Famous attractions in Luoyang: Longmen Grottoes, White Horse Temple, Guanlin, Baiyun Mountain, Laojun Mountain, Jiguan Cave, Longtan Grand Canyon and so on.
Longmen Grottoes is one of the treasures of Chinese stone carving art, now a World Heritage Site, a national key cultural relics protection unit, and a national AAAAA tourist attraction, located on Longmen Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain on both sides of the Yi River in Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province. Longmen Grottoes and Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes and known as China's four major grottoes.
Value and influence
Longmen Grottoes retains a large number of religious, fine arts, architecture, calligraphy, music, clothing, medicine and other aspects of the physical materials, from different sides to reflect the development of ancient China's politics, economy, religion, culture and many other areas of development, the innovation of the Chinese cave art and development of a significant contribution.
Milestones
Longmen Grottoes is a grand scale, magnificent, the grottoes statues carved superbly, the content of a rich variety of subjects, known as the world's greatest classical art treasury. It is its own systematic, unique sculpture art language, revealing the various laws and laws of sculpture art creation.
Top Ten Recommended Attractions in Luoyang
Top Ten Recommended Attractions in Luoyang: Longmen Grottoes, Luoyang Baiyun Mountain, Baima Temple, Guanlin, Longtan Grand Canyon, Laojun Mountain, Thousands of Tang Zhizai, Longyu Bay, Chongdu Gou, Muzaling.
1, Longmen Grottoes
Longmen Grottoes is located in Luoyang City, Henan Province, is the world's largest number of statues, the largest repository of stone art, was named by UNESCO as "China's highest peak of the art of stone carving", ranked first in China's major grottoes. Now the world cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units, national AAAAA level tourist attractions.
2, Luoyang Baiyun Mountain
Baiyun Mountain to the mountains, rocks, water, caves, forests, grass, flowers, birds, animals as a whole, majestic, dangerous, strange, quiet, beautiful, wonderful interplay, forming a distinctive landscape area, become the Central Plains set of sightseeing tours, summer vacation, scientific research internships, searching for the ancient ghosts as one of the composite tourist area, known as "natural museum", "natural", "the world's most important tourist attractions. It is known as "Museum of Nature", "Fairyland on Earth" and "Famous Mountain of Beijing and Luoyang".
3, White Horse Monastery
White Horse Monastery collection of cultural relics are mainly two Sakyamuni Buddha relics, Chinese ancient Buddha, the Yuan Dynasty eighteen Luohan clip _ statue, etc.. White Horse Temple's annual "Horse Temple Bells" is a special symbol of human blessings, the old and the new, and attracted many foreign tourists to participate in the "eight scenic spots in Luoyang".
4, Guan Lin
Guan Lin, located in Luolong District, Luoyang City, Henan Province, Guan Lin town, for the burial of the Three Kingdoms Shu general Guan Yu head of the place, the front for the ancestral temple, after the burial mound, one of the three major Guan Temple at home and abroad, thousands of Guan Temple in the only known as the "forest," is China's only mound, the temple, the forest of three rituals in one of the ancient classic architecture. It is now a national key cultural relics protection unit. Now for the national key cultural relics protection units, national AAAA level tourist attractions.
5, Longtan Grand Canyon
Longtan Grand Canyon Scenic Area is the core scenic area of the Wangwu Mountain - Demei Mountain World Geopark, is a canyon scenic area dominated by the typical red-rock Roach Valley Group geomorphological landscape. National Forest Recreation Base Pilot Construction Unit", "Luoyang City Study Tour Base", Henan Intelligent Tourism "Three Diamonds Intelligent Scenic Spot" and so on, enjoying the titles of "Ancient Marine Natural Museum", "Yellow River Natural Museum", "Yellow River Natural Museum", "Yellow River Natural Museum" and so on.
6 The site is known as the "Natural Museum of Ancient Ocean", "Yellow River Landscape Painting Gallery" and so on.
6, Laojunshan
Laojunshan landscape area of 6, there are 179 attractions, Taiqing Palace, ten square courtyard, Lingguan Hall, drenching vinegar Hall, Shepherd's Circle, the Hall of Salvation and Suffering, Transmission of Scripture Building, Guanyin Hall, the Hall of the Three Pristine, Laojun Temple, such as the temple 16. The south side of the Horsehair Ridge has more than 3,000 acres of stone forest landscape open to visitors, by geologists called the "Northern Stone Forest".
7, a thousand Tang Zhizai
In the thirteen dynasties of the ancient capital of Luoyang, 45 kilometers west of the place, there is a beautiful scenery, mountains and water - Tiemen Town. Here west of the Bengling, east of the Hangu Valley, has a thousand years of history, was Zhang Taiyan known as "when the Guanluo Kongdao". Here, the two mountains of Qinglong and Phoenix are facing each other, and an animal stream is gurgling in the east, which is known as the west gate of Luoyang.
8, Longyu Bay
Longyu Bay National Forest Park is located in Henan Province, Luoyang City, 165 kilometers southwest of Luanchuan territory, has developed 12 scenic spots 218 attractions, Henan Province, the top ten landscape scenic spots, the national civilization of forest parks, national nature reserves, the territory of the mountain towering, crystal clear, peaks strange, strange stone, cave, waterfalls strong springs clear, dense forests, vegetation, primitive, peaks, old There are Black Dragon Pool, White Horse Pool, Immortal Waterfall, Rainbow Waterfall, Green Dragon Waterfall; Immortal Cave, Hidden Soldier Cave, Chaste Lady Cave, Helmet Cave.
9, heavy ditch
The entire scenic area is divided into the south ditch and the west ditch two large areas, the south ditch waterfalls and springs, highlighting the "water"; the west ditch of the bamboo forests, highlighting the "ghost". The main landscapes are: bamboo sea, water curtain fairy palace, Bodhi tree, waterfalls and springs, high gorges and flat lakes, mushroom cliffs, listening to more than a hundred attractions such as Tao Ling.
National AAAA level scenic spot, national ecological demonstration area, Mount Fuyushan Geopark, top ten scenic spots in Henan Province, the scenic spot has historical and cultural landscapes and recreational facilities such as Haiming Farming Culture Village, Chongdugou Rafting, Grass Skiing, Skidding, Slide, and Slipway.
10, Muzaling
Muzaling Scenic Area is located in Luoyang City, Henan Province, Song County, Checun Town, belongs to the national nature reserve of Mount Fuyushan, is a national AAAA scenic spot, the world's geological park. The first primitive ecological tourism area in Henan Province, the primitive forest is a kingdom of plants and a paradise for animals, which contains 1886 species of national protected plants such as collared spring wood, Chinese dragon scale elm, heather vine, etc., and 188 species of higher animals including money leopard, roan deer and antelope.
What are the tourist attractions in Luoyang
Luoyang is a thousand-year-old capital with a deep cultural heritage and a seamless blend of humanistic and natural landscapes. Here's a look at what are the Luoyang tourist attractions
What are the Luoyang tourist attractions
Luoyang tourist attractions: Luoyang Bridge
Scenic Spot Introduction:
Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, is China's earliest existing age of the beam bridge across the sea, known as "the first bridge in the sea," the reputation. Luoyang Bridge is 834 meters long, 7 meters wide, with 46 piers, all made of huge stone, and Beijing's Lugou Bridge, Hebei's Zhaozhou Bridge, Guangdong's Guangji Bridge and known as China's four ancient famous bridges.
Luoyang Bridge, formerly known as the "Wanan Bridge", is located in the eastern suburbs of Quanzhou on the Luoyang River, the bridge was built in the Sung Huang _ five years (1053), by the then governor of Quanzhou Cai Xiang presided over the construction of the bridge, which lasted six years to complete the construction of the earliest existing beam bridge across the sea in China, known as "the first bridge in the sea" reputation. It is the earliest existing beam-type stone bridge across the sea in China, known as "the first bridge in the sea".
The existing Luoyang Bridge was rebuilt in the 26th year of the Qianlong reign (1761 AD), with a length of 731.29 meters, a width of 4.5 meters, a height of 7.3 meters, 44 boat-shaped piers, 645 handrails, 104 stone lions, a stone pavilion, 7 stone towers, and the Beijing's Lugou Bridge, Hebei's Zhaozhou Bridge, Guangdong's Guangji Bridge and is known as the four major bridges in ancient China, for the national key cultural relics protection units. The bridge is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Luoyang Tourist Attractions 2: Henan Luoyang Chongdugou
Scenic Spot Introduction:
Chongdugou Scenic Spot is known as the "China's first village of hotels", the architectural style is simple and ancient, the location is superior, the transportation is convenient, the mountain treasures, the service is perfect, and the facilities are complete. It is located in Luoyang City, 150 kilometers southwest of Luanchuan County, forests and grass, pheasant and deer, four seasons of spring gushing, perennial waterfalls into a group of bamboo and blue water intertwined with fat ducks and strong geese play, rich water features, known as the "North of one of the best".
Chongdugou is composed of scenic spots such as Jinji River, Dicui River and Water Curtain Fairy Palace, with more than 100 attractions, including beautiful, quiet, steep and strange.
Travel Tips:
The Performing Arts Square in Chongdugou enables visitors to show themselves, relax their emotions, sing and dance, and do their best. The night 'bonfire party can make tourists release the fatigue of the day, from which to experience a strong mountain flavor. In the village of farming folk culture, the food and drink with the seed are all dirt, wear and play with the dry look, all a hundred years ago. You can participate in iron, oil, making pottery; spinning cotton, weaving, plowing test plowing; see the lion dance, tasting old wine, taste the water grinding tofu; spinning wooden tools, hay shoes, learning to hold weapons hunting, enjoy the folk customs. At night, you can see the lights in the farmhouse, sit on the wooden bench, hum a little song, enjoy the mountain moon, and listen to the frogs, which is very cozy.
Luoyang Tourist Attractions 3: Longmen Grottoes Tour in Luoyang
Scenic Spot Introduction:
Longmen Grottoes is one of the three famous stone carving art treasures in China, which is located on both sides of the Yi River 12 kilometers south of Luoyang, Henan Province. The scenery here is beautiful, with two green hills facing each other in the east and west, and the Yi River flowing slowly north. From a distance, it looks like a natural doorway, so it is called "Yi Que" in ancient times. Since ancient times, it has been the first landscape for traveling to Longmen.
After more than 400 years of excavation from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, there are still more than 2,100 grottoes, more than 100,000 statues, monuments and inscriptions more than 3,600 items, mostly on the west bank of the Yishui River.
Luoyang tourist attractions four: Luoyang Baiyun Mountain tour
Scenic Spot Introduction:
With Jiaozuo Yuntai Mountain and known as Henan's most beautiful natural scenic spot, Baiyun Mountain is located in the hinterland of the hinterland of the Furniu Mountains in the southern part of Songxian, Luoyang City, Henan Province, primitive forested area, to cloud more than the odd, the beauty of the illusion of the name.
The scenic area has dangerous peaks and strange stone landscape, forest landscape, waterfalls and pools landscape, cave landscape, humanities landscape, climate landscape, the entire scenic area of the mountains, rocks, water, caves, forests, grass, flowers, birds, animals as a whole, and male, dangerous, strange, quiet, beautiful, wonderful interplay of glory, both the north of the mountains and waters of the majestic, but also the south of the mountains and waters of the beautiful face.
Luoyang Tourist Attractions V: Luoyang Longtan Grand Canyon Tour
Scenic Spot Introduction:
Longtan Grand Canyon Scenic Spot enjoys the reputation of "Ancient Oceanic Natural Museum", "Wonderful Gorge of Shenzhou" and "Yellow River landscape painting gallery" and other beautiful names. It is located in Xin'an County, Shijing Township Longtan ditch village, a total area of 30 square kilometers, 5 kilometers in length, the natural drop of more than 1,200 meters, the valley Roach Valley, Aigu Valley is a bead-shaped distribution, different periods of running water cutting, rotary erosion, abrasion marks are very clear, giant collapsed rock formation of the wave marks of the large wall at home and abroad is rare.
Scenic area has been named more than a hundred attractions, especially a forest, two streams, three peaks, four caves, five wonders, six waterfalls, seven pools, eight stones, nine fruits, ten trees are the most famous.
The six natural mysteries of the scenic area: water flowing high up, Buddha's light Luohan cliffs, giant fingerprints, stone on the sky book, butterfly springs, fairy footprints;
The seven major pools and waterfalls: five dragon pools, ambergris pools, green dragon pools, black dragon pools, crouching dragon pools, yin and yang pools, reed pools;
The eight natural wonders: the world's monument to Heaven, the stone on the Spring and Autumn, yin and yang pools urns and valleys, the five generations of the rippling rock, the heavenly cracks
Luoyang Tourist Attractions VI: Henan Luoyang White Horse Monastery Tour
Scenic Spot Introduction:
"China's First Ancient Temple" - White Horse Monastery is the first Buddhist temple built by the government after the introduction of Buddhism to China, was built in Yongping eleven years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was built in the 11th year of Yongping of the Eastern Han Dynasty, that is, 68 AD, and is honored as the "Ancestral Court" and "Source of Interpretation" of Buddhism. It is located in Luoyang City, 12 kilometers east of Mangshan Mountain in the north, looking south of the Luo water, where the green trees, red walls, pagodas, pines and cypresses condensed green, solemn and quiet. Temple preserved a large number of Yuan Dynasty clip _ dry lacquer statues such as the Three Buddhas, two days will be, eighteen Luohan, etc., invaluable.
The White Horse Temple is a rectangular courtyard, sitting north to south, the main buildings in the temple are the Heavenly King's Hall, the Great Buddha Hall, the Daxiong Hall, the Hall of Receiving, the Vishnu Pavilion, the Qiyun Pagoda and so on.
What are the famous tourist attractions in Luoyang?
Luoyang is a famous historical and cultural city in China, where there are many famous tourist attractions, and the most impressive one is Longmen Grottoes. Two years ago, I often go to Luoyang on business, to Longmen Grottoes is more than two or three times. Give me the biggest feeling is: the scale is magnificent, magnificent. Below, with me to see it ~
Longmen Grottoes
Introduction
Longmen Grottoes is located in Luoyang City, Henan Province, is the world's largest number of statues, the largest treasure trove of stone carving art, by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization as the "highest peak of China's stone art," ranked in the top of the major Chinese Grottoes. Now for the world cultural heritage, national key cultural relics protection units, national AAAAA level tourist attractions.
Existing caves like 2345 niches, more than 110,000 statues, and the Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and known as China's three major grottoes, plus the Maiji Mountain Grottoes called the four major grottoes. Longmen Grottoes inscriptions more than 2,860 items, known as the ancient monument forest. Masterpieces: "Longmen twenty products", Longmen Double Bit (Chu Suiliang "I Que Buddhist niche monument", Song Zhenzong "Longmen inscription monument"), is the masterpiece of Chinese calligraphy art.
Site LocationLongmen Avenue, Longmen Town, Luolong District, Luoyang City
TicketsAdult ticket 90 yuan per seat
Transportation Route
Bus:
1. The grottoes are located 12 kilometers south of the downtown area of Luoyang City, which can be accessed by bus 81 from the Luoyang Railway Station, a journey of about 40 minutes
2. South of the mouth of Kaiyuan Avenue at Yongtai Street Take No. 99, after 15 stops, arrive at Longmen Grottoes Walk about 90 meters to the end.
3, in the Kaiyuan Avenue City Hall East Street Exit take 37, after 4 stops, arrive at Guanlin Market walk about 10 meters, arrive at Guanlin Market take k81, after 9 stops, arrive at Longmen Grottoes walk about 100 meters, arrive at the end.
4, in Kaiyuan Avenue City Hall East Street Exit take 966 Road, after 6 stops, arrive at the high-speed rail Longmen Station walk about 10 meters, arrive at the high-speed rail Longmen Station boarding station take 71 Road, after 9 stops, arrive at the Longmen Grottoes walk about 40 meters, arrive at the end.
5, in Jinchengzhai Street, Kaiyuan Avenue, south of the mouth of the 94 road, after 15 stops, arrive at Longmen Avenue, Longmen North Bridge intersection walk about 650 meters, arrive at the end.
Visit Route
General Route:
West Mountain Grottoes---East Mountain Grottoes---Xiangshan Temple---Baiyuan West Mountain Grottoes: North Gate---Yuwang Pond---Qianxi Temple---Binyang Three Caves---Maoyi Three Buddha Shrines--Wanfo Cave--Lotus Cave---Fengxian Temple---Guyang Cave--Yaifang Cave--South Gate
East Mountain Grottoes :
South Gate --- Three Caves of the Drum Stage --- Gallery of Cultural Relics --- Niche of Thousand Hands and Thousand Eyes Goddess of Mercy --- Niche of Transformation of the Western Pure Land --- Temple of Viewing Scripture --- Two Lotus Caves --- Four Wild Goose Caves --- North Gate
Heungshan Temple:
South Steps Touring Path --- Lotus Pond --- Bell and Drum Towers --- Heavenly King's Hall --- Lohan Hall --- Stone Tower --- Hall of Nine Elderly People --- Viewing platform --- Daxiongbao Hall --- Qianlong Imperial Monument Pavilion --- Jiang Song Villa --- bell ringing (bell and drum tower viewing platform to take a picture) --- enter the White Garden through the back door via Dongshan Hotel
White Garden:
South gate into the South Poetry Gallery --- Pipa Peak --- North Poetry Gallery --- Tao Poetry Study Hall --- Paradise --- Green Valley --- Main gate
Recommended tours Items
(1) Qianxi Temple
The Qianxi Temple is the first big cave at the north end of Longmen West Mountain. It is more than nine meters high and wide, with a depth of nearly seven meters, and was built about 1,300 years ago at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. The roof of the cave is decorated with a large lotus flower in shallow carving. The main Buddha Amitabha Buddha sitting on the Sumeru platform, face cheeks full, chest bulging, clothing lines hanging diagonally in front of the seat, the body proportions of the various parts of the body, the look of wisdom, the whole gesture gives people a sense of calm and benevolent. The left side of the Lord Buddha is the eldest disciple, Gaya, and the right side is the youngest disciple, Ananda. Next to the two disciples are the Bodhisattva Guanyin and the Bodhisattva Mahasthamaprapta.
(2) Binyang Cave
Binyang Middle Cave is a representative cave of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The name "Binyang" means to welcome the birth of the sun. The three Binyang caves were excavated in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and were built by Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty for the merit of his father, Emperor Xiaowen. It started in 500 AD, took 24 years, with 800,000 2366 workers, after the palace coup and host Liu Teng died of illness and other reasons, the plan of the three caves (Binyang Cave, South Cave, North Cave) was completed only one that is Binyang Cave, the South Cave and the North Cave are to the early Tang Dynasty before the completion of the main statues.
(3) Guyang Cave
Guyang Cave in the southern section of Longmen Mountain, excavated in 493 A.D., Longmen Grottoes statues in the group of the earliest excavation, the most rich in Buddhist content, the highest calligraphy art of a cave. It is magnificent in scale and grandeur. The north wall of the cave is engraved with three words in regular script, "Guyang Cave". In the late Qing Dynasty, during the Guangxu period, Taoism emerged in the Longmen area. The Taoist priests saw that Guyang Cave had no owner and could not bear to see it deserted, so they changed the statue of Sakyamuni into the statue of Taoist Goddess Laojun. Because it is rumored that Laojun once practiced Taoism and made pills here, Guyang Cave is also called Laojun Cave.
Guyang Cave up to hundreds of large and small Buddhist niches, carving and decoration is very gorgeous, especially in the shape of the niche, niche lintel and niche design, colorful and varied.
Luoyang ten famous attractions
Luoyang ten famous attractions:
1, Longmen Grottoes
Longmen Grottoes is located in the city of Luoyang 12 kilometers south of the city, is one of China's three major grottoes with Datong Yungang Grottoes, Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave Grottoes, the national 5A scenic spot. Longmen is a place with beautiful scenery, where there are two green mountains facing each other in the east and west, and the Yishui River flows slowly northward. When you look at it from afar, it looks like a natural gate and queue, so it is called "Yi Que" in ancient times.
2, Xin'an Longtan Grand Canyon
Longtan Grand Canyon Scenic Area is located in Luoyang City, Xin'an County in the north, 60 kilometers away from Luoyang, Zhengzhou 180 kilometers, Lianhuo Expressway, 310 State Road, Longhai Railway across the county, the location of the superiority of the traffic is convenient. It is a national 5A level scenic spot, a national geopark, and the core scenic spot of Luoyang Demei Mountain World Geopark, a canyon scenic spot dominated by the typical red rock Roach Valley Group geomorphic landscape.
3, Luoyang Baiyun Mountain
Luoyang Baiyun Mountain is located in the hinterland of Mount Furniu in the south of Song County, Luoyang City, Henan Province, is a national forest park, a national nature reserve, a national AAAA-tourist scenic spot, China's top ten leisure resorts. The scenic area covers a total area of 168 square highway, and has now developed five major sightseeing areas of Baiyun Peak, Jade Emperor Peak, Jijiao Man (Little Huangshan), Nine Dragons Waterfalls and Primitive Forest, and five recreational areas of Baiyun Lake, Alpine Forest Oxygen Bar, Alpine Peony Garden, Liuhou Ancestral Hall, and Luhua Valley.
4, Laojun Mountain - Jiguan Cave Tourist Area
Jiguan Cave is known as "the first hole in the north". At the height of summer, Jiguan Mountain is covered with green brocade, full of verdure. When we climbed 318 stone steps, standing in the deep quiet Jiguan Cave, all sweat. And into the cave, the cool breeze coming from the face is refreshing, the summer heat suddenly eliminated. To be in the colorful, magnificent and magical stalactites world, has been quite chilly.
5, the old city of Luoyang
Luoyang old city is the Jin Aizong Zhengda first year (1224) in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Zengjian served as governor of Henan, the city built on top of the foundation of the reconstruction. The west wall of the city utilizes the old site of Tang East City. The west wall and the west end of the north wall were built by utilizing the old base of the northwest two walls of the east city. The old city circumference of nearly 9 miles, each side of a gate, east of Jianchunmen, west of Lijingmen, south of Changxiamen, north of Anximen, are heavy building construction.
6, Luoyang White Horse Temple
White Horse Temple is located in Henan Luoyang, 10 kilometers east of the city, in the Han Wei Luoyang old city of Yongmen 1.5 kilometers west of the ancient name of the Temple of the Diamond Cliffs, known as "China's first ancient temples," is the first government-run monasteries after the introduction of Buddhism to China. It was built in the 11th year of Emperor Mingdi Yongping's reign in the Eastern Han Dynasty (68 A.D.), with a history of nearly 2,000 years, and is a national AAAA scenic spot.
7, Muzaling
Muzaling Primitive Ecological Tourism Area is located in the southeast of Songxian County, Luoyang City, is a national AAAA scenic spot, the first primitive eco-tourism area in Henan Province, belonging to the Muzaling Furniushan National Nature Reserve, the world's geopark. By the nine collision ditch, the primitive forest, the official peak of the three excursion areas. It is 120 kilometers away from Luoyang, and the Zhengshi Expressway, National Highway 311 and Linmu Highway directly reach the scenic spot.
8, Shenling Zhai
Shenling Zhai scenic area is located 90 kilometers southwest of Luoyang, Luoning County, Xiongping Mountain, the northern slope of the three official temple forest field territory, 17 kilometers southeast of the county seat. The scenic area covers a total area of 53 square kilometers, with more than 3,000 kinds of plants, 300 kinds of animals, and more than 160 attractions mainly concentrated in the more than ten-kilometer Shenling Canyon with granite as the riverbed.
9, a thousand Tang Zhi Zhai
Thousand Tang Zhi Zhai is located in Xin'an County, Tiemen Town, is the late Nationalist insurgent general Mr. Zhang francium garden "sting hut" part. Built in the Republic of China 21-23 years (1932-1934), including 15 holes brick kiln, 3 patios and a corridor. Mr. Zhang Taiyan, the famous master of national education, named it and inscribed it in ancient seal script.
10, Luoyang China Lavender Manor
Luoyang China Lavender Manor is located on the east bank of the River Yi, south of Longmen Grottoes, east of the Erguang Expressway as the boundary, high-speed railroad avenue and the Hope Avenue, two avenues across the river from west to east through the manor. It is a large-scale creative sightseeing agricultural park integrating tourism, characteristic agriculture, vacation and health care functions.