Su Dongpo lived in the Northern Song Dynasty. In his time, feudal society had turned from prosperity to decline. At that time, in order to consolidate the feudal system, some neo-Confucianists put forward the neo-Confucianism of "preserving heaven and destroying human desires" to cheer up the declining feudal system. Someone once described Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties as "the bright moon shines on Wan Chuan". Isn't it a sign of cowardice that "the bright moon reflects Wan Chuan" instead of "sunny mountains and rivers"? Su Dongpo was not a philosopher, but he didn't agree with Neo-Confucianism at that time. He once put forward the view that "courtesy originates from emotion" and thought that human feelings were the origin of etiquette, which was quite heretical at that time.
Some modern scholars, when studying the history of China, once lamented the "elite elimination". Su Dongpo, with outstanding personality and brilliant talent, is a cultural elite who has suffered setbacks repeatedly in the history of China and created his own value. China is known as the country of poetry, and poets like the stars all over the sky, but if it comes to being the most popular, I think Su Dongpo has the possibility of getting votes. Dongpo's integrity, open-minded personality and outstanding talent make him comparable to any first-class poet. Of all the poets in the history of China, perhaps only Qu Yuan, Tao Qian, Du Fu, Li Bai and Dongpo can be called first-class. These five people have their own characteristics. Qu Yuan's beauty lies in persistence, Tao Qian's beauty lies in dullness, Du Fu's beauty lies in kindness, Li Bai's temple's beauty lies in freedom, and Dongpo's beauty lies in "heterogeneity and richness"-he has both top-down pursuit and the great loneliness that comes with it, and he is open-minded with the times, as well as colorful himself, the spring tide. He not only treats his relatives and old friends as people, but also mountains, water, flowers and birds. Even the smoky history and the heartless universe are full of human charm in him-he talks to them from time to time and often has a good time! Lin Yutang said that Dongpo's Mid-Autumn Poems, Two Poems on Red Cliffs and A Simplified Edition of Youtian Temple are his four monumental works, and it is indeed a theory of non-publication. But Dongpo is first and foremost a poet. As far as poetry is concerned, Dongpo's three masterpieces, Ten Years of Life and Death, When Will There Be a Bright Moon, and The River Never Returning, may be called masterpieces among his many masterpieces. I think these three poems are bright pearls in the vast sea of ancient poems in China! Maybe Dongpo will be immortal as long as he has these three words! I think, from these three poems, people can appreciate the immortal charm of this lover, so they are not afraid of people laughing and write down the word "Dongpo Sanyun" to name these three poems. If Dongpo is an eternal lover, then these three words can be said to be his immortal charm. Every Mid-Autumn Festival, people can't help but think of the well-known phrase "When will there be a bright moon". This song "Mink Head Mid-Autumn Festival in Chen Bing" is full of joy. Drunk, write this article. And "Travel with Children" was written by Dongpo at the age of 35 in Mizhou, Shandong Province. Mid-Autumn Festival is a day for family reunion, but when this poem was written, Dongpo was being released outside in Mizhou, Shandong Province, because the officialdom was sinister and his brothers and sisters were separated. Dongpo's character is profound, and his brother Su Zhe's character is profound. The two brothers have good feelings and similar political positions, but their personalities are quite different: Dongpo likes to show his true feelings and often talks without looking at things; Yu Zi cautious, he repeatedly warned his younger brother, disaster from his mouth; Dongpo sincerely thanked Ziyou for reminding him, but he was opinionated. That's understandable. The rivers and mountains may change, but not one's essential nature Will there be a real Su Dongpo? There are many poems dedicated to Ziyou in Dongpo's works, and this Mid-Autumn Festival poem is the most famous:
When will there be a bright moon? Ask heaven for wine. I wonder what year tonight is. I want to go home by wind, but I'm afraid of beautiful buildings. I can't stand the cold at the top of the mountain. How can I dance to find my own shadow?
The Mid-Autumn Festival is full of moons. After the lonely Dongpo got drunk, he actually raised his glass to the moon, full of poetry. Here and now, this month, there are many troubles and sorrows in the world, and Dongpo can't help but yearn for the heavenly palace, which is clean and clear. However, a gust of wind woke Dongpo slightly. On second thought, although the jade building in the misty Qionglou of the Heavenly Palace is luxurious, it is deserted after all, and there is no real nature in the world. There are storms and troubles, where will you go ... but after all, there are mountains, old water, relatives and friends, and moonlight. Isn't this the most real human life ... At this time, Dongpo's eyes surfaced again.
Dance and enjoy the shadow of the moon, which is in the world.
Is it depression? Is it open-minded? Is it lingering? Bold? In fact, brilliant and extraordinary consciousness is originally open-minded in repression and unrestrained in lingering. Blindly depressed is too low, blindly unrestrained is bound to be empty food. Lover Dongpo's strength lies in that "those who admire others are gods and have five feelings with others", which can not only understand human nature, but also be free from sticking to it, so its Mid-Autumn Festival ci is real and elegant, just like the full moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, free and stretching, like light, like water, like dreams, like illusions:
Turn to Zhuge, humble household, don't sleep, there should be no hate, why always say goodbye? People have joys and sorrows, and the moon is full of ups and downs. This matter is old and difficult.
Only an eternal lover can have such a detailed understanding and such a broad feeling. The so-called everyone is a big vision, a big mind, a big talent and a big realm. Only in this way can we transcend the illusory full moon in the small family pattern and miraculously experience the ups and downs of the moon and the joys and sorrows of the world, thus leading to the famous sentence that is as open-minded and cheerful as that day:
I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away.
Yes, Su Dongpo, who lives in the living environment, is concerned about the reasons for the Mid-Autumn Festival. He gave his love to the bright moon in the sky: no matter how hard life is, no matter how far apart, as long as it is happiness under the same moonlight, it is happiness! This is Su Dongpo's unique life feeling after being drunk on the Mid-Autumn Moon Night, and it is his blessing to his brothers and sisters.
The Chinese nation attaches great importance to consanguinity and kinship, and the Mid-Autumn Festival is a festival of kinship. Su Dongpo's When is the Bright Moon? It is precisely because it vividly shows a collective unconsciousness of the Chinese nation. Su Dongpo's Mid-Autumn Ci, like the full moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, is always new.
three
Dongpo was like a brother to his brother, and so was his dead wife, Wang Fu. When Su Dongpo married Wang Fu, Dongpo 17 years old and Wang Fu 15 years old; About 10 years later, Wang Fu died, and Dongpo was of course very sad. In the past 10 years, when Dongpo was 37 years old, he wrote a poem I called "Two Rhymes of Dongpo" in memory of his dead wife Wang Fu, "Jiang recalled his dreams on the twentieth day of the first month." As the saying goes, a husband and wife are grateful for one day, not to mention the love between Dongpo and Wang Fu in their married life of about 10 years. Besides, Dongpo is still a lover forever. After Wang Fu's death 10 years, Dongpo suddenly thought of her in a dream, and after getting up, he wrote this poem in a dream and waking up:
Ten years of life and death are two boundless, I don't think about it, I will never forget it, I am alone in a grave, and there is nowhere to talk.
Every time I read these words, I always feel that Dongpo is standing beside me, no longer young, but has entered middle age. However, ruthless time, the same ruthless world of Yin and Yang, how can he stop his deep affection for his dead wife Wang Fu? Yes, true feelings can transcend time and space and life and death! You see, Dongpo "met" Wang Fu in his dream: "Window, dressing up", still there, and Wang was "reborn" in front of him! So that when he woke up, he was going to dream, and his dream was still there. However, when he was dreaming, he sighed:
When we finally meet, we should be strangers, and our faces are covered with dust and temples are like frost.
-After all, 10 years have passed, although Wang Fu "walks", he will always be "young"; Although he is "alive", the years are "old", but the immortal only has true feelings and only memories: as long as there is true feelings, people are "not dead"; As long as you can live in other people's dreams, the dead are still alive.
When the night comes, the dream suddenly comes home ... caring for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears.
A good sentence "caring for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears"! Vividly, the feelings of Dongpo to Wang and Wang to Dongpo's husband and wife are vividly written! However, real life is so helpless, after all, you can't really live in a dream! So Dongpo had to accept loneliness, sigh a way:
It is expected that the heartbroken place will be broken every year, and the moonlit night will be short and rambling.
What can we say about our lover Su Like Dongpo? There is death in life, but there is poetry in life. Poetry can't be eaten or drunk, but it is like a beautiful religion, which makes up for human regrets and soothes people's misfortunes and sorrows, thus giving birth to many beauties and touches in a cruel life! In an era dominated by technology and money, how much inner nature have people lost while pursuing material desires? There is a story in western modernist works. An elderly man and a woman met on the train and chatted for a long time before they found out that the other person was actually the wife or husband who had lived with them for 10 years and had children. Is Dongpo living in a trance-like dream? Or is the life of modern people very dreamy? The more machine hearts, the weaker human feelings; The less true feelings, the more lonely the poet is. But Su Dongpo can ignore these, because he has lived freely!
four
Su Gong moved nine times in his life. Su Dongpo's outstanding personality and talent enabled him to enter the official career smoothly, and his brilliant and frank nature naturally made him favored by the royal family in the Song Dynasty. However, talent is a bright thing, which is easily envied by a narrow and dark villain, and frankness is almost the biggest taboo in officialdom. Even Du Fu, who is kind-hearted, expressed the feeling that "it is gratifying for a poet to beware of prosperity". Dongpo's talent and frankness doomed his life's failure, but this may have been unexpected by those who had harmed him: it was the hardships of life that really made Dongpo a flesh-and-blood lover! When Dongpo was exiled to Lingnan because of injustice, others thought that he would spend all day in Lacrimosa, but he said such comforting words: I regarded myself as an example of Lingnan who went to Beijing to catch the exam and failed, and now I am back home! Didn't Su Dongpo compare his writing to running water? In essence, this is not running water-it is clearly blood and tears-painstaking efforts and tears. But from another angle, can a person who doesn't even have hard work and tears be regarded as a real person? ! It can be said that it is the sinister wind and rain in his official career and his own consciousness and cultivation that have made Su Dongpo brilliant and optimistic in the eyes of future generations. This third stack, Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia, was written by Su Dongpo when he was in trouble in Huangzhou. At that time, Su Dongpo was over 40 years old and was in his prime.
The river of no return, a romantic figure who has traveled through the ages. On the west side of the base camp, humanity is the Red Cliff in Zhou Lang, the Three Kingdoms, where rocks collapse and clouds crack, the stormy waves crack the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up, making the country picturesque and how many heroes there are at one time. Back in Gong Jin, when Xiao Qiao just got married, he was dashing, with a feather fan and a black silk scarf, laughing and laughing.
In Su Dongpo's Breakthrough, Yu described the background of Su Dongpo's Chibi poems in this way: It was because of the innocent imprisonment of the capital and the subsequent unjust exile that abandoned Su Dongpo had time to face the vastness of the great river and the vicissitudes of Chibi, to ask questions about the universe, trace back to history and realize life. On one occasion, he sat on the boat, facing the river full of moonlight, and let out a touching sigh:
Lament for a moment in life and admire the infinity of the Yangtze River ("Qian Chibi Fu")
What can an individual be in front of the universe? You see, according to legend, this is the ancient battlefield of Chibi. Looking back at the Great Battle of the Three Kingdoms, "How many heroes are there at a time", but now it is safe and sound? Although it is only ashes, the river is always flowing and the universe is always there. Su Dongpo, who is in the predicament of life, finally has a great consciousness in the face of the emptiness of the universe and the smoke of the past. He said with some ridicule and relief:
Old country wandering, affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, early birth of Fahua, a bright moon is also a river.
The ethereal universe and the misty clouds of history make Su Dongpo fully understand and open-minded. He surpassed the utilitarian realm that many people were obsessed with and entered the aesthetic realm of "heaven and earth coexist with me". Perhaps only a lover who can talk to the universe and a poet who can talk to the clouds of history can truly achieve such a state. Perhaps this is the reason why Dongpo's "Red Cliff Nostalgia" is unique among China's ancient nostalgia poems. This word may be negative, but what if Dongpo was not "negative" at that time? Moreover, this kind of "negativity" is not an excellent sobering agent for some "hot and dry" in life. It is beneficial to people's minds and opens people's minds: individuals are still individuals after all! I think Dongpo's open-mindedness is deeply painful and sincere, just like Chibi said, "Affectionate Ying Xiao Wo was born early", and it is these that make him move towards true open-mindedness. Although he is often "passionate and resentful", does he still care about these?
five
As mentioned above, Su Dongpo lived in the Northern Song Dynasty, when feudal society turned from prosperity to decline, and the poet was perhaps the most sensitive person. His "courtesy out of affection" shows his doubts and dissatisfaction with feudal orthodoxy, which inevitably makes him feel lonely and illusory. His song "Life of Hui Ding Temple in Huangzhou" can be said to be his best spiritual portrayal of himself.
If the moon is short, the tung will be redeemed, and the leakage will be quiet first. Who see people walk alone, ethereal lonely Hong Ying. At night, it suddenly becomes afraid, suddenly flies and comes back frequently, but no one always understands its infinite inner feelings. It kept wandering among the cold branches, but refused to perch on any tree, and finally landed alone on the cold shoal.
Yes, Su Dongpo was so lonely at that time that he couldn't find a real spiritual home, just like the "lonely shadow" of "no one can save", which is also the reason why he refused to live in cold branches and lonely sandbanks were cold. In his later years, Su Dongpo pointed to his big belly and jokingly asked the maid Chaoyun, "What's in this?" The clever Chaoyun replied as shallow as a cloud: "A belly is out of place". In fact, Dongpo's sense of emptiness and loneliness is a typical emotion of literati in the late feudal society. He was only the first "loner". By Cao Xueqin, an outstanding genius, that is, in the last days of feudalism, the feeling of emptiness and loneliness has become a "sad fog, hanging over Hualin." Don't Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions regard "true feelings" (talent is another expression of true feelings) as the noumenon of life and life? However, in the feudal chaotic world of "all glory, all loss", how can these existences be accommodated? So another lover, Cao Xueqin, had to write about his folly. Can it be said that Su Dongpo is Cao Xueqin who was born 600 years earlier, and Cao Xueqin is Dongpo who was born 600 years later? Cao Xueqin's time made him very helpless, and Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were not credible. After all, Su Dongpo was born a little early. He may not believe all this, but all this helped him to some extent. This is his "miscellaneous" and the richness of his character. Although he is only "lonely", he is inhabited by Confucianism's self-improvement and affection, Taoism's desire for spiritual freedom and Buddhism's carefree attitude. In this way, Dongpo worked hard to benefit the people when he was an official, and there is still Su Causeway who built water conservancy projects in Hangzhou; When he is in trouble, he drinks tea, enjoys flowers, writes poems and draws pictures, and is eager to have fun. The stories of "Dongpo Meat" and "Dongpo Bamboo" have been spread to this day. He has deep feelings for friends, relatives and life! Back to the topic, isn't this song "Three Rhymes of Dongpo" the best witness that Su Dongpo is a lover, a witness that the full moon rises every year like the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the situation is always new!
Which poet in history was called the Poet Fairy? Lipper
Which emperor in history was called the Third Master and which was called the Fourth Master? Yongzheng was called the fourth master, ranking fourth.
Which emperor in history was called Wang Ren? Wang Ren has never heard of it, only heard of Renzong: Zhao Zhen, Song Renzong, Jin Aiyu, Bolzigit, Yuan Renzong, Li Bada, Ba Li, Ren Mingzhu, and Aisingiorro Armadillo (Jiaqing Emperor) in Qing Dynasty.
Who is the great poet known as the poet saint in history? Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770), a native of Xiangyang, Han nationality, moved to Gong County, Henan Province. A great realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty, who claimed to be a young man at night, was called "Du Li" together with Li Bai. In order to distinguish Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Xiao Du Li, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Da Du Li, and Du Fu is often called Lao Du.
Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang.
Du Fu wrote such famous works as Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells. In 759, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan. Although he fled the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about his life and managed state affairs. Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals.
The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and he has the great wish of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu.
Which emperor in history was called "Six Emperors Pill" Tang Zhongzong-Li Xian?
Who was called a "medical saint" in history? Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a veritable "medical sage", achieved the greatest success not because of his superb medical skills, but because of his most important book Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the medical history of China. This book is a compulsory course for almost every Chinese medicine practitioner from the Eastern Han Dynasty to modern society. Over the past two thousand years, Chinese medicine has saved countless lives with this encyclopedia of Chinese medicine. In addition, Zhang Zhongjing also established a method of dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. The useless feudal superstition treatment method is directly excluded from the Chinese medicine system. In addition, it is worth mentioning that Compendium of Materia Medica is also written on the basis of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which has been widely recognized by the Chinese medicine community.
Zhang Zhongjing also won high praise from ordinary people at that time because of his superb medical skills and medical ethics. China traditional food "jiaozi" was invented by Zhang Zhongjing. At first, jiaozi was called Joule because it was shaped like an ear. It is mainly made of Chinese herbal medicines for sweating and strengthening yang and mutton, aiming at treating the poor with frostbite.
The idiom "suit the right medicine" also describes Zhang Zhongjing. Its original intention is to understand the different causes of the same symptoms, so as to carry out corresponding treatment. However, the treatment method is not limited to drugs, but also can be other methods, as long as it can cure the disease, without any means.
Zhang Zhongjing, with his years of research on common folk diseases, has treated countless ordinary people with his superb medical skills, and even created immortal medical works, leaving a well-known allusion. It is no exaggeration to call him a medical saint.
In the history of our country, which emperor was called Duke of Dunhuang 1 and Li Shimin? At the beginning of Taiyuan Uprising, Li Yuan took his eldest son Li Jian as the commander-in-chief of Longxi public and left leaders, and unified the left armed forces; Li Shimin was the commander-in-chief of Dunhuang people and right-wing leaders, and unified the right-wing armed forces.
2. Li Bao, the monarch of the post-Western cool country. Li Bao (? -A.D. 459), whose name is Huai Su, was born in Didao, Longxi (now Lintao County, Gansu Province), the grandson of Li Gui, the son of King Wu of Xiliang, the satrap of Jiuquan, the nephew of Li Xin, the monarch of Xiliang after the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, and the true king of Taiping in the Northern Wei Dynasty for three years (A.D. 442). The Northern Wei Emperor Tuoba sent generals to Dunhuang to crusade against the giants. Li Baowen was defeated in the north, and led many people from Yiwu south to Dunhuang to repair the talent and attempt to restore the great cause of their ancestors. And sent his brother Li Huaida to surrender to the Northern Wei Dynasty. In recognition of his loyalty, the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tai appointed Li Huaida as the official servant of Sanshou and the prefect of Dunhuang. In addition, Li Bao was awarded the titles of "Shoujie, Shi Zhong, Commander of Xixi, General of Zhenxi, Third Division of Kaifu Yitong, Captain of Xirong, Shazhoumu, and Duke of Dunhuang" by messengers to continue guarding Dunhuang.