Shaanxi dialect refers to the dialect within the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province. Influenced by geography, history, politics, immigration and other factors, Shaanxi dialect has great differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. On the whole, Shaanxi dialect can be divided into three parts: Guanzhong dialect, northern Shaanxi dialect and southern Shaanxi dialect. The southern part of Qinling Mountain is the southern Shaanxi dialect area except Luonan, Shangzhou and Feng Dan, the northern parts of Yanchang, Ganquan and Yan 'an are the northern Shaanxi dialect area except Dingbian, and the areas outside the southern Shaanxi and northern Shaanxi dialect area are the Guanzhong dialect area.
Guanzhong dialect is divided into Xifu dialect (Baoji and western Xianyang) and Dongfu dialect (Xi 'an, Xianyang, Weinan and Tongchuan), which is the oldest language in China. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Guanzhong dialect was called "Ya Yan", and the Book of Songs recorded: "No Feng Shang Wang, indecent, elegant and elegant." Guanzhong dialect was once the official language of Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties. The unified pattern and national integration in Han Dynasty further promoted the influence of Xi 'an dialect on dialects all over the country, and reached its peak in Tang Dynasty.
Northern Shaanxi dialect belongs to Northwest Mandarin and Jin dialect, which is greatly influenced by Shanxi, mixed with some Mongolian, and still retains its entering tone. Most dialects in southern Shaanxi belong to Bashu dialect (southwest mandarin), with a small number of Chinese, Jianghuai mandarin, Chu dialect, Gan dialect and Xiang dialect.
paper cutting
Paper-cutting, commonly known as window grilles, is a folk craft in which papers of various colors are pasted on sketched thick paper paintings for cutting and carving. It has a far-reaching and extensive mass base among the people of Shaanxi. Wall flowers, door symbols, lantern flowers, festive flowers, kangwai flowers and door curtain flowers are also important components of Shaanxi paper-cutting. Shaanxi folk festivals, wedding celebrations, full moon birthdays, and temple fairs all have the custom of sticking paper-cuts on doors and windows.
Influenced by regional cultural differences, Shaanxi paper-cutting has a strong regional style. Paper-cutting in northern Shaanxi is vigorous, pure, powerful and bold, mainly monochrome paper-cutting. Guanzhong paper-cut is slightly thick, precise but not complicated, clever and beautiful. The popular plant patterns in southern Shaanxi are suitable for density and realism, and have rich decorative interest.
Shaanxi paper-cutting enjoys a high reputation in the whole country, and has been named as the "Hometown of Paper-cutting" by the Ministry of Culture: Ansai, Fuxian, Luochuan, Xunyi, Dingbian and Jingbian. Paper-cut works such as Hundred Birds Facing the Phoenix, Mice Marry Women, Wang Xiang Sleeping on the Ice, and Two Dragons Playing with Beads are well-known at home and abroad. Ku Lan Shu is one of the outstanding representatives of folk paper-cutting art in China, and is known as "Mrs. Paper-cutting".
3. clay sculpture
Clay sculpture is a folk handicraft that shapes clay into various images. Folk commonly known as "painted sculptures" and "mud operas" originated in Fengxiang County, Baoji City. Shaanxi clay sculptures are mainly distributed in Liu Ying, Ganxian, Pucheng, Yuhuazhai, Zhaizhai and Shangluo in Fengxiang. Since the 1980s, all other clay sculptures have been lost.
Fengxiang clay sculptures, also known as Fengxiang colored sculptures, Fengxiang colored sculptures and Fengxiang clay dolls, are mainly distributed in Liu Ying Village, Chengguan Town, Fengxiang and its surrounding areas. Fengxiang has three kinds of clay sculptures. One is clay toys, mainly animal models and plastic images of the zodiac. The second is to hang paintings, including facial makeup, tiger head, ox head, lion head, Kirin sending children, Eight Immortals crossing the sea and so on. The third is to establish people, mainly to shape characters in folklore and historical stories.
Fengxiang clay sculpture * * * has 170 varieties of colors, ranging from a giant crouching tiger half a person's height to a rabbit and a lion, which is unique among many folk clay sculptures in China. The painted sculptures of horses, sheep and pigs in Fengxiang Zodiac were recognized by the Stamp Design Department of the State General Post Office as the stamps of the Zodiac in 2002, 2003 and 2007 respectively.
4. Waist drum
Waist drum is a popular form of folk encouragement in northern Shaanxi, especially in Ansai County, Yan 'an, Hengshan Mountain, Mizhi and Yulin, and it is one of the most influential folk dances in Shaanxi.
Ansai waist drum is a representative waist drum in northern Shaanxi. Ansai waist drum mostly adopts the form of collective performance, with drummers ranging from dozens to hundreds and thousands. Its performance forms can be roughly divided into "road drum" and "field drum". Ansai waist drum is mostly performed in major festivals, celebrations and temple fairs, and the annual Spring Festival to Lantern Festival is a concentrated activity time.
5. Folk songs
Shaanxi folk songs are divided into northern Shaanxi folk songs, southern Shaanxi folk songs and Guanzhong folk songs according to their geographical and artistic characteristics. There are many kinds of folk songs in northern Shaanxi, commonly known as "folk songs" or "sour songs" locally, including more than 20 kinds of Xintianyou, minor, wine songs, yangko, labor songs, Yulin ditty and Shaanxi divertimento, among which Xintianyou is the most distinctive and widely circulated.
Folk songs in southern Shaanxi are rich in content and diverse in forms. Ziyang folk songs are the most representative folk songs in southern Shaanxi. The representative tracks of Ziyang folk songs include Lang Dui Men Singing Folk Songs and Nanshan Bamboo. Zhenba folk songs are an important part of folk songs in southern Shaanxi, with representative works such as Rush Word and Nine Songs of Bashan.
Guanzhong folk songs include boatman's bugle, rammer's bugle, bearer's bugle and box master's song. The most influential minor is Guanzhong minor, which is divided into general minor, string minor, social fire minor, custom minor and children's song. Ziyang folk songs, northern Shaanxi folk songs and Zhenba folk songs have been included in the national intangible cultural heritage list.