I. Sentence Part
Review Points
1. Know what a sentence is, and understand the types of sentences in terms of tone and function.
2. Sentence expansion and contraction exercises.
3, recognize several common rhetorical devices.
4, recognize and modify common sick sentences.
5. Practice sentence transformation.
6, master the use of punctuation.
Knowledge Platform
(1) Sentences and Their Types
1. Recognize what a sentence is.
A sentence is a word or phrase that expresses a complete meaning and is composed of "who (what, where)" plus "do what (what, how)".
For example: In the bright classroom to learn knowledge seriously.
Recognizing sentences is very helpful for us to modify sick sentences, sentence transformation and so on.
2. Recognize the four types of sentences: declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.
Declarative sentences: sentences that tell someone something, with a period at the end. For example, I visited the Great Wall.
Question: a sentence that asks someone a question, with a question mark at the end. For example, why are the days gone forever?
Invocative sentence: to others to come to the request of the sentence, the end of the sentence is usually a period, sometimes with an exclamation point. For example, the oil depot is an important place, please do not smoke!
Exclamatory sentence: with happiness, surprise, disgust and other strong feelings of the sentence, the end of the sentence with an exclamation point. For example, how happy we are with our life!
(2) Changing Sentence Styles
Preparation Points
The same meaning can be expressed in many forms. Different styles of expression have different linguistic effects. To change the style of a sentence is to change one sentence into another, with the meaning remaining the same. The common ones are:
1, the interchange of put, be, and statement sentences;
2, the interchange of affirmative and double negative sentences;
3, the interchange of declarative, rhetorical, and exclamatory sentences;
4, the interchange of direct quotations and paraphrases.
Points to be Examined
1. Interchange of 把字句、被字句、陈述句.
"Put" sentence: a sentence type that uses the word "put" to refer to the action and object in front of the action with the word "put" in front of the action.
"Be": a passive sentence type in which the object that receives the action is mentioned in front of the person who performs the action, and the word "be" is added in front of the person who performs the action.
The "put", "be", and declarative sentences are closely related and can be interchanged, but the meaning cannot be changed.
Link Exam Questions
He held the old man's hand tightly. （
(Analyze)
When you change a sentence into a passive sentence, you add the word "be" after switching the position of the subject and the object, and when you change a sentence into a passive sentence, you add the word "be" after switching the position of the subject and the object, and when you change a sentence into a passive sentence, you can change the subject and object into a passive sentence by switching the subject and object, but the meaning cannot be changed. In the case of "put" sentence, if it is a "be" sentence, the subject and object are switched and the word "put" is added, if it is a declarative sentence, the word "put" is put before the object and the predicate is put at the end of the sentence.
(Answer)
He held the old man's hand tightly. (put sentence)
The old man's hand was held tightly by him. (be word sentence)
II. Interchange of Declarative, Rhetorical and Exclamatory Sentences
Rhetorical question is not a question to be asked to the other party and needs to be answered, but it emphasizes a certain question and expresses a certain kind of feeling in a cross-examining (pursuing) tone of voice. It is a special form of question, does not need to answer, the answer is in the sentence, the end of the sentence with a question mark; statement into an exclamatory sentence, generally add "how", "too", "really" and other words, the end of the sentence to add an exclamation. The end of the sentence should be added to the exclamation "ah", "ah", etc., will be changed from a period to an exclamation point.
Link Exam Questions
He is a good man.
(Analyze) change the declarative sentence into a rhetorical question, add "how", "is it", "what", etc., and at the end of the sentence add "? ", "what", and the period at the end of the sentence becomes a question mark. The question is an affirmative statement into a rhetorical question, to add a negative word, indicating the meaning of the negative; into an exclamatory sentence directly add the exclamation.
(Answer) Isn't he a good man?
He is really a good man!
Three, the affirmative sentence, double negative sentence interchange
A sentence with the negative plus negative form to express the affirmative meaning, emphasize the absolute fact, the tone is more firm and strong.
Link Exam Questions
I have to go to the library to read the book. (Variation of double negative)
(Analysis) The tone of a double negative sentence is a little heavier than that of an affirmative sentence, but the meaning of the sentence remains unchanged, by adding two negatives: "not ...... not" or "not ...... not", etc.
(Answer) I had to go to the library to read a book.
Four, direct quotations and paraphrases interchangeable
To change a direct narrative into an indirect one, you should pay attention to three things: firstly, change the punctuation; secondly, change the personal pronouns; and thirdly, look at the content of the sentence. Individual and small amounts of text in some sentences have to be altered without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Link to Exam Questions
Wang Liang said, "I want to care for the collective like Li Yong."
(Analysis) The question is to change the direct narration to paraphrase, then directly change the first person "I" to the third person "he".
(Answer)
Wang Liang said he wanted to care for the collective like Li Yong.
Special Breakthrough
I. Write sentences according to the appearance.
Example: This schoolbag belongs to Wang Qiang.
How can this bag not be Wang Qiang's?
No one can deny that this schoolbag is Wang Qiang's.
1.That bicycle is Xiao Li's.
2. This beautiful trench coat is Li Meng's.
2. Rewrite the sentences after the look.
Example 1: Honghong said to her mother with her head down, "I don't want leather shoes to wear."
Honghong said to her mother with her head down that she didn't want leather shoes to wear.
1.Lu Xun's reply to Yan Liming said, "If my letter is to be published and there is a place for it, I can agree to it."
2. The teacher told Xiao Ming, "Go to the brigade department and ask Mr. Zhao to get We Love Science."
3. The squadron leader told Zhang Ming, "I'll go to the meeting, you go to the competition by yourself."
4, Zhan Tianyou often encouraged the staff, "Our work should be precise first."
5, the old man always shook his head, took a long breath and said, "Ying'er, you're still young, you don't understand."
6. Lin Xiangru said, "I am willing to take the Heshi Bi to Qin."
Example 2: After class, the teacher called me to the office.
The class was over and the teacher called me to the office.
The class was over and I was called to the office by the teacher.
7. Difficulties did not frighten him.
8. Vanka put the letter in the postbox.
9. Nothing was hit and the net was torn.
10, The Five Heroes of Wolfsbane Mountain led the enemy to a desperate end.
11, Raging floodwaters broke the ancient dike.
3. Change the declarative sentence into a rhetorical question.
1. There is no difficulty that cannot be overcome in front of the Antarctic expedition members.
2. The force of a seed is the largest in the world.
3, In the sunlight, the edge of a piece of green pine shimmered with the silver skirts of birch, like the waves on the seashore.
4. The growing relationship between people and the mountains makes people feel close and comfortable.
5. I was educated after visiting the Great Wall.
6, Such an imposing and majestic project is a great miracle in the history of the world.
7, A human body cannot crawl out of a dog hole.
8, My heart, which stays in the blue sky of the motherland.
9. I could not help him when he was in trouble.
Three Revision of Sick Sentences
Preparation Points
Sentences that are faulty in content and structure are called sick sentences. Common sick sentences are:
Component mutilation; improper collocation; repetition and verbosity; reversal of the order of words; inconsistency; improper use of words; unclear reference; improper classification; irrationality; ambiguity and so on.
The Points to be Examined
1. First, find out the main body of the sentence and check whether the sentence is complete and whether the collocation is appropriate.
2. If there is nothing wrong with the main stem of the sentence, check whether the auxiliary components match the main stem appropriately.
3. Check whether the sentence is logical, whether the word order is reasonable, whether the reference is clear, and whether there are any logical errors.
4. If there is a definite error, start writing to revise it.
Link Exam Questions
(1) Studying the lesson "Two Poems of Revolutionary Martyrs" has given me a profound education.
(Analyze) The cause of this sentence is the mutilation of the constituents, the whole sentence is missing the active person, who learns this lesson? Who was educated?
(Answer)
Usage
Studying the lesson "Two Poems of the Revolutionary Martyrs" has given me a profound education.
(2) I visited such places of interest as the Great Wall of China, the Forbidden City Museum, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge.
(Analyze) The cause of this sentence is improper collocation. According to common sense, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is not a monument.
(Answer)
I visited such famous monuments as the Great Wall of China, the Forbidden City Museum, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and the Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang.
(3) Beijing in autumn is a charming season.
(Analyze) The cause of this sentence is the irrational order of words. The words "fall" and "Beijing" are not arranged according to the required meaning, making the meaning unclear.
(Answer)
Beijing in autumn is a charming season.
(4) All the students in the class are here, only Wang Juan is not.
(Analysis) The cause of this sentence is that it is self-contradictory, and "the whole class" includes Wang Juan. If all of them have arrived, how come Wang Juan didn't arrive?
(Answer)
All the students in the class were there except Wang Juan who didn't arrive.
(5) Seeing the great works left by Zhan Tianyou, many foreign tourists couldn't stop marveling.
(Analysis) The cause of this sentence is repetitive and verbose, "couldn't stop" means to keep on, and "marveled" means to keep on praising.
(Answer)
Seeing the great projects left by Zhan Tianyou, many foreign tourists couldn't stop praising them.
(6) As soon as I entered the garden, I could smell a fresh fragrance and the pleasant sound of birds chirping.
(Analyze) There is an anomaly in this sentence, how can you smell the sound?
(Answer)
As soon as I entered the garden, I smelled a fresh
and heard
the fragrance and the pleasant sound of birds chirping.
Attached: commonly used sick sentence modification symbols
1, delete symbols: , .
Such as: improve product output, quality.
2, add symbols: or ,
add
such as: must be strong safety education.
3, reserved symbols: ,
such as: to change the test education for quality education.
4, the opposite sign: .
Such as: seriously total experience.
5, change the symbol: .
Beautiful
eg: I have a beautiful dress.
Special breakthrough
Modify the following sick sentences, indicating the cause in parentheses. (Revise on the original sentence)
1. We have been repeatedly taught many times to study hard. ( )
2. Grandpa often remembers many past events. ( )
3. The author of the article "Serving the People" was written by Mao Zedong. ( )
4. Since the reform and opening up, the living standard of our people has been improving. ( )
5. Various kinds of vegetables, such as tomatoes, watermelons, lentils and eggplants, are grown in the vegetable garden. ( )
6. The students attending the meeting are basically all here. ( )
7. I've finished fifth grade and have one year left to graduate. ( )
8. A profound truth is illustrated from this ordinary trifle. ( )
9. The intoxicating scent of osmanthus floats in the street garden in spring. ( )
10, China's population is the largest in the world. ( )
11. A thunderstorm fell for a day and a night. ( )
12. I'm sure it might rain today. ( )
13. We must correct and scrutinize the mistakes in our homework. ( )
14. At the meeting, there was a flurry of opinions. ( )
15, Mr. Li's care is unforgettable for the rest of my life. ( )
16、I bravely rushed down the hill, and I couldn't help but feel a little scared. ( )
17、When everyone is hygienic, our health and diseases are guaranteed. ( )
18. The world's four great ancient civilizations are China. ( )
19. Looking at the statue of Grandma Deng, the students couldn't help but let out a cry. ( )
20. The two old and new societies are really a sharp contrast! ( )
(4) Expanding and Reducing Sentences
Preparation Points
Expanding a sentence is to expand a simple
sentence into a concrete, vivid sentence by adding words.
Reducing a sentence is to reduce a long, complex sentence by removing all or part of the additional components, leaving the main part.
The point
Expanding the sentence is to draw the main part of the sentence, find the main part of the main part of the sentence, you can specify where to add the modifying and limiting components, and think about what kind of expansion of the words, but also the main components of the sentence, you can ask yourself some questions. If you answer the questions, you are expanding the sentence.
Sentence contraction can be carried out in three steps:
1, first of all, the sentence is divided into "who", "do what" or "what", "how" two parts.
2. Find the main part of each part.
3. Finally, remove the modifying and limiting words and link the main words into complete sentences.
Link Exam Questions
1. Mom bought oranges. (Expanded)
(Analyze) The meaning of this sentence is not expressed concretely. If you add the modifying and limiting ingredients will be complete and clear. Method: First ask the question, whose mom? Where to buy oranges? What kind of oranges did she buy? Then fill in the appropriate words, which is the process of expanding the sentence.
(Reference Answer) Xiao Lin's mom bought a bag of yellow tangerines from the fruit store.
2. The song broke the silence. (Expand the sentence)
(Analyze) What kind of song? What kind of silence? Fill in the appropriate modifying and limiting words according to your own questions.
(Reference Answer)
The pleasant singing broke the silence of the wilderness at once.
3. I often think of my enlightened teachers with deep gratitude. （
(Analysis) According to the steps of sentence reduction, you can first divide the sentence into "who" and "what", then find the main words of each part, remove the modifying elements, and then connect the main words.
(Reference Answer)
I miss my enlightened teachers.
4. The honorable old scientist pondered the difficult question quietly.
(Analysis) According to the steps of contraction, asking the question "who does what" and answering it yourself is a contraction.
(Answer)
The old scientist pondered the question.
Special breakthroughs
I. Fill in the appropriate words to make the sentences more complete.
Example: He is a pioneer.
He is a (good) pioneer.
1. Premier Zhou listens to the report.
Premier Zhou ( ) listens to the report.
2. The garden moon hangs in the sky.
( ) There is a garden moon hanging in the sky.
3. The swallows swept across the lake.
The swallows ( ) swept across the lake.
4. The soldiers guarded the border.
() The soldiers ( ) guard ( ) the border.
2. Judge whether the following abbreviations are correct or not, hit "√" for the right ones and "╳" for the wrong ones.
1. "Isn't this a great wonder?" is abbreviated as "It is not a spectacle." ( )
2. "The main force of the Red Army crossed the heavenly danger of the Dadu River and marched to the forefront of the anti-Japanese resistance." The abbreviated sentence is "The main force went to the front line." ( )
3. "Tall, straight poplar trees lined up like a row of guards on both sides of the wide, straight highway." It can be abbreviated as "The aspens were lined up on the highway." ( )
4. "The picturesque landscape of Guilin attracts thousands of Chinese and foreign tourists." It can be abbreviated as "tourists sightseeing."
3. Expand the sentences.
1. The breeze blew the willows.
2. The moon rose.
3. The rainbows look like emeralds.
4. The tourists climbed the Great Wall.
5. The old man came out of the house.
6. Fog floated on the lake.
7. Time slipped away.
8. The little girl sold matches.
9. The birds sang.
4. Contractions.
1. Everyone received the guests from afar warmly.
2. She had many matches pocketed in her old apron.
3. We traced the movements of the poet Li Bai who visited the landscape and drank and sang here.
4. The fireworks made a wonderful pattern in the night sky.
5. There are as many childhood memories as there are stars in the sky.
6、We should try to explore the mysteries of nature.
7. The fisherman's wife, Sanna, sat by the fire mending a broken sail.
8、This is the first railroad line designed and constructed entirely by our engineers and technicians.
9, The midday sun shone hotly throughout the woods.
10, This is a Christmas gift from my mother, who is studying in a foreign country thousands of miles away.
11. The weather station announced that a cold front from Siberia was coming south.
12. Han Prime Minister Cao Cao was in his camp when he heard drums and shouts.
Five Rhetorical Devices
Preparation Points
Master the rhetorical devices such as simile, personification, prose, hyperbole, rhetorical question and questioning.
Test Preparation Points
To master the characteristics of several rhetorical devices:
1. Simile is to use concrete, superficial things that people can easily understand to give an analogy to abstract, esoteric things that people are rusty. A metaphorical sentence has the body and the metaphor and the metaphorical word.
2, anthropomorphism is to write things as people, give them human thoughts and feelings, and people will talk, have feelings.
3. Hyperbole is the intentional exaggeration or reduction of the thing to be described to make it more distinct and prominent.
4. A rhetorical question is the use of a question to express a stronger emotion than an affirmation.
5. A question is also known as a knowing question or a self-question.
6. Arranging three or more phrases and sentences that have the same or similar structure, the same tone, and closely related meanings is prose.
Link Exam Questions
1, *** The Communist Party is like the sun. (What rhetorical device)
(Analysis) "****production party" is the body, "sun" is the metaphor, "like" is a simile. This is a typical simile, comparing "****production party" to "the sun".
(Answer) Simile.
2. Millions of raindrops fell on the water as if a group of little girls were dancing a ballet. (What rhetorical device)
(Analyze) This sentence compares "raindrops" to "little girls", and they are also "dancing ballet", so it uses metaphor and simile. so it uses simile and personification.
(Answer) Metaphor and simile.
3. The faster the horse ran, the farther away it was from Chu, didn't it? (What rhetorical device)
(Analyze) Use the form of question sentence to express the affirmative meaning - the faster the horse runs the farther away from Chu.
(Answer) A rhetorical question.
4. Who presses the pulse of the sea accurately and promptly, making it beat along with the pace of the motherland's advance? It's them, the marine workers fighting in the marine stations. (What rhetorical device)
(Analysis) this sentence is to know, cause the reader to pay attention to and think, followed by an answer, so it is a question. In addition, the sea has no pulse, here the sea as a person to write, so the use of anthropomorphism.
(Answer) question, personification.
5. The Five Ridges curves and rises, and the Wumeng Pound walks in the mud. (What rhetorical device)
(Analysis) In this sentence, "Five Ridges" is intentionally said to be "fine waves" and "Five Ridges" is treated as "mudballs". (Analyze) In this sentence, we deliberately refer to the "Five Ridges" as "fine waves" and the "Five Ridges" as "mudballs", which is a rhetorical device of exaggeration. (Expanding, narrowing, and overtaking)
(Answer) Hyperbole
6. Our cadres should care for every soldier, and all the people in the revolutionary army should care for each other, love each other, and help each other.
(Analysis) This sentence uses three phrases with the same structure and closely related meanings, and there is a *** same prompt "each other", so it is a prose sentence.
(Answer) Platitudes
Specialized Breakthroughs
I. Complete the sentences.
1. The spring rain is as fine as ( ). (Simile)
2. The moon ( ) hides in the clouds. (Simile)
3. The blue sky and white clouds form ( ) (Simile)
4. The sorghum ( ) face and the rice ( ) waist. (Simile)
2. Judge, if it is a hyperbole, put "√" in parentheses, and if it is not, put "×" in parentheses.
1. Osmanthus blossomed and smelled for ten miles. ( )
2. Spring rain is as expensive as oil. ( )
3. The bus was so crowded that even a needle could not be inserted. ( )
4. In the field, the bugs played for him. ( )
5. The winter wind blew off the old crow's dwelling in anger. ( )
3. Write sentences as they are.
Example 1. In the empty garden, the burnt tree hung its head and bent over.
Example 2, The cormorants lined up neatly on the side of the ship like soldiers waiting for orders.
Example 3: The dangerous building is a hundred feet high, and you can pick the stars with your hands.
Four, determine whether the following sentences use rhetorical devices, if used, in parentheses indicate the type; not used in parentheses to cross "×".
1. If anything happens to us, you must not forget the little nightingale. ( )
2. The crowd was leaping for joy, and the grass was sticking its head out of the ground and smiling at the people. ( )
3. It was dark in the wilderness, and heaven and earth were so blended together that nothing could be seen. ( )
4. I seem to have seen you somewhere before. ( )
5. Is it not the truth that not even a flower can be raised without labor? ( )
6. Is he introducing the aspen? No, he is confessing himself. ( )
7. The clear stream shines with the shadow of the blue sky, the shadow of the colorful sunset, the shadow of the pine forest on the hill, and the shadow of the pedestrians coming and going. ( )
8. The river flows three thousand feet straight down, suspected to be the Milky Way falling into the nine heavens. ( )
6 Arranging Sentences
Preparation Points
Will arrange the wrong sentences into a coherent paragraph.The key to organizing the wrong sentences lies in analyzing the relationship between the sentences and determining what structure they should be arranged according to.
The test points
1, read the sentences to be arranged silently once or twice to see what the main meaning is.
2. Use the "method of elimination" to find the first sentence.
3. Read the rest of the sentences again and think about the order of writing and the relationship between the sentences. (The order of writing: chronological order, the development of things, location and space, etc.)
Link to the test question
Rearrange the following misarranged sentences in a certain order.
() 1. He thought, Who threw this away, how unhygienic.
() 2. She saw a white mass on the floor.
() 3. Suddenly, he saw a few young students cleaning the playground, learning from Lei Feng and striving for good deeds.
()4. After class, Xiao Li was playing in the playground.
()5. She turned back in a hurry, embarrassed, and picked up the clump of waste paper she had just seen.
()6. Thinking about it, she walked away as if nothing had happened.
()7. Walking over to it, it turned out to be a mass of white paper.
(Analysis) To answer this question, you should first read the sentences carefully to understand the general idea, think about the relationship between and the order of writing. After reading and analyzing, we know that the passage is set in the order of things. Generally speaking, in accordance with the order of events set in the article, should first explain the time and place, then we will determine which the fourth sentence for the first sentence. Then "he saw a white mass on the ground", what could it be? --"It turned out to be a piece of waste paper", and then things developed logically. After you've lined it up, read it again in the correct order, and if it's not correct, revise it.
(Answers) 4, 2, 7, 1, 6, 3, 5.
Special breakthroughs
I. Organize the following misplaced sentences into a coherent paragraph.
( ) 1. How many quiet late nights ah, the teacher is still under the lamp to prepare lessons and correct homework.
( )2. If I can achieve something in the future, then I would say that it is the teacher who has built a bridge to success for me with his body.
( )3. They are ordinary and commonplace, but they bear the heavy responsibility of nurturing the next generation.
( ) 4, that workbook on the strip of criticism, a red hook, not all cohesion of the teacher's heart and soul?
( )5. He is neither as famous as the famous scientists, nor as striking as the movie stars.
( ) 6, the teacher, you for us to selflessly dedicate everything.
( )7. Teachers send batches of students to various jobs while burning themselves like torches in the process of training them.
( ) 8, I praise the bridge, more praise our beloved teacher, the teacher is as simple as a bridge.
( )9. Teachers are as hardworking as bridges.
( )10. Teachers are as selfless as bridges.
II. Rearrange the following misplaced sentences in a certain order, put serial numbers in parentheses and indicate the basis.
( ) 1. Zhou Yu's troop ship followed.
( ) 2. Huang Gai faked his surrender to Cao Cao.
( ) 3. A day with an easterly wind was chosen as the time for the attack, and the ship was loaded with something to draw fire.
( ) 4. Zhou Yu leads his troops to chase them from behind.
( ) 5. Huang Gai ordered the fire to be lit when he approached Cao Cao's troopships, allowing the fireboats to rush into Cao Cao's camp.
Arrangement based on .