It is an objective fact that nuclear radiation, or radioactivity as it is commonly called, has existed in all substances for hundreds of millions of years.
This is a normal phenomenon. Nuclear radiation is the change of nucleus from one structure or one energy state to another.
The microscopic particle flow released in the process of state. Nuclear radiation can ionize or excite substances, so it is called ionizing radiation.
Ionizing radiation is divided into direct ionizing radiation and indirect ionizing radiation. Direct ionizing radiation includes charged particles such as protons. The space between/between/between/rooms.
Ionizing radiation includes photons, neutrons and other uncharged particles.
In radiation medicine and human radiation protection, the unit of radiation dose has many measurement methods and units. Relatively complete
The measurement model is "equivalent dose", that is, the amount of radiation reflecting the biological effects caused by various rays or particles being absorbed.
Its international standard unit is "sievert", which is defined as 1 joule per kilogram of human tissue, that is, 1 sievert.
Excessive radiation may cause fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, skin redness, ulcers, bleeding, hair loss and white blood cells.
Illness, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. Sometimes, it will increase the incidence of cancer, distortion and hereditary diseases and affect the health of generations. one
Generally speaking, the more radiation energy the body receives, the more serious the symptoms of radiation sickness, and the greater the risk of cancer and teratogenesis.
According to the standards formulated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the total radiation risk is 0.0 165/ sievert, that is, every human body.
The risk of cancer will increase by 0.0 1 65 after receiving the radiation dose of1sievert. Seaver is a very large unit, so it is usually used.
Millisieverts, microsieverts. 1 millisieverts = 1000 microsieverts. According to China nuclear power safety expert Yu Zusheng, according to China's standards,
Each person should receive less than 2.7 millisieverts of radiation each year. In fact, if the human body is exposed to radiation below 100 millisieverts in a short time,
It won't affect. If the radiation dose exceeds 4000 millisieverts, it may be fatal.
The harm of nuclear radiation to human health;
Effects of different microsievert radiation on human body
For people who are not exposed to radioactive work in their daily work, the normal natural radiation (mainly radon radiation in the air) is 1000-2000 microsieverts per year.
Radiation below 100 microsieverts has no effect on human body.
The dose of 1000-2000 microsieverts may cause mild acute radiation sickness, which can be cured.
The radiation of Fukushima nuclear power plant is 10 15 microsieverts per hour, which is equivalent to one person receiving 10 X-ray examinations.
In daily life, we fly 10 hour, which is equivalent to receiving 30 microsieverts of radiation.
The maximum annual radiation dose of radiation-related workers is 50000 microsieverts.
It can be fatal to bear 4000 millisieverts at a time.
Note: SIV is used to measure the radiation damage to biological tissues, and the absorption per kilogram of human tissues is 1 joule, that is, 1 SIV. Siver is a very large unit, so millisieverts and microsieverts are usually used. 1 millisieverts = 1000 microsieverts.
Mechanism of radiation injury: There are two types of cells in human body: somatic cells and germ cells, and their sensitivity to ionizing radiation and the effects after injury are different. The damage of ionizing radiation to the body is essentially the inactivation of cells. When the inactivated cells reach a certain number, the damage of somatic cells will lead to diseases of human organs and tissues, which may eventually lead to human death. Once somatic cells die, the damaged cells disappear and will not be transferred to the next generation. Under the influence of ionizing radiation or other external factors, gene mutation can occur. When the DNA in germ cells is damaged, the offspring will inherit the genes changed by the mother, resulting in defective offspring. Therefore, the human body must avoid large doses of radiation.
What kind of radiation is leaking?
It is reported that radioactive isotopes of cesium and iodine have been detected near the nuclear power plant. Experts believe that it is natural for radioactive isotopes of nitrogen and argon to leak out. At present, there are no obvious signs of uranium or plutonium leakage.
What are the "immediate" effects on human health after receiving radiation?
Radioactive iodine is harmful to young people living near nuclear power plants. 1986 Some thyroid cancer patients were related to it after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Radioactive cesium, uranium and plutonium are harmful to human body and are not targeted at specific organs. Radioactive nitrogen will decay rapidly after a few seconds, and radioactive argon is harmless to the body.
-Exposure to moderate radiation can lead to radiation sickness. It has a series of symptoms:
Within a few hours of receiving radiation, people will have nausea and vomiting, and then they may have diarrhea, headache and fever.
After the initial symptoms appear, the human body may not show any symptoms for a period of time, but often within a few weeks, new and more serious symptoms will appear.
-If you receive high-level radiation, all the above symptoms may appear immediately, accompanied by systemic or even fatal organ damage.
The degree of health damage depends on exposure time and radiation intensity.
Ionizing radiation is produced by the decay of radioactive materials. It can destroy the chemical bonds between molecules and atoms in human tissues, which may have a serious impact on the important biochemical structure and function of human body.
Our body will try to repair these injuries, but sometimes the injuries are too serious or involve too many tissues and organs that need to be repaired.
And the body is likely to make mistakes in the process of natural repair. The most vulnerable body parts include gastrointestinal epithelial cells and bone marrow cells that produce blood cells.
What kind of "long-term" health damage is most likely to be caused by radiation?
The biggest long-term health risk is cancer. Usually, when somatic cells are damaged or aged to a certain extent, they will eliminate themselves. When this self-elimination ability disappears, cells gain "eternal life" and can divide uncontrollably and evolve into cancer.
Our body has many mechanisms to prevent cells from becoming cancerous and replace damaged tissues. However, the damage caused by radiation will seriously disturb these mechanisms in the body, thus greatly increasing the risk of cancer. In addition, if the body can't repair the damage caused by radiation and the change of chemical bonds, our genes may mutate. These mutations not only increase their own cancer risk, but also may be inherited, so that the role of radiation appears in future generations. These effects include slight head and brain developmental defects, eye developmental defects, slow growth and serious cognitive learning defects.
Children are particularly vulnerable to radiation.
Because children grow up quickly, there are many more cells in the body that are in the stage of division, so the possibility of radiation causing mistakes and injuries is much greater. 1986 after the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine, the world health organization found that the risk of thyroid cancer among children nearby increased significantly. This is because the radioactive substance in the leakage incident contains a lot of radioactive iodine, and the iodine content in the thyroid gland is particularly high.
How long will radioactive pollution last?
Radioactive iodine decays quickly, and most of it will disappear within one month. Radioactive cesium will not last long in the body, and most of it will be discharged within one year; But it will remain in the environment and may bring long-term risks.
Encounter nuclear radiation "internal and external repair"
In the event of a nuclear accident or radiation accident, especially when radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, the general protection principle is "paying equal attention to internal and external prevention":
A, external irradiation 1 protection principle, as far as possible to shorten the irradiation time; 2. Stay as far away from radioactive sources as possible; 3. Pay attention to shielding, and use lead plate, steel plate or wall to block or reduce the irradiation intensity.
Specific measures: When radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere to form dust, they should enter the building in time, close the doors and windows and ventilation system, and avoid hidden parts such as doors and windows with poor shielding.
Second, the protection principle of internal irradiation is to avoid intake, reduce absorption, increase excretion, and avoid staying in polluted areas. Eliminate pollution and reduce the chances of people being polluted.
Specific measures: If radioactive iodine is released from a nuclear accident, stable iodine tablets should be taken as soon as possible under the guidance of a doctor. The recommended dose for adults is 100 mg iodine, and children and infants should be reduced appropriately. Use with caution those who are allergic to iodine or have a history of thyroid.
Stay away from nuclear radiation detailed operation guide:
1. When entering an area where the air is seriously polluted by radioactive substances, the five senses should be strictly guarded. For example, cover your nose and mouth with handkerchiefs, towels and cloth to reduce the inhalation of radioactive substances.
Wearing hats, headscarves, glasses, raincoats, gloves and boots will help to reduce the radioactive pollution on the body surface.
3. Pay special attention not to eat polluted water, food, etc.
4. If the accident is serious and residents need to evacuate from the polluted area, they should obey the orders of the relevant departments and evacuate to a safe place in an organized and orderly manner. Personnel evacuated from polluted areas should take off contaminated clothes, shoes, hats, etc. Used for storage, monitoring and processing.
5. The best way to clean up the people who have been or are suspected of being contaminated by radioactivity is to take a bath.
What is the principle of iodine tablets? If the body has enough iodine, it will not absorb more iodine from the atmosphere. These pills fill your body with non-radioactive iodine so that you can avoid absorbing radioactive iodine isotopes.
Compatriots in central and northern China (especially in coastal cities), in order to prevent nuclear radiation, it is best to wear masks, long clothes, take a bath every day and eat more iodine-containing food when going out in the next two or three months! Try not to touch the seawater too much, and don't eat seafood with desalinated seawater. Drinks: Drink more green tea and honey water. Eat more carrots, bean sprouts, tomatoes, kelp and Chinese cabbage. Meat: Eat more lean meat and animal liver.
Nuclear radiation, or radioactivity as it is commonly known, exists in all substances, which is an objective fact and a normal phenomenon that has existed for hundreds of millions of years. Nuclear radiation is a stream of microscopic particles released by the nucleus in the process of changing from one structure or one energy state to another. Nuclear radiation can ionize or excite substances, so it is called ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is divided into direct ionizing radiation and indirect ionizing radiation. Direct ionizing radiation includes charged particles such as protons. Indirect ionizing radiation includes photons, neutrons and other uncharged particles.
The nuclear radiation of nuclear power plant is mainly composed of three kinds of rays: alpha ray is helium nucleus and beta ray is electron. These two kinds of rays have a close influence because of their low penetrating power. As long as the radioactive source does not enter the body, the impact will not be too great.
Gamma rays have strong penetrating power and are short-wavelength electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic wave is a very common radiation, and its influence on human body is mainly determined by power (related to field strength) and frequency. Radio waves used for communication are low-frequency electromagnetic waves. If arranged from low frequency to high frequency (from long wave to short wave), electromagnetic waves can be divided into: long wave, medium wave, short wave, ultrashort wave, microwave, far infrared ray, infrared ray, visible light, ultraviolet ray, X ray and gamma ray. Taking visible light as the boundary, electromagnetic waves with frequencies lower than (longer than) visible light mainly have thermal effects on human body, while rays with frequencies higher than visible light mainly have chemical effects on human body.
Several points to be paid attention to in preventing nuclear radiation
This disaster in Japan, in addition to the earthquake and tsunami, the radiation problem caused by the nuclear reactor accident also needs to be solved urgently. How to prevent radiation and how to reduce the impact of long-term asylum on health are summarized as follows.
If radioactive material leaks from nuclear facilities, how to minimize the radiation level?
First of all, we must know that it is important to do the following three things to protect our bodies from radiation.
(1) Shields the radiation (2) away from the radiation source (3) to reduce the irradiation time.
If asked to hide indoors, in order to prevent the outside air containing radioactive substances from entering the room, close the doors and windows, turn off the air conditioner and ventilator.
When you need to go out for refuge, you should pay attention to prevent "internal radiation"-that is, radioactive substances will penetrate into the body from nose, mouth, skin wounds and other places. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel, and it is best to wear tight clothes and pants to avoid exposing your skin.
In addition, please pay attention to the wind direction. Pay attention to the downwind as far as possible.
Pay attention to entering the house from the outside. There may be radioactive substances on the clothes. Don't bring contaminated clothes indoors, take them off at the door, quickly put them into plastic bags and tie them tightly.
Iodine is a radioactive substance, which easily accumulates in the thyroid gland after entering the body, especially causing thyroid cancer in children. Drugs (iodine stabilizers) that prevent iodine from infiltrating into thyroid gland also have side effects, so they should follow the guidance of disaster countermeasures headquarters when taking them.
If it is confirmed that you have received a certain degree of radiation, you should generally take off your clothes and wipe your body with a wet cloth to prevent radioactive substances from spreading around.
Also, if radioactive substances have entered the body, drugs can be taken to promote their excretion.
Postscript: If the situation is serious, it may affect our country. Please remember the two magic weapons against radiation-kelp and green tea. Eating more and drinking more is beneficial and harmless!
Self-protection measures that ordinary people can do:
1, take shielding measures. Adding a shielding layer thick enough between the human body and the radiation source can reduce the external radiation dose. The main materials are lead, reinforced concrete and water. The building where we live is a good barrier against external radiation.
2. People should add long-sleeved clothes, especially rain-proof silk clothes.
3. Use more iodine-containing articles and appropriately increase the supply of vitamins every day.
In addition, friends with financial conditions can buy a house in remote areas in the west or fourth-tier cities, away from the bustling cities, in case of major disasters.
In the event of nuclear and radiation emergencies, especially when a large amount of radioactive materials are released into the atmosphere, a series of protective countermeasures and measures should be taken to protect the public, emergency responders and personnel engaged in the aftermath:
(1) Conduct radiation monitoring on the emergency area and its surrounding environment to assess the possible radiation hazards to personnel;
(2) Formulate intervention level, action level and emergency exposure level, and when these levels are reached or exceeded, corresponding intervention or protective actions should be taken to limit human exposure dose;
(3) Take protective measures for personnel, including concealment, taking iodine steadily, evacuation, personal protection, controlling import and export routes, temporary relocation, permanent resettlement, eliminating radioactive pollution, interfering with food use, etc.
(4) the necessary medical treatment for the wounded, and according to the injury arrangement in different levels of medical units for treatment; ⑤ Take other emergency rescue measures as appropriate, such as fire fighting, communication, alarm, security, transportation, setting up temporary reception center, etc.
How to protect against external irradiation?
There are three ways to reduce the external radiation dose.
One is to stay away from radioactive sources. When dealing with abandoned, idle or unowned radioactive sources, long-handled operating tools should be used as far as possible. If conditions permit, use robots to carry radioactive sources remotely. Unless necessary, off-duty personnel should stay away from radioactive sources and do not enter radioactive contaminated areas.
The second is to shorten the contact time with radioactive sources. Therefore, we should strengthen the training of emergency personnel engaged in nuclear and radiation emergency work, improve their working proficiency and shorten working hours.
The third is to effectively use the shield to reduce the intensity of radiation on the human body. When dealing with a single radioactive source, we should also use objects with good shielding performance (such as lead bricks, iron plates, concrete plates, etc.) to reduce the radiation dose of human body. You can also use the shielding performance of buildings (structures) and large vehicle hulls against penetrating radiation. In a house, the shielding performance of the back room is better than that of the outhouse, and the corner is better than the middle of the house, even better than the back of the door.
How to protect against internal radiation?
In order to prevent inhalation of radioactive dust, we must first avoid dust from polluting the air near the ground again. For example, when people walk, vehicles run or do geotechnical work, we should pay attention to reducing dust as much as possible. When it is really difficult to avoid, measures such as increasing the distance between vehicles and changing the traffic route can be taken to avoid dusty places, and sprinkling water on the ground properly can also reduce dust. For radioactive dust, masks can usually have a satisfactory effect, and the effect of intercepting radioactive dust can reach 80% ~ 90%, but you should wear masks correctly to prevent side leakage.
What are the early protective measures?
After nuclear and radiation emergencies, especially in the initial stage (1 ~ 2 days) after a large amount of radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, the protective measures that can be taken for personnel include concealment, respiratory protection, taking stable iodine, evacuation, and controlling import and export channels. Measures such as concealment, evacuation and control of import and export channels have protective effects on external irradiation of radionuclides in smoke plume, internal pollution caused by radionuclides in smoke plume and external irradiation caused by surface radioactive pollutants.
What are the medium-term protection measures?
In the middle of the incident, a lot of radioactive materials have been deposited on the ground, and sometimes radioactive materials may continue to be released into the atmosphere. At this time, for individuals, in addition to terminating respiratory protection, other early protective measures can be taken. In order to avoid excessive cumulative dose caused by long-term stay, the competent department can take controlled and planned measures to relocate people in polluted areas-avoid relocation. Consideration should also be given to restricting the sale and consumption of locally produced or stored food and drinking water. According to the characteristics of personnel exposure in this period, protective measures can be taken, such as using animal husbandry to store feed, disinfecting personnel's body surface, and treating the wounded and sick.
What are the post-protection measures?
In the later stage of the accident (recovery period), the problem is whether and when the areas that have taken protective measures in the early and middle stages can resume normal social life, or whether further protective measures are needed. In the later stage of the incident, the main exposure routes were internal irradiation caused by eating contaminated food and inhaling resuspended substances. Therefore, the protective measures that can be taken include controlling import and export, avoiding migration, controlling food and water, using stored feed and purifying the area.
What should the public do in case of a nuclear and radiation emergency?
In the event of nuclear and radiation emergencies, the first thing the public should do is to obtain as much credible information about the emergencies as possible and understand the decisions and notices of government departments. To this end, we should maintain information communication with the local government through various means (TV, radio, telephone, etc.). ), and we must never believe rumors or gossip. The second thing is to take necessary self-protection measures quickly according to the notice of the local government. For example:
(1) Choose the nearest building for concealment, so as to reduce direct external exposure and inhalation of polluted air. Close doors and windows and ventilation equipment (including air conditioners and fans), and quickly open doors and windows and ventilation equipment when polluted air passes by.
(2) According to the arrangement of the local government, evacuate the site in an organized and orderly manner to avoid the serious negative impact that evacuation may bring.
(3) When it is judged that there is a radioactive dispersion event, you should try to hide in the wind direction and quickly enter the building for concealment.
(4) Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel and cloth to protect the respiratory tract.
⑤ If radioactive pollution is suspected on the body surface, it can be reduced by taking a bath and changing clothes.
⑥ Follow the arrangement of local authorities and decide whether it is necessary to control the use of local food and drinking water.
In the event of nuclear and radiation terrorism, the public should pay special attention to maintaining a stable mentality and never panic.
How should the emergency personnel who arrive at the scene protect themselves?
In the event of nuclear and radiation emergencies, the first batch of emergency rescue workers who arrived at the scene of the accident were the initial responders in the early stage. In most cases, they should be radiation monitors, firefighters, police and medical personnel. In order to reduce the exposure risk of these personnel to as little as possible, we must first let them know the three principles of reducing exposure dose, namely:
① Stay in the environment with abnormal radiation for a short time;
(2) The distance from the radioactive source should be large;
③ If possible, make full use of shielding protection. For the first time, they were equipped with radiation detectors and personal dosimeter that can alarm, as well as necessary personal protective equipment, such as protective masks or masks, protective clothing, protective boots and protective hats.
Personnel using radiation detectors should receive necessary training, including the characteristics of the instrument, the quantity to be measured and the radiation risk corresponding to the alarm level exposure. When entering the radioactive contaminated site, the initial alarm level is 0. 1 millisieverts/hour. The initial alarm level can also be used to control unnecessary personnel and restrict them from entering areas above this level. The second alarm level is the return level, and the environmental dose rate is 0. 1 Sv/ hour or the environmental dose is 0. 1sv. The initial responder should not perform tasks at or above the alert level unless there are actions to rescue the wounded and actions that must be grasped in time to restore incident control.
Under what circumstances will covert measures be taken? What should the public pay attention to?
When a large number of radioactive substances are released into the atmosphere, concealment is one of the main protective measures that may be taken in the early and middle stages of an emergency. The hiding time is short, the risk and cost are small, and most people can temporarily hide in nearby buildings. Another advantage of this measure is that the crowd is controlled in the process of concealment, which is conducive to taking further measures, such as evacuating the crowd or canceling the implemented protective actions. The concealment time generally does not exceed 2 days. It is not easy to inform a large number of people to take hidden measures in a short time, especially if there is no plan in advance, which will cause social order and public psychological problems. When hiding, some family members are not at home and will worry about their whereabouts. Except that industrial production may be interrupted for a short time, the economic loss may not be great, so it is generally considered that concealment is a difficult and inexpensive but effective measure, and it is easier to implement at the early stage of the incident.
Under what circumstances should evacuation measures be taken? What should I pay attention to when evacuating?
Evacuation is one of the early and medium-term protective measures after a large number of radioactive materials are released into the atmosphere. It refers to the emergency evacuation of people from their homes, work or rest places within a limited time to avoid or reduce short-term radiation caused by events, mainly high-dose radiation caused by high-level deposition of smoke plumes or radioactive substances. In most cases, evacuees will be allowed to return to their natural residence, usually within a few days, as long as they can live without long-term pollution elimination. Because of the short time, it is a temporary residence, and you can stay in some places like schools or public buildings; If the evacuation time exceeds one week, it should be arranged in some better living facilities. The evacuation operation is short, difficult and risky, and it is easy to cause confusion, so the decision to take the evacuation operation should be cautious.
According to national standards, only when the effective dose of the whole body is estimated to reach 50-500 millisieverts, or the dose of the main irradiated organs such as lung and thyroid reaches 50-5000 millisieverts (equivalent to 10 times of the estimated amount required for taking concealed measures) will evacuation measures be considered.
Under what circumstances do you need to take personal protective measures? What should the public pay attention to?
Personal protective measures mainly refer to the protection of personnel's respiratory tract and body surface. When the air is polluted by radioactive substances, the dose of inhaled radioactive substances can be reduced by about 90% by simple methods (such as covering the nose and mouth with handkerchiefs, towels, cloths, etc.). All kinds of daily clothes, including hats, headscarves, raincoats, gloves and boots, can be used to protect people's body surface. These simple protective measures can be used when people start to hide and evacuate from polluted areas. Simple personal protective measures generally do not cause harm and cost little.
Persons who have been or are suspected of being contaminated by radioactive substances on the body surface should be disinfected. The method is very simple, take a shower with water and take off contaminated clothes, shoes, hats, etc. Store them until you have time to monitor or treat them later. Don't delay evacuation or avoid moving because of personnel decontamination. Personnel decontamination measures are less risky and more difficult, but radioactive pollution must be prevented from spreading to uncontaminated areas.
When the radiation produced by nuclear substances acts on human body (nuclear radiation), macromolecules in the body will be distorted, and even water molecules in the body will be stimulated to produce free radicals, which will damage biomolecules and lead to radiation sickness. Therefore, the construction of radiation-resistant food should generally include: high protein, multiple vitamins, moderate fat, comprehensive nutrition and sufficient quantity. Energy supply should be sufficient. Adequate energy supply is conducive to improving the human body's tolerance to nuclear radiation, reducing sensitivity, reducing damage and protecting the body. The supply of sugar is centralized. Because the digestive tract of human body is damaged, the absorption effect of various sugars is different, so the effect of preventing and treating digestive tract injury is also different, among which fructose is the best, glucose is the second, then sucrose and dextrin. The lipid content should not be high. Based on the loss of appetite and taste after radiation, the total supply of fat should be reduced appropriately, but the proportion of vegetable oil should be increased. Oleic acid can promote the regeneration function of hematopoietic system, and the radiation damage prevention effect is the best. Protein should have quality. The intake of protein requires high quality and sufficient quantity to reduce radiation damage and promote the recovery of the body. Appropriate supply of inorganic salts. Appropriate addition of inorganic salts (mainly salt) to the diet can promote people to drink more water and accelerate the excretion of radionuclides with urine and feces, thus reducing radiation damage in the body. The amount of vitamins should be guaranteed. Increasing vitamin supply is effective in preventing radiation injury and recovery after injury. For example, VK can reduce bleeding, VPP can reduce vomiting and nausea, and VC can accelerate blood cell regeneration. Therefore, it is advisable to eat more kelp, cabbage, carrots, honey and medlar.
How to protect against alpha rays?
Because alpha particles have the weakest penetration ability, a piece of white paper can block them. Therefore, attention should be paid to internal irradiation for alpha rays. The main ways for alpha rays to enter the human body are breathing and eating, and its protection methods mainly include:
(1) Prevent inhaling polluted air and eating contaminated food;
(2) Prevent the wound from being polluted.
How to protect β particles?
The penetration ability of β particles is stronger than that of α rays and weaker than that of γ rays. Therefore, beta rays are relatively easy to block, and ordinary metals can block them. However, β -rays are easily absorbed by body surface tissues, causing radiation damage to body surface tissues. Therefore, its protection is much more complicated; (1) Avoid direct contact with contaminated articles; Prevent skin surface pollution and radiation hazards; (2) Prevent inhaling polluted air and eating contaminated food; (3) prevent the wound from being polluted; (4) Shielding measures should be taken when necessary.
How to protect gamma particles?
Gamma rays have strong penetrating power and can cause external irradiation. There are three main protection methods: (a) Minimize the exposure time; (b) Increase the distance from the radiation source, because the radiation dose is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radiation source; Take shielding measures. Adding a shielding layer thick enough between the human body and the radiation source can reduce the external radiation dose. The main shielding materials are lead, reinforced concrete and water. The building we live in is a good shield for external radiation.
When a nuclear leak happens, you shouldn't believe rumors. Please listen to the local official radio, TV and newspaper news immediately, subject to the information released by the government. Don't believe rumors, let alone spread them. We should obey the unified command of functional departments and not act blindly; Outdoor personnel should enter the room as soon as possible, close the doors and windows, do not go out casually, and take preventive drugs in time according to regulations; Pay attention to the follow-up reports of the accident by radio, television and other media, and wait for official notice; When evacuation is necessary, you should obey the arrangement of functional departments and bring appropriate necessities (warm clothes, raincoats and umbrellas, dry food and drinking water, etc.). ), and calmly and orderly evacuated to the designated place. When evacuating, you must not spread dissatisfied remarks, so as not to spread rumors and cause confusion; Evacuees should decontaminate in time and actively cooperate with the health department for physical examination; In order to prevent radioactive dust from being inhaled into the body and contaminated on the skin, people in polluted areas should wear gas masks or masks as soon as possible, tie up pants, cuffs and necklines, and cover exposed skin with raincoats and plastic sheets. Don't eat in the open air, don't sit on the ground, and don't touch contaminated objects; Try to avoid dust. After clothes are contaminated by radioactive substances, you can use a broom or branches to stand in the direction of headwind or crosswind, sweep from top to bottom, from outside to inside, or rinse with water. Adding a small amount of detergent during washing can improve the elimination effect.
Teach you a few tricks to prevent radiation.
Considering the current situation, the previous explosion is likely to be staged again in Unit 3 of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. This is an explosion caused by the slow filling of hydrogen in the building (maintenance building) and the violent reaction with oxygen in the air, which will not evolve into a nuclear explosion under any circumstances.
Of course, there may be a considerable degree of radioactive material escaping, but its dose will not affect human health.
-Try to stay indoors and avoid going out.
-Close the doors and windows to prevent the ventilator from exchanging air with the outside world.
-Wear long-sleeved clothes to avoid exposing skin.
-If there is a real risk of radiation exposure, please wear a mask or cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel.
Remind everyone again that these measures are only a preventive measure, and at the same time, they are not necessary for the time being.