Cultural anthropologists have a basic ****ing knowledge that human culture derives from early witch culture. A Cheng's account made me suddenly realize that the rice-planting songs should be no exception. Shaanbei rice-planting songs today have a witchcraft origin in the 10 or so ways of visiting temples, colorful gates, and nine curves, including the songs and dances in the plazas. Zhouli - Chunguan" records: "Secretary witch in charge of the group of witch's order. If the country is in a drought, he will lead the wizards in a summer dance." The "yú" (雩) is a ritual for seeking rain, and it is a ritual in which the big wizards lead the small wizards to perform a dance to the sky. This should be one of the origins of Yangge. To this day, in Anse Bay, northern Shaanxi, on the night of the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar calendar, after the Jiuqu Rice-planting Song, which is a ritual of eliminating calamities, everyone kneels on the ground in groups with the head of the umbrella and begs to the heavens for a favorable wind and rainy weather for the year. In the northern Shaanxi Province, farmers rely on the sky to eat, save for a rainy day, from the Zhou Dynasty inherited this rite of passage to the sky, has never been lost. So, where does the tradition of the "along the door" - also known as "row of doors" and "transfer" - come from in the rice-planting songs of northern Shaanxi?
Yujiagou didn't have any "along the door" rice-planting songs at the time of its insertion into the army. But the tradition of the rice-planting song is to go to the village, the transfer of the New Year's Day, to whose home, even if for whose family drove away the evil disease, to ensure that his four seasons of safe production, no disease and no disaster. In addition to this, the Yangge team also has to worship the livestock circle, worship temples and so on. After the political command and people's communalization, the exclusion of exorcism and elimination of the concept of ghosts and gods, personal disasters and illnesses are far less important than the collective situation, the rice-planting songs will be light to do with the big picture of the alarm. However, the Shaanbeier's haunted rice-planting songs, although there has been a large entertainment nature, but along the door to drive away evil spirits and diseases of the tradition has never disappeared.
Shaanxi rice-planting song
Many people believe that the ancient Nuo instrument is the source of rice-planting song. Nuo, is an ancient ritual to drive out the epidemic ghosts. "Zhouli" left us a record of the time along the door to drive away evil spirits and disease: "Fang Xiang's palm masked bearskin, gold, four eyes, basically clothed in Zhu clothes, holding a go Yang shield, handsome hundred subordinates and when Nuo, to Suo room to drive away the disease." Said Fang Xiang's leadership of more than a hundred people to carry out Nuo activities, door to door to drive out the epidemic ghosts. Epidemic ghosts in the house, there will be evil things happen, resulting in the size of the population sick or even dead. Along the door to drive out the epidemic is the purpose of exorcism by exorcism, completely eliminate the epidemic potential, to ensure that the tribal population peace and prosperity.
There is more than one record of this kind. Some say that the oracle bones have been recorded indoor "exorcise ghosts and epidemic sacrifice", and recorded exorcise ghosts and epidemics of exorcism dance; said Fang Xiang's exorcise room is the beginning of exorcism; there are also said that five thousand years ago, Zhuanxu's son became a ghost, the age of the room exorcise the epidemic, which will be along the door of the time of the emergence of the 2,000 years earlier, although it seems to be attached to the, but also reflect the ancient Although it seems to be an incident, it reflects the reality of life in ancient society. Shanbei rice-planting "along the door" form has no exorcising masks, and do not have to enter the house, as long as the door to the song and dance, even if the disease driven, but the purpose of exorcism, the same as three thousand years ago.
Song
The Analects of Confucius - the countryside party chapter "record:" countryman Nuo, the dress and stand in the steps." Said Confucius meet the countryside people engaged in exorcising ghosts, they put on a court dress, standing on the east step of the family temple. Nuo is a ritualized, institutionalized witchcraft activities, it inherits the power and methods of witchcraft, relying on the strong rhythm of sound and dispersal of the dance form of aggregation of energy, to achieve supernatural realm, to achieve the purpose of communicating with people and gods, and stabilize the earth.
Importantly, Nuo, also called "禓". The same is the matter of Confucius, "Li Ji - Suburb Special Adoption" records: "the townspeople Nuo, Confucius in uniform standing in the eastern door, storage room God also." During the Warring States period, Zhao's history book, the Shiben, reads, "Wei made the five sacrifices." Said the eighth generation of Shang leaders on A micro created "禓五祀" ritual - that time there was no Shang dynasty. Accordingly, some scholars speculate that the Shang time called "Xiangren 禓", the Zhou era said "Xiangren Nuo". "禓" meaning, the Han "Shuowen" interpretation is "Road on the sacrifice." In this regard, the later said that the road sacrifice. Guì is also the name of a ritual to pray for the elimination of calamities. Zheng Xuan note "townspeople 禓" said: "禓, strong ghosts also. Nuo, so that the room to drive away the epidemic by strong ghosts. 禓, or for dedication, or for Nuo." Means, "禓" is an unnatural death into the ghost, the name of the ghost used as the name of the sacrifice, refers to the exorcism along the door to drive away the disease. 禓, also known as dedication, also known as Nuo. So, this "禓" is not the kind of walking around along the road sacrifice "road sacrifice"? This "禓" has always been pronounced in two ways. Now it is pronounced shāng, but in addition, it is also pronounced yáng, and the Shuowen says that "禓禓禓禓禓禓" is "? #91; sound", Xu Xian note "禓" and "? #91;" sound, both "and chapter cut." #91;, Yang, Yang, Yang, Yang or whatever. The Kangxi Dictionary also has, "《韵会》余章切, 《正韵》移章切, and sound 'yang'."
"Ritual Justice" in the note "townspeople 禓" of the 禓 is "sound hurt", "Shuowen" said "Road on the sacrifice" of the 禓 is "? #91; (yáng) sound", indicating that this same thing, there are two sounds. And pondering "禓, or dedication, or Nuo", if read "Yang",
Shaanxi rice-planting song
would be better to understand some. Because at that time, the vowel of "献" is quite like h?h?, and now, Hakka and Minnan still have this sound. As for the "or Nuo", we can only know that now there are often people "Yang" said with the "mother" like, it is difficult to say that the ancient times of Nuo, Nuo did not close to the vowel.
I'm afraid that before the Tang Dynasty, we have long stopped pronouncing "禓" as "hurt". Yan Shigu in the "Kuangmu Zheng customs" said reasons: "the townspeople ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? and Xu Xian sound ??????????????????????????? for Nuo. Now the reader then does not say ?????????????????????????????????, but also lost." Said the Jin Dynasty Xu Miao said "禓" read "Nuo", we read his book, we do not read "hurt", "禓" The "hurt" sound has been lost.
Historically, the "townspeople 禓" of 禓, did read "Yang". He was mainly saying that the character 禓 was wrongly written. "Yáng" is still a witchcraft in northern Shaanxi Province. After a person dies in northern Shaanxi, there is a witchcraft ritual called "qiyang", which today is actually "yáng" (驱禓禓). This is a ritual before the coffin is carried to the cemetery. Mr. Yin-Yang uses witchcraft to drive away the ghosts and spirits in the vicinity so that the souls of the dead can move smoothly on their way. At this time, the crowd avoided, Mr. Yin Yang in the kiln where the deceased stayed at the end of the kiln, with a kitchen knife or even a guillotine blade dancing a big dance, his mouth gibberish. Just heard him ringing the bell in his hand as loud as the school bell, and "ping pong ping" a wrapped legs of the rooster to the ground, the chicken suffered a lot of abuse, cried out miserably. Finally, heard "when" a sound. Look again, he has stood in the kiln courtyard, will be a bowl full of firewood ash broken, gray face and bowl ballast in front of the coffin spread on the ground. That chicken was a symbol of the evil spirit, and abusing it was to make the evil spirit overwhelmed and leave, thus achieving the purpose of exorcism.
After a person's death, the family has to wrestle a chicken to death across the standing doorway. If the person is an unnatural death, he died in the place of the death of the chicken. Today, the countryside in northern Shaanxi Province said that this is to let the chicken "for the death". But people have died, how to replace? In fact, the killing of chickens to drive away ghosts - previously also killed dogs to drive away ghosts, is a long tradition of sorcery, was also incorporated into the ritual system. In the Southern Dynasty, Liang Zong懔《荆楚岁時記》, it says: "Killing chickens with portals to expel epidemics is also a rite of passage." The Old Tang Book - rituals," also recorded: "winter hui, often give Nuo Nuo livestock in the palace door and the four sides of the city gate, each with a male chicken." Visible killing chicken is Nuo Yi project, its purpose, must be with Zheng Xuan said "禓, strong ghosts also" has a deep relationship. Do not kill and change the abuse, really because the rooster can continue to step on the hen, the Division morning dawn.
There is a saying in Beijing that "the disaster has hit the same", which means that the person is depressed and has no spirit. In the old days, Beijing said that after the death of a person, there is a gas, called "disaster", a few days after the death of a person out. If a living person was hit by the calamity, he would be very sick even if he did not die. However, "disaster" is not the name of a ghost.
From the nature and purpose of the witchcraft in northern Shaanxi, it is undoubtedly "drive 禓", or even "drive away Nuo". Because Nuo, Nuo once may be the same sound. Whether it is Nuo, we drive away, is the same type of ghosts. This "up"? When the Hakka people from the north of the long march south, now the "drive" pronunciation, and "up" since the Yuan since the modern sound, now the Min dialects sound, is consistent. In this case, the "drive 禓", is in the northern Shaanxi language deep hidden for years and years in the bottom of the vocabulary.
The Nuo dance way originated from the ancient witch. "Shuowen" explanation of the word "witch" is: "witch also. Women can matter invisible, dance to the gods also. Like a man dancing with two sleeves." In northern Shaanxi Province, the "drive" is a remnant of the sorcerer's dance. The collective approach of the sorcerer evolved into the later collective song and dance. In Shandong, there is a ritual dance called the "Shang Yang Dance," the name of which is reminiscent of the shāng and yáng sounds of the word "禓"-could it be Could it be "禓 (shāng) 禓 (yáng) dance"? In addition, the phenomenon of roles in song and dance has also developed into Nuo opera, Yang (
Shaanxi rice-planting song
禓) theater. The name "yáng" is used to describe the songs and dances of the countryside.
Nobody knows when the word "yáng" came into being in the spoken language. Only know "禓" meaning early faded out of the literati memory, the relevant text expression, are to "Nuo" instead. However, the word precipitated in the oral transmission of folk language, precipitated in folklore, although thousands of years later was written as "Yang", but its cultural connotations and the performance of Yangge field of rotating patterns, flow non-stop.
Long history
Shaanxi rice-planting dance, a long history is rumored to have been in the Northern Song Dynasty, the original Yang song, "said the time is more Yang, spring song to music." Yan'an Fu Zhi" recorded "spring social, commonly known as Yangge." From this, it can be seen that the rice-planting song originated from the activities of sacrificing to the master of the land on the day of the community. Qing Li Tiao Yuan "Guangdong Notes" cloud: "farmers, every spring, women and children to dozens of counting, to the field of rice seedlings, a Laos drums, drums a pass, the group competing for, Mi day unceasingly, is the day of the rice-planting song". Therefore, it was also pointed out that the rice-planting song from the south, is a foreign culture in northern Shaanxi. Writer Cao Guxi in the "Shaanxi rice-planting song," said: "Shaanxi people are rice-planting song, is to figure a red-hot. Every year, the first two or three days of the first month of the year, almost to make a big fuss for the first day of the first month of the year. Until the second day of February, the pressure of the gongs and drums. Various forms, is a folk square collective song and dance art, performance, colorful, red hot and lively. Shaan
Suide County, the first middle school rice-planting team
North "haunted rice-planting" custom has a long history. Such as northern Shaanxi Suide, Mili, Wubao and other places, each year the Spring Festival villages have to organize the rice-planting team, performances before the temple to worship the gods to dedicate songs and dances, and then began to perform day by day in the village to the family, commonly known as the "row of the door," in order to congratulate the new year to send the blessing of the home, which is a continuation of the ancient activities of the Society of Sacrifices, fifteen days on the day of the Festival of Lights, the rice-planting team will also be "around the fire tower," "to turn the nine curves." Around the fire tower" is also called "fire tower tower", the first boulders and bricks to build up a ventilated base, and then the top with a large piece of coal built into a tower shape, there are gaps between the coal, filled with firewood, twigs in order to ignite. Due to the good quality of the local coal, and firewood to help burn, so in the night of the fifteenth day of the night after the ignition, the flame shines red in the night sky, rice-planting teams around the tower singing and dancing, very nice. This is the ancient custom of "Sacrificing Taiyi", "accumulating salary and Ran" to seek fire to eliminate disasters and drive away evil spirits. This custom in the Qing dynasty county records, such as "Suide County Records" "and to coal block accumulation base such as tower, to the night, Ran (burning), light as day." Mizhi County Records, "store households gathered stone charcoal base as a tower (commonly known as "fire tower tower"), as bright as day." This custom has been around for a long time.
Edited bold and rugged
Suide can be called the center of the northern Shaanxi rice-planting songs, where the countryside still retains the traditional rice-planting song performance programs, rituals and style features, including both the ancient townsfolk exorcism of the "God will be rice-planting song", "28 old rice-planting song", there are also new rice-planting songs that emerged after 1942. There are often dozens of rice-planting performers, some as many as a hundred, led by the umbrella head, stepping to the resounding gongs and drums, and the loud and clear suona, making twisting, swinging, walking, jumping, and spinning motions to dance to their heart's content. Immersed in a happy and festive atmosphere, the Shaanxi plateau rice-planting songs are very popular. Rice-planting songs absorb artistic elements from local water boats, donkeys, stilts, lions, kicking fields and other forms, and form a huge team of rice-planting songs.
In the early years, it was mostly men dressed as women. With the development of the times, women also participate. Men's and women's teams dressed in colorful clothes or with a cloud horn suit
Shaanxi rice-planting
the rice-planting clothes, men with towels wrapped around their heads, women holding colorful shoulders, Han towel. In the New Year, there are Pai Men Zi Yangge and Cai Men Yangge; and on the 15th day of the first month, there are Wine Song Yangge and Lantern Yangge. Small field rice-planting is also called kicking field, divided into two-player field, four-player field and eight-player field. The dance is rich in movement, bold and bold, dashing and generous, fully reflecting the simple and simple bureau of the people of northern Shaanxi Province, cheerful and optimistic character.
Shaanxi rice-planting song performance form, the main feature is "twisting", so it is also called 'twisting rice-planting song', that is, accompanied by gongs and drums to the waist as the center point. The head and upper body twist with the arms, and the feet move forward, backward, left and right in a "cross step". Up and down harmoniously, step neatly, colorful silk flying, colorful fan tumbling, but also can be accompanied by singing.
Shaanxi rice-planting songs have three main roles, namely, the umbrella head, Wen, Wu body and clown. The leader of Shaanbei Yangge is called the umbrella head, holding an umbrella and a "tiger support", both props have auspicious meanings. The umbrella is a symbol of shelter and good weather; the tiger support is related to Sun Simiao, a famous doctor in the Tang Dynasty. It is said that Sun Simiao once treated a tiger, in order to facilitate the observation and treatment, used an iron ring to open the tiger's mouth, which is called "tiger support". Later, the tiger support evolved into a string of folk doctors in the hands of the countryside to cure the sick "string of bells", became the symbol of the folk doctor. In the hands of the umbrella head, it became a symbol of eliminating disasters and illnesses, and it is a ringing instrument that commands the rice-planting team to perform and change the pattern of the formation. The head of the umbrella is the leader of the rice-planting team, who knows the traditional rice-planting songs and can improvise new words and sing according to the atmosphere of the venue or the situation of each family. When he sings, he leads the song, and all the players repeat his last line, in a simple and lively form, with vivid and easy-to-understand words and phrases, which makes the audience happy. Nowadays, the role of the Yangge Dance is different after the reform, and the costumes can be modern, with red silk belts around the waist. Props can be sickles, hammers and umbrellas. The clown role can also not, and can be combined with the whip.
Edit section style genre
Shaanxi rice-planting songs are mainly "big rice-planting songs" and "kicking field" two categories. The big rice-planting song is a kind of collective song and dance activity in the square, with a grand scale, warm atmosphere, robust and heroic movements, and cheerful and unrestrained emotions, accompanied by lions, dragon lanterns, bamboo horses, dry boats, donkeys, and other social fire programs, with rich variations in formations, such as the "Dragon Swinging Tail", "rolled cabbages", "Crossed Plum Blossoms", "Two Dragons Spitting Water", "Twelve Lotus Lanterns", and hundreds of other arrangements. Small performances include "Water Boat", "Donkey Running", "Stilts", "King Whip", etc. The performances can also be divided according to the style and content of the performance. According to the style and content of the action can also be divided into "cultural field", "martial arts field", "kicking field", "ugly field", etc.; which "kicking field" for the performance of men and women's love life of the duo dance, the number of participants in an even number of pairs into a team, men to stay in the color of the fan, the female dance color silk, there are more difficult dance movements, need to show the "soft waist," "the two feet," "three feet do not fall," "dragon claw through the clouds," "Golden Rooster Stand Alone." "Golden Hook Upside Down" and other difficult skills, both robust and soft, both free and delicate. On New Year's Day, both urban and rural areas organize rice-planting teams to pay tribute to the good years. Village neighbors also twisted up rice-planting songs to visit each other
, than songs and dances, lively and extraordinary. The male role is called "Hanging Drums" and the female role is called "Bao Tou", which used to be played by men. The movements of "Hanging Drums" are simple and clumsy, with the explosive power of martial arts. The movements of "Baotou" are simple, lively and characterized by rural women. Although there are routines, the performances are highly improvised and full of the interest of rural life in northern Shaanxi. Skillful actors and actresses are loved by the masses, such as Li Zengheng played "Baotou" handsome image, performance of spontaneous, dexterous, have "yo Dan" stage name.
Edit section development and inheritance
In the early 1940s, the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, centered on Yan'an, carried out a new rice-planting movement, the majority of literature and art workers deep
Shaanxi rice-planting
into the countryside to learn rice-planting songs, waist drums, and mastered the basic characteristics of the rhythm and the dynamics of a typical dance, sublimation of norms, the new image of the farmer's dance movements, the formation of a new type of rice-planting songs and waist drums, the formation of a new type of dance. New type of rice-planting songs and waist drums, the leader of the umbrella head changed to the image of workers and peasants holding a wooden sickle and axe, creating a new content of the rice-planting songs, such as "brother and sister to open up the land", "husband and wife literacy", "twelve sickles", etc. Among them, "turning over" is the most important dance. Among them, the new rice-planting songs such as "Turnover Rice-planting Song" and "Victory Waist Drum" have been popularized throughout the country. The new rice-planting songs, such as the Daba Rice-planting Song "A Good Place in the Border Region" and the Fan Rice-planting Song "Nanniwan," were well received by the masses. In the war of resistance against Japan, the war of liberation plays a role in encouraging morale, celebrate the role of victory. 1950s folk dance in the ascendant, around the colorful rice-planting songs, people in the rice-planting songs before the name of the place to show the difference.
Shaanxi rice-planting songs show the simple, honest and optimistic character of the northern Shaanxi people, and have outstanding historical and cultural value.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and on May 20, 2006, Shanbei Yangge was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Suide Yangge Development
Suide is a famous historical and cultural city with outstanding people. It is the hometown of China's rice-planting songs, the hometown of China's stone carvings, the hometown of China's suona, and the hometown of China's paper-cutting. Here there is a moving legend "Mibi's aunt Suide's Han" here there is a generation of famous general Han Shizhong, here there are Maoteng Tengteng's students and handsome women. Here the cultural heritage is perfect, every year on the fifteenth day of the first month, Suide County will certainly have a red-hot rice-planting event, each township, high school have their own
Suide County, the first high school rice-planting team
Rice-planting team. Every year there are more than a dozen rice-planting teams performing on the street, after the reform and opening up jumped is a new style of rice-planting, men and women with the general four columns, women more than double fan, the men are holding umbrellas. Twisting the cheerful rice-planting song. Suide County, the first secondary school is a long history of secondary schools, where the importance of the recreational life of the students, before every year Suide a rice-planting team starring rice-planting songs, and later changed to Suide a secondary school and Suide secondary school alternating performances, but in the mouth of the people mention Suide a rice-planting songs are full of praise. Because they have Suide students rugged handsome, women's handsome, because they twisted out of the new generation of the new atmosphere, a new generation of vitality!