The first question: 1. The skin color is diverse. 2. Different postures. 3. Good character.
(Problem solving: The second paragraph talks about skin color and various gestures, and the third paragraph talks about the relationship between horse temperament and Mongolian national character, so it is well summarized. )
Second question: Horse is the right-hand man in nomadic life and production of Mongolian people and the representative of national vitality.
(Problem-solving: This is to examine the understanding of the central sentence, which is not difficult)
You need to know it in detail, and I don't know what it has to do with this reading question. I found some information for you. There are some words in the second document that I should correct. The main purpose of the Mani macro pole is to worship Sulud (Sulide) on both sides, not Luma Fengqi. However, it's right to say that Lumafengqi has the meaning of worshipping horses. Not all Manihong poles will have Lumafengqi, but Su Lide must have it. On the flag of Lumafengqi, it takes a whole day to recite the scriptures before printing the design of the horse, which is equivalent to the Han people's saying, please God. I am from Ordos, living in Wushenqi, the hometown of Sulide culture, so I know something.
information 1:
Mongolian people have an indissoluble bond with horses, and horses are involved in Mongolian life and emotional fields. Horses are the means of production, the companion of life, and the object of decoration, description and praise by Mongolians. For Mongolian nomadic society and its historical development, the important role of horses is irreplaceable.
Ma Zheng is talking about the politics and religion of raising horses, including the organization and management of horse domestication, grazing, breeding, use and market, and related systems and decrees. According to historical records, the Mongolian horse industry was quite developed from the end of 12th century to the beginning of 13th century. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty government, the Mongolians improved the management system of the horse industry and the measures for breeding protection. Since then, there have been institutions, regulations, taxes and so on to manage horses.
horses are the main exchange products of Mongolian trade. The daily necessities used in Mongolian life are mainly obtained through the exchange between the horse market and the mainland. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, there were fairs in Tianshan County, Shajingfu County and Jining County. At that time, Shangdu was a famous commercial city in the grassland, where businessmen from the Central Plains, Central Asia and Europe gathered to exchange metal utensils and daily necessities for livestock and animal products.
horses are often regarded as important sacrifices in Mongolian sacrificial activities. Every time Mongolians worship Aobao, the gods of mountains and rivers and ancestors, they must sacrifice horses. For example, in the activities of offering sacrifices to Genghis Khan, you must choose a yellow horse as a sacrifice to show your respect for him. Mongolians also often use horses for divination, and often judge the year, abundance and misfortune according to the shape of the liver of the killed horse. In addition, Mongolians often use horsehair, horsetail and horseteeth to predict the future.
Shenma, known as "Weng Zhou" horse in Mongolian, refers to Tianma. People regard Weng Zhouma as a god, and have a special pasture for it, and no one or animal can offend it. No riding, no servitude, no taming, no trading, no flogging, no cursing, no forwarding. When it is aging, it must be authorized by the government to find a replacement. Mongolians believe that God horse is given by heaven, and God sends God horse to manage the herd. Only with God horse management can the herd be peaceful.
Literature and art always reflect and copy reality. Praise for horses is one of the important contents of Mongolian congratulations. Whenever Nadam holds a horse race, praise is given to the horse that won the championship. Many words of praise for horses are made by touching the scene and improvising, and there is no strict and fixed format and words. On other occasions, it is inevitable to hold a horse praise ceremony. Praise ceremonies should be held for the horses that young Mongolian men and women rode when they got married, for the horses that the distinguished guests took part in various gatherings, for the horses that the guests took, for the pole horses that they rode when they harnessed horses, and for the newly-born foals.
In the vast and colorful Mongolian folk literature, horses are vividly described, while horses have extraordinary wisdom and divine power. The horse treads on the earth, and the dust is flying, and its power is like a thunderous force, which cannot be stopped. The images of horses in Mongolian epics are all magical. They can fly, change, speak, make suggestions for heroes, predict the prophet and help heroes, all of which show their divinity. In a sense, heroes and horses become an interdependent and complete unity. The harmony between man and horse even transcends the relationship between people.
Among Mongolian proverbs about livestock, there are the largest number of proverbs about horses, which reflect extensive and profound contents. Mongolian proverbs include "Mongolians have no horses, just like they have no hands and feet" and "A good horse starts from the colt and a good man starts from the young".
In the long-term production and life, Mongolian people have a thorough understanding of the habits, character and value of horses because they are particularly fond of horses, and have created many words to express horses and horses. There are many words about the age, sex, voice and movement of horses in Mongolian. There are many names of animals and plants, insects and celestial bodies in Mongolian vocabulary, all of which are related to horses. In fact, the vocabulary related to horses is higher than other animals in terms of richness, frequency of use and language permeability.
Mongolians are good at singing and dancing, and Mongolian folk songs are rich and colorful. Among them, there are thousands of folk songs related to horses. Through folk songs, they praise the merits of horses, the color of horses, the close relationship between horses and people, describe the speed and posture of horses, and thank them for their kindness to Mongols. Mongolian music also embodies the deep love for horses. Ma Touqin is known as the symbol of Mongolian music. The head of the piano is marked by a horse, the box is wrapped with horse skin, and the bowstring is made of horse mane and ponytail. Ma Touqin can play a horse's hiss, hum, sigh, lament and other sounds. Many movements in Mongolian dance are derived from or related to horses. The "horse-riding dance" and "horse-sacrificing dance", which are very popular in Mongolian areas, adopt "horse stance just look". Dancers imitate the horse's various postures and movements. The leg movements include prancing, tumbling left and right, pulling the horse back and turning over, etc., and the movements are light and slow, or galloping.
Data 2:
Mongolians are indeed commonly known as the people on horseback. They release horses, worship horses, train horses and ride horses. There is a Mongolian proverb: "Songs are wings, and horses are companions". The relationship between Mongolians and horses is a harmonious relationship, even a relationship of mutual help and friends. They think that horses are a kind of righteous animals, so they regard them as very noble. In the moving Mongolian folk songs, many of them praise horses, and there are many loose words and praises that also praise horses. The custom of worshipping horses can be fully reflected in the Mongolian epic "Jianger". There is also a very distinctive sign, because I have just returned from Erdos, and there is still a very old custom in Erdos, that is, they should set up a Manihong pole in front of a fixed residential house. This pole is actually two poles, and there is something like a fork on the two poles, which is called "Sulud". There is a horizontal rope between the two poles, and colorful flags are tied to this rope, and the image of a horse is printed on this flag, which is called "Luma Wind Flag". I think this is a powerful testimony of their worship of horses. This "Lumafengqi" is engraved with the image of a galloping and eager horse with its mane raised. According to my investigation, they will sacrifice the "Lumafengqi" on festivals, especially during the Mongolian New Year, because a small altar with a width of one meter is built in front of Manihong, and every family has it. On this altar, they can light incense, and in front of the altar, they can offer sacrifices to worship the "Luma Wind Flag". This is a symbol of their worship of horses.
I asked them, and they said that they would offer sacrifices during the Chinese New Year every year. In addition, if an old man died, they would lower the flag. In some areas, it was written in the literature that they would change it when giving birth, but they didn't say this in this survey. This shows that they worship and love horses as a symbol. Why do they worship and love horses so much? I think it has something to do with the long-standing beliefs of Mongolians, because Mongolians believed in Shamanism in ancient times, and their worship of heaven, that is, Tengger, was in a supreme position.
I think there is a process here. At first, they may worship the natural sky, including the worship of celestial bodies, such as the sun, the moon, the moon and the stars. Later, due to the ontological worship of heaven, it developed into the image of the gods they created, and this image of the gods later developed into 99 gods. It can be said that this is a very complicated and huge system of gods. And why do they worship heaven so much? It is because they think that the sky is the source of their happiness, and the gods are related to the reproduction of livestock and the fertility of people. So it is the source of happiness, so what does this deep-rooted worship of the gods have to do with horses? There is a long-standing legend in Mongolia, that is, there were no horses on the grassland in Mongolia and the green grassland at that time. As a result, a goddess in the sky felt very sorry when she saw it, saying that such a very intelligent animal, a very fast-running animal, was not given to humans, so she pulled out the hairpin from her hair, thus turning it into a herd of horses running on the green satin grassland. Therefore, in the Mongolian concept, the horse is a kind of deity given to people from heaven. Therefore, I think there is a certain relationship between Mongolian worship of horses and belief in gods.
In addition, a horse's head, like a walking stick, will appear on the shaman instrument held in Shamanism. Because there is a concept of soul in Shamanism, that is to say, a horse can be a tool to cross a person's soul from one world to another, as if one is a boat of soul. Therefore, I think that horses were worshipped in ancient Shamanism, and in fact, other ethnic groups also have this situation, such as Naxi. For example, in the famous Mongolian epic Genghis Khan, this horse is completely in the same position as man. Genghis Khan can talk to the horse, and the horse can leave the man, leave Genghis Khan, and then return to Genghis Khan. This is a relationship of equality and mutual assistance with man, and finally achieve mutual communication. Genghis Khan's steed complained about Genghis Khan's harshness at first, so he left Genghis Khan and finally returned to Genghis Khan. A relationship of equality and mutual assistance between man and horse has been established, which shows that Mongolians worship horses.
The horse enabled the Mongolians to gallop across the world, and the horse enabled the Mongolians to unify their interior. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was obtained immediately and won the glory of the world.