing and sliding into the sea, and the cross-sea bridge connecting Kobe City and the artificial islands was severely damaged, causing the Port of Kobe, Japan's second-largest port, to lose its vitality. More than 500 fires broke out in the disaster area due to short-circuited wires and gas leaks, with the worst fires spreading more than 1,000 meters.