Raising or lowering a fixed tone is called "inflectional", and the symbol used to express this change is called "inflectional symbol".
① There are five phonetic symbols * * *.
1, "#"
2. "b" has been reduced.
Both symbols indicate that the tone immediately after the symbol should be raised or lowered by a semitone.
3. The symbol of "×" rising again
4. "bb" heavy drop symbol
Symbols 3 and 4 indicate that the tone immediately after it should be raised or lowered by the whole tone.
Note 1: The whole note is a sophomore, and the semitone is a minor.
About the whole tone and semitone, we will introduce them to you in the next class.
5, ""recovery number
Used to indicate that the sound behind should be restored to its original pitch no matter whether it is raised or lowered in front.
(2) The position of tone sandhi: The tone sandhi symbol must be aimed at the tone to be raised or lowered. (Oblique square hole of ascending sign and minus sign, hole of descending sign and heavy descending sign, intersection point of heavy ascending sign. )
(3) There are two usages of inflections:
1, key signature
One is written after the clef, also called "key signature".
Spectral example 1:
This shows that the notes marked on this key (tonality will be discussed later), whether the notes are high or low, must be raised or lowered fixedly.
For example, if it is #F #G #C, then the f, g and c in this piece should be raised by half a note. (If a temporary inflection point mark is encountered, the temporary inflection point mark shall prevail).
The phonetic symbols written in front of a certain sound in the music score are called "temporary phonetic symbols", also called temporary ascending and descending symbols.
Spectral example 2:
2. This indicates that the pitch of the sound should be changed temporarily. This temporary ascending and descending sign can control a bar, and all sounds with the same name in a bar must obey the first change and change the same pitch accordingly. There is no need to draw the same symbol before it. However, this temporary lifting signal is only valid in the same section, and it will no longer work after this section. It can be said that "railway police, each in charge of a section."
3. Notes for writing tone sandhi marks:
A) Phonetic symbols can be recorded on the "lines" and "spaces" of the staff. But aim at the sound to be expressed later, so that the sound behind can have accurate pitch.
B) The rising symbol and the falling symbol have two horizontal lines, which are inclined from bottom left to top right and thicker than the two vertical lines.
Spectral example 3:
rhythm
Rhythm is a broad word, which includes all the time-related factors in music. Here, the positions of beats, bars, loops and stresses are summarized.
Music is like a herd of horses. It is the rhythm that organizes them in an orderly way, and makes them proceed in an orderly way according to the strength of music. If there is no rhythm, music will be chaotic, so it is not music. Therefore, rhythm is very important in music, it is everywhere, and it is reflected in every note, every bar line, every stress and speed mark. ...
Second, the beat
Beat refers to the combination law of strong beat and weak beat. There are many strong and weak sounds that appear repeatedly in a certain order in the same length of time, forming a regular change of strength. For example, every other weak beat, when there is a strong beat, this is a beat, and whenever there are two weak beats or three weak beats and another strong beat, these are other beats, marked with bar lines and time signs, which look very specific. In a certain length of time, there are strong and weak points, which are divided into bars in a certain length order and repeated regularly, forming a regular change of strength, which is the role of beat.
"Strong" and "weak" seem simple, but people can change various beats according to these simple "strong" and "weak", thus forming various emotions and different styles of music. Therefore, "clap" is very important. It is the cornerstone of the music building, and it must be orderly.
There is a noun in the beat called "beat". Let's talk about "shooting".
Second beat
In the beat, many notes are in the unit of one beat (this is also called "unit beat"), and this important time period-one beat is the basis of music, which is expressed by designated notes. That is to say, use different notes, such as binary notes, quarter notes, eighth notes and so on. , as the basic beat, and then a strong and weak step by step. Let me use the most popular sentence, what is a beat.
To put it simply, you clap with one hand. When the palm is up and down, it is called beat. If you clap with both hands, it's called a clap. ) If you just shoot it, it's called half-shooting. It's also half a beat to lift it. In this way, up and down add up to a beat. (equal to half a beat plus half a beat)
Illustration:
In China traditional operas, the beat is usually called "board, eye", "board" is a remake, and "eye" is a weak beat. Beating is like this: clap with your palm and call it "board", then point with your index finger and call it "eye" What does it mean to be "three eyes behind" in Beijing opera? This "three eyes" means that there are three weak beats and one strong beat, which is actually 4/4 beats. If you usually say that a person sings "inexplicably", it means that this person has a bad rhythm and the beat is not accurate.
The beat of music depends on the requirements of music. For example, when the speed of music is 60 beats per minute, the time taken for each beat is 60 minutes, that is, one second (half beat is half second). If the speed is 120 beats per minute, the time taken for each beat is half a second (half a beat is 1/0). This is the time value of the beat. When the time value of the beat is fixed, for example, when the quarter note is one beat, the eighth note is equivalent to half beat, the whole note is equivalent to four beats, and the second note is equivalent to two beats. The sixteenth note is 1/4 beat, in other words, a beat has four notes, two eighth notes and four 16 notes. For example, take an eighth note as one beat, a quarter note as two beats, a half note as four beats, a whole note as eight beats and a sixteenth note as half a beat. In this way, when the time value of the beat is determined, the notes with various time values are connected with the beat.
For example, 2/4 beats. It takes a quarter note as a beat, and each bar has two beats. It's called 2/4 beat, and there are two beats in a bar. The first beat is a strong beat and the second beat is a weak beat. In a bar, there is only one strong beat and one weak beat, and then each bar repeats itself. This 2/4 rhythm is very suitable for parades, so most marches adopt this 2/4 beat form.
Spectral example 1:
3/4 beats, taking a quarter note as a beat, and there are 3 beats in a bar, which is called 3/4 beats. That is, a bar has a strong beat and two weak beats, and each bar is repeated. The first beat is a strong beat, and the second and third beats are weak beats, which are 3/4 beats. This rhythm is suitable for rotation, so it is often used in waltzes. Like John, the familiar waltz king? Most of Strauss's works are in triple time.
Spectral example 2:
This is 4/4 time. 4/4 beat takes a quarter note as a beat, and each bar has 4 beats, which is called 4/4 beat. In the 4/4 beat, the first beat is the strong beat, the second beat is the weak beat, the third beat is the second strong beat, and the fourth beat is the weak beat.
Spectral example 3:
The difference between 6/8 beat and 2/4 3/4 beat is that it takes an eighth note as a beat, and each bar has 6 beats, so that in each bar, the first beat is strong beat, the second beat and the third beat are weak beat, the fourth beat is the second strong beat, and the fifth beat and the sixth beat are two weak beats, so that each bar has 6 beats, which appear repeatedly.
Spectral example 4:
In music, the unit beat is not fixed on a note. It can use various notes as a unit beat. The commonly used unit beats are quarter notes (taking quarter notes as a beat), eighth notes (taking eighth notes as a beat), half notes (taking half notes as a beat) and alternating long and short notes.
Section 3: Time Signature and Time Signature Drawing
The time signature is plotted in the form of a fraction, and the denominator indicates the duration of the beat, that is to say, the fraction of a note is used as a beat, and the numerator indicates how many beats there are in each bar. As mentioned earlier, 2/4 beats as a quarter note, 2 beats as a quarter note, 3 beats as a quarter note, and 3 beats per bar ... The reading method is to read the denominator first and then the numerator, for example, 2/4 is called 42 beats.
The time signature should be written as a fraction, because the whole note is regarded as an integer of 1 in the staff. The whole note is 1, the half note is 1/2, and the duration of the quarter note is 1/4. Take the quarter note as an example, each bar has 2 beats. When there are two quarter notes, the time signature should be written as 2/4. If each bar has three beats (three quarter notes)
Let's look at the relationship between time signature and note length:
Spectral example 1:
The time signature should be marked at the beginning of the music, behind the score of the first line of the music (but if there is key signature, you should draw key signature first and then the time signature). The order is as follows: clef-> Key signature-> cut 【break】the record
When the time signature is marked on the score sheet, three lines (the line in the middle of the staff) should be used as the horizontal lines of the score, and there is no need to draw horizontal lines. If you don't change the beat halfway, just write it at the beginning. If you change the beat halfway, you need to mark a new beat number.
Section IV Section Line, Section Line and Termination Line
Part I
Music is always ups and downs, and strong and weak appear alternately. This alternation can't be chaotic and random. It must be organized into minimum rules according to the structure of melody, and then it can be carried out on this basis. The most basic foundation is the section. The law is this: strong beats and weak beats appear alternately. Whenever a strong beat comes out, whether it is followed by a weak beat (1/4, with no weak beat behind it) or several weak beats, before the second strong beat appears, it forms a bar, and when the second strong beat appears, it forms a second bar, and so on. For example, a strong beat followed by a weak beat is called "two beats", a strong beat followed by two weak beats is called "three beats", and there are three weak beats behind the strong beat called "four beats", and so on. In short, two strong beats cannot appear in a bar. Unless the weak beat is marked with a strong note.
Second, the bar line
Each bar is divided by a bar line, which is a solid line perpendicular to the score table, reaching the fifth line at the top and drawing the first line at the bottom. (remember not to go up and down the line to avoid being mixed with notes. Such a vertical line is called a "profile line", which divides the spectrum into several segments to form a profile.
Third, the termination line.
The ending line is at the end of the music, and it will end there. You can't simply draw a bar line here, but distinguish it from the general bar line. This representation uses two vertical lines, one thin and one thick, the thin one in front and the thick one in the back. This is called the "end line", which means the music is over. (The upper and lower ends of the termination line are also not allowed to go out, and should be aligned with Line 1 and Line 5).
Spectral example 1:
Sometimes, when a paragraph ends, or is in a paragraph, but it needs to be transferred, two bar lines (just two thin lines to distinguish the ending lines) will be drawn.
Spectral example 2:
Fourth, weak links.
Generally speaking, the beginning of a piece of music begins with the forehand beat of the first beat, which is called "the strong beat from the bar", that is, the strong beat from the first bar. However, there is another kind of beat that does not start from the forehand beat of the first beat of the first bar, but from the second half beat of the first beat of the first bar or the last beat of the first bar, or other beats. In short, it either starts with the forehand of the first bar, which is called "Weak Festival", such as the Internationale, which we are all familiar with, or starts with the weak festival.
Spectral example 1:
For example, the national anthem of our country is also weak. Please see the example:
Spectral example 2:
There are two kinds of weak bar tails: one is a complete bar tail (also called a complete bar) and the other is an incomplete bar tail (also called an incomplete bar). When the beat of the last bar is combined with the beat of the first bar, an incomplete bar is a complete bar.
Note: When calculating the number of bars, you should start with a complete bar.
Section 5 Single Shooting and Multiple Shooting
Single beat: it means that there is only one strong beat in a bar, followed by a fixed weak beat, two weak beats or several weak beats, but it is very regular from beginning to end, and each bar is repeated. This kind of beat is called "single beat". The characteristic of single beat is that there are only strong beats and weak beats. For example, a beat of two or three beats per bar is called a single beat.
Let's give some common examples in life:
One, single shot
For example, 2/4, this symbol is called 2/4 beat. It means that the quarter note is one beat and there are two beats in a bar, that is, the quarter note is regarded as one beat, and (if the beat is one up and one down) there are two beats in each bar, the first beat is a repeat (that is, the board) and the second beat is a weak beat (that is, the eye).
Spectral example 1:
Here are a few questions to pay attention to:
1. If a bar has only strong beats and no weak beats, it is not called single beat, but called "one beat" (which will be discussed later).
2. When a bar has only one note, it should be sung from strong to weak. Although there is only one note, we should reflect this feeling in music performance and sing the change of strength.
Second, complex beats.
The concept of double beat is that there are two or more strong beats in a bar, that is, a beat composed of two or two identical single beats, which is called double beat. However, the strength of this strong beat is different. Generally, the second strong beat in this double beat is called the second strong beat. Because it is a strong beat, it is different from and weaker than the first strong beat in strength. Let's give a few examples to illustrate:
1, such as 4/4 beat, is double beat.
It consists of two 2/4 beats.
Spectral example 1
2, 6/8 beats, also double beats.
It consists of two 3/8 beats.
Spectral example 2
Single beat and complex beat must be recorded according to beat per minute, and scattered notes must be recorded organically according to beat to form a sound group. This conventional notation is also called note combination. How to form a regular sound group? First of all, we split the duplicate beat into single beats and combine the notes in single beats. For example, 4/4 beats take a quarter note as a beat, and there are four beats in a bar. It is also composed of two 2/4 beats, and the 2/4 beat also takes a quarter note as a beat, so when writing the score, it should take a quarter note as a unit, which is not only regular, but also clear and easy to read when viewing the score.
Spectral example 3:
Another example is the 6/8 beat, which is also a polyphonic beat. It takes an eighth note as a beat, a bar has 6 beats, and it can also be split into two 3/8 beats. Similarly, taking the eighth note as a beat, two groups are still formed by taking the eighth note as a unit.
Spectral example 4
Now that we know the single beat and the double beat, let's know what the mixed beat is.
Section 6 mixed beat
Mixed beat, as its name implies, is not a single beat, but a beat composed of different kinds of beats. The so-called different categories mean that beats with the same denominator but different molecules appear in the same bar. It's called mixed shooting. This kind of beat is a beat with equal and unequal numbers of strengths and weaknesses in each bar, that is, a single beat in the same unit. When two beats and three beats are added together, for example, 2/4+3/4=5/4, then this 5/4 beat is a mixed beat.
Spectral example 1:
Another combination method is the other way around, 3/4+2/4=5/4 beats.
Note: There can only be one strong note in each bar in a mixed beat, so the strong notes in the second or third group can only be second to the strong notes and cannot be called strong notes.
Section 7 Special Beats
Here are some special beats that are rarely used. These beats are generally used in traditional Chinese opera music, such as one beat, scattered beat and variable beat.
One, one beat
You can see from the name of a beat that there is only one beat in each bar, that is to say, in the rhythm of a beat, there is only one strong beat in each bar, which is an irregular beat, such as cribbing in Beijing Opera, Allegro and water board in Hebei Bangzi, which are mostly used to highlight the strength of music language and have a sense of urgency. (For example, in the modern Peking Opera "Outward of the Tiger Mountain", Yang Zirong disguised as a bandit and destroyed a mountain carved bandits' nest, and used 1/4 for a long time to show Yang Ziying's eagerness to fight bandits).
Spectrum example:
Second, the beat.
This kind of beat is also often used in folk operas. Musically, it is usually called "three boards". This beat has no board or eyes, but is decided by the actors. Actors can freely grasp the speed and length of the sound value according to the content and emotional needs of music. Can play a lyrical role. In ragtime music, broken lines are usually used instead of bar lines, which means it can be flexible and free. In addition, the symbol "Mi" is often used, which is also the label of ragtime board. With this symbol, there is no need to divide sections, only notes, expressions and marks are needed, and actors or performers can master them freely.
Spectrum example:
Section 8 Variable Time
Because of the needs of works, sometimes a fixed beat can't be a rhythm or a speed from beginning to end. At this time, it is necessary to change the beat (often because of the need of mood or lyrics). This change is called "changing the beat". When changing the beat, be sure to mark the beat number clearly, otherwise it is wrong that the beat at the back is inconsistent with the beat number marked in front.
Spectral example 1
Section 9 Beating Time
Being able to play various beats is very important in singing and playing music. It can help you read music, improve your reading ability and help you develop a good sense of music. Now I'm going to draw some common beat charts, so please practice carefully.
Section 10 Legato notes
Legacy notes are common, especially in the transmission notes between music, and they often appear. What is a hyphen? It is a group of notes with numbers above or below the end of a symbol, which is called a hyphen. There are many kinds of ligatures, which are called several ligatures according to numbers. For example, the top of the symbol is marked with 5 for "5 Legato", 6 for "6 Legato", 3 for "3 Legato" and so on.
This kind of Legato is in the position of notes with a certain sound value, which appears more times than the specified notes, but the duration has not changed. This growth has not doubled, resulting in Legato, such as a quarter note, which should have two octaves. If you squeeze five sixteenth notes into the space of this quarter note, there will be five heritages. If three octaves occupy the space of a quarter note, it is formed. "
Spectral example 1:
Generally, the method of marking numbers with continuous notes is to write numbers only at the end of symbols, and write several continuous notes. If there is a rest, draw lines on both sides of the number to show the relationship between the rest and the notes, but draw them together. (See above-last section)
Section 1 1 syncopation
Synchronization is the rhythm change when the strong beat and weak beat of notes change due to the needs of music during the melody. For example, a sound starts from the weak beat and continues to the place behind the strong sound, which breaks the normal law of strength and reverses the original relationship between strength and weakness. This kind of sound form is called syncopation and syncopation in a bar, which can be marked with one note, but if syncopation crosses the bar, it must be written as two notes, plus a sustain line. The extension line is an arc.
Spectral example 1
Section 12 speed
Basic velocity
Music works have their own personality, which is determined by the composer according to the nature of music. Some works are lyrical, some are singing, and some are nervous, marching, lively and jumping, etc. To achieve this goal, the composer must first set a "timetable" for speed in each work, which is "speed". Only accurate speed can have the basis of accurate expression. The speed and slowness specified in music works are called "speed".
"Speed" is closely related to the duration of musical works in terms of notes. Generally speaking, the longer the note duration, the slower the beat, the shorter the note duration and the faster the beat. Every piece of music is different, and the beat is ever-changing. In order to accurately express the composer's requirements for music works, the mood, speed (usually in musical terms) and beats per minute will be indicated at the beginning of each work, thus clearly indicating the composer's requirements for the work. As long as you follow these requirements completely, it is at least correct in speed and emotion.
There are two ways to express the speed of music, one is expressed in words, such as "fast", "medium", "slow" and "slightly faster", and the other is expressed in musical terms, both in Italian. At present, this notation is widely used in the world, such as Andante, Allegro and Allegro.
The most accurate symbol is the one mentioned above, which indicates how many semitones are sung in one minute, such as =56. This sign tells you to sing 56 semitones per minute, that is to say, semitones as a beat, sing 56 beats per minute, say =72, that is to say, semitones as a beat, sing 72 beats per minute. This embodies the composer's demand for the speed of his works.
In order to have accurate speed, people invented the "racket machine", which was marked with various speeds. There is also a pointer that ticks like a clock to remind you of the speed. This is very scientific. At present, this kind of machine is widely used all over the world, from children to musicians to big band rehearsals. Are inseparable from the "strike machine"
Step 2 change the speed temporarily
There are two kinds of music speed, one is the basic speed and the other is the temporary change speed. The basic speed is the fixed speed of the music mentioned above, or the speed used in larger bars. There is also that kind of temporary change speed, which is temporarily marked according to the needs of music, such as: gradually fast, suddenly slow, restore and so on.
The speed of music is very important, because the same music is treated at different speeds, the nature of music will be completely different, and the artistic effect will be completely different.
Spectrum example:
Take a brisk walk and be relaxed and happy.
Adagio and lyric
You can sing the same two pieces of music at the speed marked on the score, and you will find two wonderful different kinds of music.
Another thing to note is that when changing the beat, the duration of the unit beat is different, but the composer has a fixed speed relationship. In this case, different notes on both sides are often equal to the equal sign. For example, the symbols = and = often appear in music scores and are used in this case.