In the early 1950s, various conventions were always posted on the walls of China's urban and rural areas, whether it was a unit or a family, which was a great sight. At that time, a vigorous patriotic congress movement was being carried out all over the country. This movement is the historical product of the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea. With the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the patriotic convention movement also completed its mission and withdrew from the historical stage. Nowadays, patriotic conventions have almost disappeared from people's reading field of vision, and there are not many works on the history of China and China, and there is no special discussion so far. So, how does the patriotic congress movement interpret its historical destiny? The author collected the literature in this field and sketched a text, trying to clarify its context.
With the development of the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea, the patriotic convention movement came into being.
Patriotic convention is the product of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, and it is a way for people to express their patriotic determination and patriotic actions. 1950101On October 26th, the China People's Committee to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and Defend World Peace (hereinafter referred to as "China People's General Association to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea") was established.
195 1 On February 2nd, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Instructions on Further Developing the Patriotic Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea", carrying out nationwide education to despise, despise and hate U.S. imperialism, and improving national self-confidence and self-esteem, and proposing that the patriotic movement should focus on three things: initiating the conclusion of patriotic conventions, comforting Chinese people's Volunteer Army and the Korean People's Army, and striving for a comprehensive and just peace treaty with Japan.
On March 8 of the same year, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions issued the "Instructions on Further Carrying out Patriotism Education to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and Preparing for the National Demonstration on May 1 this year". The directive calls for extensive and in-depth education on patriotic current affairs to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, and strive to achieve four goals: concluding patriotic conventions, preparing for this year's "May 1" demonstration as soon as possible, and consolidating and expanding patriotic labor competitions.
On March 30th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Campaign to Popularize Patriotic Conventions". The editorial pointed out that it is a good way to consolidate the achievements of the patriotic movement to carry out propaganda activities on patriotic conventions. At present, this campaign is being carried out in major cities, some small and medium-sized cities and some villages in China. The publication of the editorial promoted the development of the national patriotic congress movement.
On April 1 day, China People's General Association issued a notice that "all localities should establish branches to resist US aggression and aid Korea". The circular said that all cities and counties should set up branches to resist US aggression and aid Korea, so that people from all over the country can participate in the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea. Representatives of democratic parties, people's organizations and other patriotic Democrats should be absorbed in the leading organs of local branches. The establishment of branches to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea throughout the country and the democratization and popularization of members of leading bodies have promoted the in-depth development of the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea.
1 951June1day, in order to further improve people's political consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm, solve some economic difficulties and further develop the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, "China People's General Association to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea" issued the "Call on Carrying out Patriotic Conventions, Donating Aircraft and Artillery, and Giving Preferential Treatment to Martyrs' Families" (referred to as "June 1 Call"), calling on the whole country. It requires the people of the whole country to master and make full use of this form to further promote production, work and study and other revolutionary struggles and construction undertakings; It is suggested that all walks of life, factories, enterprises, institutions, schools, streets and rural areas throughout the country should formulate specific patriotic conventions around the movement to resist US aggression and aid Korea. It is also suggested that a contest to realize the patriotic convention should be held among contractors with similar nature, and the results of this patriotic contest should be generally checked on June 5438+0952 and June 5438+0 to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages and reward modes, so as to ensure that the convention concluded by everyone can be successfully realized. At the same time, it also issued a call to carry out a campaign to increase production, donate arms, and give preferential treatment to martyrs and disabled soldiers, demanding that patriotic production increase, arms donation, and special care be included in patriotic conventions of various units, which became its important content.
After the "June 1 Call" was issued, the people of the whole country responded positively and took immediate action. Factories, rural areas, institutions, schools, streets, and social organizations such as the Communist Youth League, trade unions, youth federations, women's federations, student unions, relief societies, the Red Cross, and religious groups have all put forward specific requirements and measures to implement the call in light of their actual conditions. In this way, a huge patriotic congress movement spread all over the country.
All units and systems have formulated feasible contents and measures of patriotic conventions in light of their own reality.
The contents of the patriotic convention are generally composed of two parts: one part is the contents of the patriotic convention, including expressing the people's love for the China Communist Party, Chairman Mao Zedong, the people's government and the people's army, supporting the volunteers' actions to resist US aggression and aid Korea, and supporting the people's government to suppress counter-revolutionaries; The other part is to formulate more feasible contents and measures according to the specific conditions of the unit and the system, combined with the political level and work nature of the unit. For example, when many workers concluded the patriotic convention, they said, "We have what our motherland wants, and we can defeat the American devils by joint action"; Many students wrote in the patriotic convention that "learn skills well, exercise, and respond to the call of the motherland at any time"; Farmers promised to increase production, get more food and support the front line; The medical profession says to do a good job in health work to ensure people's health; Religious circles promised to sever ties with imperialism, conclude a declaration of innovation and help the people's government suppress counter-revolutionaries; The main contents of the convention concluded by the industrial and commercial circles are to support the government's policies and decrees, abide by them, increase production and save money, pay taxes enthusiastically and buy and sell fairly.
When the donation movement flourished, people revised the patriotic convention one after another and listed the specific donation plan for increasing production as an important content of the convention. First, increase production and save money to support the front line. One of the basic contents of the patriotic convention is to carry out labor competition activities with patriotism as the content of increasing production and saving. In the movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, the national patriotic competition for increasing production of industrial enterprises and the patriotic competition for increasing production in rural areas were in full swing; At the same time, factories, institutions and schools launched the "movement against the three evils", practiced economy and opposed corruption, waste and bureaucracy. Second, donate weapons to support the front. In the campaign to implement the patriotic convention, the masses poured patriotic feelings and donated aircraft and cannons to severely crack down on the aggressors. At that time, those who have money will pay and those who have no money will pay, and no one will fall behind. Third, support the army and government. 1950 12.22 The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Central People's Government and the General Political Department of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission issued the "Instructions on Launching the Movement of Supporting the Government, Caring for the People and Supporting the Servicemen", and at the same time promulgated five special care regulations. In order to implement the special care work, governments at all levels, factories and mines, schools, commercial banks, agricultural cooperatives, mutual aid groups, etc. , all the preferential treatment for soldiers included in the patriotic convention, concluded a "family first, after yourself" convention. For example, the Sujiatun District Government of Shenyang City, Liaoning Province sends rice, noodles and pork to the families of military martyrs every New Year's Day, and also organizes yangko teams to beat gongs and drums, sing and dance, and send glorious lanterns and hang glorious plaques to the families of military martyrs; Give relief to the families of martyrs who have difficulties in life and let them live and work in peace and contentment. In rural areas, special care committees have been generally established, and the committees and village heads are jointly responsible for contracted farming of military families and martyrs to solve the difficulties caused by insufficient labor force in production.
The donation movement promoted the patriotic convention movement, and at the same time, the in-depth patriotic convention movement provided a guarantee for increasing donations. By the end of 195 1, most rural areas, streets, factories, industries, mutual aid groups, production groups, families, etc. Donation plans for units and individuals to increase production and income and save expenses have been generally formulated throughout the country, and this has been regarded as one of the central contents of the patriotic convention. For example, Tianjin county firmly grasped the principle of combining patriotic donation with increasing production and income when discussing the formulation of patriotic conventions. In the donation activities, workers' representatives proposed to improve production skills, set a new record, increase two working days per person per month, and donate part or all of their wages and bonuses to support volunteers. The farmers' representatives suggested that the patriotic high-yield campaign should be further carried out, with an increase of 15 kg of grain per mu in the garden, 150 kg of rice per mu in the paddy field and 20 kg of grain per mu in the dry land, and the increased part should be donated to buy planes and cannons.
However, due to the lack of local cadres' understanding of the significance of patriotic conventions, there are also many problems in the organization and leadership of patriotic conventions in various places. Many patriotic congresses are a mere formality, and even cadres are arranged to take their place. For example, in the sixth village of Yangxi Town, Outang District, Wuxi, inspected by the leaders of Wuxi County Party Committee, 9 households in this village 120 did not subscribe to the Patriotic Convention, 6 1 household subscribed on behalf of cadres, 30 households held a family meeting to discuss the reservation, and 30 households arranged subscriptions on their parents' side, which was very empty. The most typical one is the convention of the township government, which even lists "stand at attention when raising the national flag".
In order to implement the patriotic convention and overcome and correct the unhealthy trend of concluding the convention, local party committees and the "branch to resist US aggression and aid Korea" inspected and revised the local patriotic convention movement, which enabled the patriotic convention movement to develop healthily. For example, the Party Committee in southern Jiangsu Province demanded that "we should pay close attention to the inspection of the movement to conclude patriotic conventions" and "we should pay special attention to summing up and popularizing good models in order to improve universality, promote backwardness and overcome some existing biases". They also summarized four ways to conclude the convention: fully carry out patriotic education before signing the convention; Let the masses fully engage in democratic discussions at an appropriate time; The contents of the order should be practical, simple and feasible; After the production is completed, it should be inspected on schedule.
People donated money and materials in succession, which effectively supported the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
The patriotic convention is an anti-imperialist and patriotic struggle program and action plan formulated by the people for themselves. The development of the movement is conducive to transforming people's patriotic enthusiasm into patriotic actions, promoting the development of various ethnic work, and especially strongly supporting the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.
The "China People's General Association to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" initiated the "June 1 Call" to conclude a patriotic convention. After donating planes and cannons, all sectors of society took active actions and donated money enthusiastically, which merged into a great patriotic torrent.
Chen Chusheng, an employee of Xiangtan Bristle Company, donated 40% of his salary for a long time, and also donated 500,000 yuan (lucky money, the same below) saved by his marriage. Workers of Beijing Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant donated "Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant" 1 fighter by working overtime, collecting scrap iron, donating bonuses and increasing production. Donation from workers of the third branch of Tianjin Wharf Trade Union130,000 yuan. Workers of Yumen Oil Mine in Gansu donated "Oil Worker" fighter 1 fighter with the income from increasing production.
The cotton farmers in Jianyang County, Sichuan Province donated the cash of two "cotton farmers" fighters within two months. Song Chuanyi, a martyr model in Anton City, Liaoning Province, donated all the money for growing vegetables and digging wild vegetables, becoming a well-known "patriotic old man". Li Shunda, a national model worker, and his mutual aid group proposed to donate the "China Farmer" plane to Shanxi farmers. Tan Chuyun, an old man from Shaoshan, Xiangtan County, Hunan Province, put the money he saved by carrying water every day into the "Gold Collection Tube to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" and invested in buying aircraft cannons.
Students from the primary school affiliated to Cangxian Normal School in Hebei Province organized waist drum teams and yangko teams to publicize patriotic donations. Students from Liu Zhuang Primary School in Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province donated the candy money they had saved. They sang: "Uncle Volunteers flies airplanes and uncle Volunteers flies cannons. In order to destroy the American invaders, they don't eat candy and donate airplanes."
People in the literary and art circles also joined the ranks of donations. Chang Xiangyu, a famous actor of Henan Opera, led Yu Xiang Drama Club to perform in various places, and donated 1 Chang Xiangyu fighter with all the performance income and his own savings. Four theatrical troupes in Cangxian County, Hebei Province rushed out a new drama about patriotic donation, performed jointly for two days, and donated all the income of more than 4 million yuan to the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles for the purchase of the "Lu Xun" special plane. Jing yuan and Kong Jue from the Script Creation Institute of the Central Film Bureau donated RMB100000 for the purchase of the "Luxun" aircraft. Writers Ding Ling and Zhou Libo donated120,000 yuan and two gold rings. Writer Liu Xiang donated 2 million yuan.
The All-China Women's Federation also issued the "Decision in Response to the Three Patriotic Calls of the General Assembly to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" in time, calling on women all over the country to make persistent efforts, carry out the patriotic convention campaign in depth, increase production and income, actively donate weapons, and strive to achieve the glorious goal of donating the "Woman" plane to the motherland. Soong Ching Ling, together with women from all walks of life in Tianjin, raised money for donating the "Tianjin Women" plane. More than 60 directors of various industries and managers of joint ventures of Luzhou Industrial and Commercial Preparatory Committee of Sichuan Province donated RMB103,000.
1951August, only two months after the "June 1 Call" was issued, the whole country donated money to buy more than 2,200 aircraft. By May 1952, RMB 5.5 trillion will be donated to buy 37 10 fighter planes. This donation has greatly improved Chinese people's Volunteer Army's weapons and equipment, enhanced its combat capability and dealt a more effective blow to the American aggressors.
195 1 10 In June, Mao Zedong issued the call of "increasing production and saving to support Chinese people's Volunteer Army", and the Central People's Government issued the instruction of "launching a patriotic competition to increase production". "China People's General Association to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea" put forward the slogan of increasing production and income while issuing the notice of donating aircraft and artillery and publicizing the patriotic convention, and the increase in income is a donation. In many places, patriotic congresses, labor competitions and campaigns to increase production and save money have been combined, and people have been called on to carry out labor competitions, and a large number of model workers have emerged.
Ma Hengchang, a worker of Qiqihar No.2 Machine Tool Plant, organized three groups of adjacent workshops to make use of collective wisdom to carry out technological innovation, increase output and challenge workers all over the country. Meng Tai, a worker of Anshan Iron and Steel Company, was named "National Special Model Worker" in the campaign of increasing production and saving money. Hao Jianxiu, a 0/7-year-old female worker from Qingdao Cotton Mill, created an advanced working method which was popularized in the national textile industry. According to incomplete statistics, in terms of industry, in the first quarter of195/kloc-0, there were more than 2,800 factories and mines in China to carry out labor competitions, and more than 2 million employees participated in the competitions. Many people say: after signing the patriotic convention, you should think about whether it is a patriotic convention or not; As soon as I heard the call of the country, I thought of my responsibility. There are more than 2.2 million agricultural cooperative organizations and many individual farmers in China, and they have launched patriotic competitions to increase production. After Li Shunda, a famous model worker in Shanxi Province, and the mutual aid group he led issued a patriotic challenge to increase production throughout the country, more than 6,543.8+0.2 million mutual aid groups and more than 2,700 agricultural model workers actively responded to the challenge.
In the campaign of increasing production and saving, from the second half of195/kloc-0 to the end of 1952, only the northeast region increased production, saving the country the wealth equivalent to 27.377 million tons of grain. 1953, North China, East China and Northwest China increased production, saving wealth for the country 15 trillion yuan.
The movement to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, with the main contents of concluding patriotic conventions, donating money for education, increasing production and saving, has played an important role in strengthening China's national defense, increasing industrial and agricultural production, maintaining price stability and improving work efficiency. Especially during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, the people of the whole country provided more than 5.6 million tons of war materials to the Korean front, and huge material support laid a solid material foundation for the victory of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.