Mother
On Earth
The Tale of Makar Chudra
Old Woman of Izhegir
The Christmas Story
Ganawarov
On the Steppes
Mr. and Mrs. Orlov
The People of the Canglao
The People of the Canyon Falls
The Melody of Spring
The Bazaar of Gorteva
A Disturbing Book
The Family of the Aldamorovs
Life of Klim Shamkin
Gorky (1868-1936) - -full name: Maxim Gorky (Gorkey, Maksim)
Soviet writer. Formerly known as Alexei Maximovich Pishkov, he was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod to a family of carpenters, and died on June 18, 1936 in Moscow.
Representative work: "Mother"
It depicts the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, and portrays the touching images of ****productive party worker Pavel and revolutionary mother Nilovna, and is recognized as a brand-new, founding work of socialist realist literature in the history of world literature.
Literary Creation
1. Early Life and Creation
Gorky lost his father at the age of four, and from the age of eleven he worked independently to earn a living as an apprentice, a porter, and a baker. 1884 he was exiled to Kazan, and in the late 1880s and early 1890s he twice roamed all over Russia, learning about the people's situation; during this time he was arrested for participating in a secret revolutionary organization in 1889 and was still under the surveillance of the gendarmerie when released. 1892 was a year later, and he was arrested by the police for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. In 1892 he published his first novel, Makar Chudra, and soon began to work as an editor and reporter for local newspapers; in 1898 he published a two-volume collection of Essays and Short Stories, which became famous in Russian and European literature. He had only two years of schooling and was entirely self-taught.
Most of his early works were in the short story genre. Among them, "Makar Chudra", "The Maiden and the God of Death", "Izhegir's Wife" and "The Eagle's Song" are works that glorify heroes who aspire to the light and dedicate their lives for the benefit of the people by the strong contrast between darkness and light, with distinctive features of romanticism. Novels such as Cherkash, Konovalov and Because of Boredom and Boredom, on the other hand, focus on realistically and specifically depicting the hard life of the lower class people and expressing their anger towards reality, and artistically belong to realism. Included in the two-volume collection of short stories "The Reader" and the review article "Paul Weiland and Decadence", etc., also shows that the author from the beginning to emphasize the social role of literature and the distinctive anti-Decadence art position.
The two middle-aged novels "Foma Gordeev" and "Three People", completed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, focus on the theme of the young hero's quest for life through a broader picture of reality.
From 1900, Gorky took part in and presided over the work of the Knowledge Publishing House, and united a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia through the publication of the Knowledge series. 1901, he wrote a leaflet in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the Czarist government's suppression of student demonstrations and calling for the overthrow of the authoritarian system, and in the same year he published his prose poem Song of the Sea Swallows, which was full of revolutionary passion and was considered a In the same year, he published the prose poem "Song of Haiyan", which was full of revolutionary passion and was regarded as the "manifesto of the revolution".
Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which "The Little Citizen" exposed the contradictions between bourgeois conservatives and liberals, and portrayed the image of a living worker; "The Bottom" y criticized the idea of passive waiting for happiness, and one of the characters in the play declared, "The word "man" sounds so proud of itself." The Summer Vacationers, Children of the Sun and The Barbarians revealed the division of the Russian intelligentsia at that time and lashed those who abandoned their revolutionary ideals; at the beginning of the revolution in 1905, he was an eyewitness to the shooting of the petitioners by the tsarist government and wrote leaflets calling on the people to rise up and fight, and he also took an active part in the publication of the Social-Democratic Worker's New Life and Combat Newspapers and raised funds for the insurrectionists. At the same time, he actively participated in the publication of the Social Democratic Labor Party's "New Life" and "Battle" newspapers, and made great efforts to raise funds and weapons for the rebels. During this period, he also published a large number of political commentaries, including "Talking about the Habits of the Common People", in which he y analyzed the social roots and psychological characteristics of the habits of the common people and their harm to the revolutionary cause.
2. Life and Creation in the Middle Period
In early 1906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised funds for the party. In the same year, he wrote the play The Enemy and the novel Mother in the United States. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class which was not afraid of sacrifice through the fierce clash between the mass of workers in a factory and the factory owner face to face; the latter was based on the May Day march of the workers in Solmovo in 1902, and highlighted the image of Pavel who consciously fought for the cause of socialism, and his mother, Nilovna, who transformed herself into a resolute revolutionary warrior from a rebellious one under the education of the realities. Both works are permeated with a firm belief in historical progress, embodying the creative principle of expressing reality in the revolutionary development of reality, and are recognized as the founding works of socialist realism. During his stay in the United States, the writer also wrote the political treatise "My Visits" and the feature "In the United States", which exposed and attacked the capitalist system.
After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went from the United States to Italy in the fall of 1906 , settling on the island of Capri. During this time he worked almost exclusively for the Russian Revolution. Together with Lenin, he set up a school for training revolutionaries and propagandists, and received many special visitors. He received many letters from all over Russia, in which many told him of their hopes and sorrows, and he answered many of them.
During this time he had his first conflict with Lenin. Religion was very important to Gorky. Lenin saw this as a "deviation from Marxism". The immediate cause of this conflict was Gorky's little essay "Confessions", in which he tried to combine Christianity with Marxism. 1913 saw the resurgence of this conflict.
The 1913 amnesty for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty gave Gorky the opportunity to return to Russia.
Gorky's pessimistic view of the October Revolution of 1917 was the cause of his second major conflict with Lenin. Gorky agreed in principle with the social revolution, but he believed that the Russian nation was immature and that the masses needed to develop the necessary awareness to rise up from their misfortunes. He later said that he was "afraid that the dictatorship of the proletariat would disintegrate the only revolutionary force we had: the Bolshevik, politically trained workers. This disintegration would destroy the social revolution itself for a long time ......."
In the summer of 1921, he left the country to seek medical treatment for a recurring illness , and lived largely in Sorrento, Italy, until 1928. While recuperating from his illness, he tried his best to resist the extreme "left" and sectarian errors of some groups, such as Lapp, through letters and meetings with visitors, and did a great deal to train young writers and unite writers of different styles. He also worked hard on his creative work, publishing his memoirs "Lev Tolstoy" and his feature "Lenin", and completing his autobiographical trilogy "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University", which depicted the writer's journey from the bottom of the earth to the path of the revolution, and the journey of the laborer's search for the truth and the quest for the light. The novel depicts the changes of three generations of a family in a broad historical background from the reform of Russian serfdom in the mid-19th century to the October Revolution, and shows the inevitable decline of the bourgeoisie from a psychological and moral point of view.
Immediately after the revolution Gorky organized a series of associations to prevent what he feared would be the decline of science and culture. The "Committee for the Improvement of the Living Standards of Scholars" was set up to protect intellectuals who were particularly threatened by hunger, cold and political uncertainty. He organized a newspaper against Lenin's Pravda and against "lynchings" and "the poison of power", a magazine that was banned in 1918. The differences between Gorky and Lenin were so great that Lenin advised Gorky to go to a foreign sanatorium for treatment of his tuberculosis.
He spent from 1921 to 1924 in Berlin. He did not trust Lenin's successor and therefore did not return to Russia after Lenin's death. He intended to return to Italy, where the Fascist government agreed to his going to Sorrento after a period of hesitation. He stayed there until 1927, where he wrote Memories of Lenin, in which he referred to Lenin as his favorite person. In addition he was working on two of his longer novels.
On October 22, 1927 the Academy of Sciences of the USSR decided to award Gorky the title of Proletarian Writer for the 35th anniversary of the beginning of his writing. When he returned to the USSR shortly thereafter he received many honors: he was awarded the Order of Lenin and became a member of the Central Committee of the USSR ****production party. His 60th birthday was celebrated throughout the USSR and many units were named in his honor. His birthplace was renamed the city of Gorky.
Many of his works appropriate to socialist realism were proclaimed, others were silent. In particular, "Mother" (the only work in which Gorky's protagonist is a proletarian worker) became a model for Soviet literature.
During Gorky's last years he claimed that his past pessimism about the revolution was wrong, and he became Stalin's model writer. He traveled around the Soviet Union, expressing amazement at the advances made in recent years, the darker side of which he seemed not to notice. Most of the time he lived in a townhouse near Moscow and was under constant surveillance by KGB spies. He still tried to enlighten the masses and promote young writers.
Gorky died on June 18, 1936, of pneumonia.
Gorky's works were introduced to China from the early 20th century. Many of his novels, plays and treatises were not only translated into Chinese, but also published in single-volume and multi-volume editions of Gorky's Collected Works. His views on literary creation and literary theory had an important influence on the development of new literature in China after May Fourth.
Introduction of Gorky
Gorky (1868-1936) was a great proletarian writer and the founder of Soviet literature. His original name was Alexei Gorky. Maximovich? Pishkov, was born in 1868 in the city of Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky) on the Volga River in Russia. His father was a carpenter. After losing his father at an early age, he lived with his grandfather, who ran a small dye house, and at the age of eleven he began to earn his own living, spending his childhood and adolescence at the bottom of the old society. Gorky's extraordinary experiences in his early years are vividly described in his famous autobiographical trilogy. The sufferings of the human race and the bitterness of life sharpened his fighting spirit; he was diligent and self-educated in the midst of heavy labor. His experience and deep understanding of the painful life of the people at the bottom of society became the never-ending source of his creation. In 1892, Maxim Gorky (meaning the greatest of the greats) was named the author of the book "Gorky". Gorky (meaning the greatest pain), he published his debut novel, Makar Chudra. Chudra". Gorky's early works, the most famous romantic short story "Izhegir's Wife" and "Song of the Eagle", and the masterpiece "Cherkash", which depicts the life of a vagabond, were all published in 1895. 1899, Gorky completed his first full-length novel, "Foma", and "Gurdjieff". Gordeev". In 1901, Gorky was arrested for participating in a demonstration in Petersburg. The famous prose poem "The Petrels" was written after his participation in this demonstration, and with this heroic revolutionary diatribe he met the revolutionary storms of the proletariat in the 20th century. In the same year, he wrote his first play "The Little Citizen", whose outstanding achievement was to portray the first revolutionary proletarian (Neil the Revolutionary Worker) in the history of world literature. in 1902, he wrote the play "At the Bottom", which summarizes the author's 20 years of observation of the life of a vagabond, and is a masterpiece of Gorky's drama. During the years of high revolutionary situation in 1905 Gorky took part in the revolutionary movement as a fighter, and his house became one of the strongholds of the armed uprising in Moscow in 1905.In 1906 Gorky's finest masterpiece "Mother" was published. In the history of world literature, it was an epoch-making masterpiece that opened up a new historical period in proletarian literature. In the same year, he wrote the play "Enemy" in the United States, which was one of Gorky's best plays. 1906-1913, Gorky was persecuted by the tsarist government and lived in Italy as a political exile, and in the spring of 1907, he took part in the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (RSDLP) held in London. In the spring of 1907, he attended the Fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party in London, where he established a close relationship and deep friendship with Lenin, and between 1911 and 1913, he wrote a collection of stories called "Fairy Tales of Italy", and in 1913, he wrote the first book of his autobiographical trilogy, "Childhood". In 1913, Gorky returned to his homeland and took charge of the literary section of Pravda, engaging in cultural organization and literary activities. 1916, he published the second part of his autobiographical trilogy, On Earth, and the third part, My University, in 1922. After the victory of the October Revolution, in 1925 he published the long novel The Business of the Aldamonov Family. 1925-1936 wrote the long epic poem Krim? The Life of Samkin" was Gorky's last masterpiece, and this epic was one of Gorky's most outstanding artistic achievements. 1934, the first All-Soviet Writers' Congress was held under Gorky's presidency, and Gorky was elected as the chairman of the Writers' Association of the USSR.
Gorky was born in 1868 to a family of carpenters on the Volga River. Because of the early death of his parents, he went out to make a living at the age of ten and wandered around. He worked as an apprentice in a shoe store, washed dishes on a ship, carried goods on the docks, and carried work for rich peasants. He also worked as a railroad worker, a baker, a janitor and a gardener .......
In the starving and cold life, Gorky mastered the knowledge of European classical literature, philosophy and natural science through tenacious self-learning. Gorky, who had only attended elementary school for two years, published his first work at the age of 24, a short story, "Makar Chudra," which appeared in the Caucasian daily newspaper. The novel reflected the life of gypsies, with vivid plot twists and distinctive characters. The editor of the newspaper was so pleased with the contribution that he informed the author to come to the newspaper office. When the editor saw Gorky, he was amazed, he did not expect that the person who wrote such a brilliant work was a ragged tramp. The editor said to Gorky, "We have decided to publish your novel, but the manuscript should be signed." Gorky pondered for a moment and said, "Let's sign it like this: Maxim Gorky." In Russian, "Gorky" means "pain" and "Maxim" means "the greatest". Maxim" means "the greatest". From then on, he began his creative life under the pen name "The Greatest Pain", while his original name was Alexei Maximovich Pishikov.
The wandering life of his adolescence enabled Gorky to see and experience for himself the difficult life of the Russian toiling masses under the rule of the Tsar. Gorky was full of disgust and hatred for the corrupt old system. In his works, he attacked the darkness of the tsarist system and exposed the class exploitation and oppression of the capitalist society. His works were well received by the readers, but the tsarist government was so afraid of them that it had spied on, detained and arrested Gorky several times and exiled him. The repression not only did not make him yield, but also strengthened his will and determination to struggle.
In 1906, Gorky's masterpiece, the long novel Mother, was completed. It depicted the magnificent revolutionary struggle of the proletariat and portrayed the touching images of Bavel, a member of the workers' party, and Nilovna, the mother of the revolution. The novel greatly inspired the working masses and greatly alarmed the rulers of Tsarist Russia. The Mother is recognized as a brand-new, foundational work of socialist realism in the history of world literature.
Lenin, the revolutionary mentor, was Gorky's mentor and friend. Lenin constantly cared for and helped Gorky in his thought, work and life. Under Lenin's advice and encouragement, Gorky created a trilogy of autobiographies: "Childhood", "On Earth" and "My University". The autobiographical trilogy not only reflects the writer's own life experience and his arduous ideological search process before accepting Marxism, but also broadly summarizes the social life of Russia in the 1870s and 1880s, describes the tragic life and encounters of the working people, and praises their excellent qualities.
Gorky's last work was the long novel The Life of Kerim Samkin. Throughout his life, he produced a large number of works in various genres, leaving a great treasure for the proletarian literary treasury.
"Let the storm come harder!" In his prose poem "Song of the Petrels", Gorky compares revolutionaries to the petrels fighting against the storm. In fact, Gorky himself was a brave "petrel". He not only actively devoted himself to the revolutionary struggle of the proletariat, but also created a large number of works, such as Mother, Childhood and On Earth, etc., to support the revolution. He also created works for children such as "Italian Fairy Tales" and "Russian Fairy Tales".