Gasoline, benzene series, noise, carbon monoxide, tetraethyl lead, etc
1, the harm of gasoline
Strong volatility, easily soluble in fat. Mainly in the form of steam inhaled into the human body through the respiratory tract, and reached the human brain through blood circulation, causing anesthesia. It has toxic effects on central nervous system and peripheral nerves, and also has adverse effects on hematopoietic function of bone marrow.
Invasion route:
Respiratory tract, skin.
Clinical poisoning manifestations:
① Acute poisoning: anesthesia symptoms, mental paralysis, unsteady gait, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, conjunctival congestion, cough, etc. In severe cases, coma, convulsion, muscle spasm, dilated pupils, dull light reflex or disappearance occur after inhaling high-concentration gasoline.
② Chronic poisoning: neurasthenia syndrome and autonomic nerve dysfunction, manifested as dizziness, forgetfulness, insomnia, dreaminess, loss of appetite, mood swings, etc. Further development can lead to multiple peripheral neuropathy, which is characterized by numbness of distal limbs, abnormal sensation, glove and sock-like pain distribution, decreased tactile sensation, weakened tendon reflex and disappearance. In severe cases, limb paralysis may occur, and neuroelectromyography shows neurogenic damage.
③ Skin contact with gasoline can dry and chapped, resulting in keratinized dermatitis; Women are very sensitive to gasoline. In addition to the above symptoms of nervous system, abnormal menstruation and cycle disorder can also occur.
Occupational exposure limits: PC-TWA300mg/m3.
2. The harm of tetraethyl lead
A certain amount of tetraethyl lead is added to the gasoline used in the transportation industry, which is a highly toxic substance. When burning, lead is released and discharged into the atmosphere with exhaust gas. If inhaled too much, it will make people's brains shrink.
Clinical poisoning manifestations:
Clinically there are comprehensive symptoms of nervous system, digestive system and blood system. The main manifestations of nervous system are neurasthenia, polyneuropathy and encephalopathy. Mild digestive symptoms are common digestive symptoms, and severe symptoms are abdominal cramps. In the blood system, lead mainly interferes with the synthesis of hemoglobin and causes the changes of its metabolites. The damage of lead to kidney is more common in acute, subacute lead poisoning or severe chronic cases, with amino acid proteinuria, red blood cells, white blood cells, casts and decreased renal function, suggesting toxic nephropathy with hypertension.
Clinical indicators of lead poisoning:
Urine lead exceeds 0.08mg/l and blood lead exceeds 50 μ g/t. Occupational history and clinical symptoms are the basis for diagnosis.
Occupational exposure limits: PC-TWA0.02mg/m3.
3, the harm of toluene
Irritant to skin and mucosa, and anesthetic to central nervous system. Inhalation of high concentration of this product in a short time can cause obvious irritation to eyes and upper respiratory tract, congestion of conjunctiva and pharynx, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, weakness of limbs, stumbling and confusion. In severe cases, restlessness, convulsions and coma may occur.
Second, possible occupational diseases
Gasoline poisoning, occupational lead poisoning, benzene poisoning.
Third, protective measures:
1. Know enough about the toxicity of oil, and don't be careless. Work must strictly abide by the relevant operating procedures.
2. The state stipulates that the maximum allowable concentration of gasoline vapor is 350mg/m3, so the concentration of gasoline in production, storage and use places should be lower than this hygienic standard to ensure safe production.
3. Pay special attention to prevent gasoline from leaking and pay attention to the ventilation in the workplace.
4. It is forbidden to suck oil with your mouth, especially leaded gasoline. It is forbidden to add leaded gasoline to lighters. It is forbidden to clean automobile parts and clothes with leaded gasoline.
5. Work clothes and protective gloves should be worn when contacting gasoline. Wash your hands and face with soap and water after work, and take a bath if possible. Don't eat food and smoke immediately after contact with gasoline.
6. Oil depot staff are not allowed to enter the oil tank at will to clean the bottom oil. If it is necessary to clean the oil tank, natural ventilation or mechanical ventilation should be adopted first to reduce the concentration of oil vapor in the oil tank. Personnel entering the tank must wear work clothes, rubber shoes and rubber gloves, and if necessary, wear filter gas masks, safety belts and signal ropes. In addition, the outside of the fuel tank should be guarded by special personnel, and contact at any time, which is also convenient for rotation operation. The continuous working hours of each person shall not exceed 15 minutes.
7. When you find symptoms of gasoline poisoning such as dizziness, headache and vomiting at work, you should immediately stop working and rest in a place with fresh air. Serious cases should be sent to the hospital as soon as possible.
8. Personnel who come into contact with gasoline should undergo health examination before taking up their posts. Anyone suffering from nervous system diseases, endocrine diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hematological diseases, tuberculosis, liver diseases, etc. Not suitable for such a job. In the regular health examination, all patients diagnosed with the above diseases should be treated and recuperated without gasoline. Pregnant women and lactating women should also be temporarily transferred.
Fourth, treatment.
acute poisoning
Move away from the scene quickly, lie in fresh air, loosen the patient's belt and buttons, keep the respiratory tract open, and wash the skin and hair with soap and water. Eye pollution can be washed with 2% sodium bicarbonate solution and boric acid eye drops. People who take gasoline by mistake can pour milk or vegetable oil, then induce vomiting, gastric lavage and catharsis.
It almost caused cardiac arrest.
Cardiac resuscitation is feasible, adrenaline is forbidden to avoid ventricular fibrillation; Aspiration pneumonia can be controlled by adrenocortical hormone and antibiotics. The patient with hysterical symptoms was sedated.
chronic poisoning
Traditional Chinese medicine can be used, vitamins and hypnotics can also be given, and low-dose insulin can also be used for hypoglycemia therapy. Those who have symptoms similar to schizophrenia can be treated as general schizophrenia. If the skin is red, swollen and blistered, it can be wet compressed with 3% boric acid solution. 100% urea ointment can be used for keratosis and chapping, and clam oil can be used for drying.
Gasoline inhalation pneumonia
Short-term glucocorticoid therapy and symptomatic treatment can be given.
Other treatments
One, the observation object physical examination once a year, the focus is on the nervous system examination, as far as possible to carry out nerve-electromyography examination.
Second, patients with mild acute poisoning can return to their original jobs after being cured; Patients with severe poisoning should be separated from gasoline operation after treatment and recovery; After the aspiration pneumonia is cured, you can generally return to your original job.
Three, chronic poisoning patients should be transferred from gasoline jobs, regular review, and arrange work or rest according to the condition.
relevant knowledge
1. Gasoline poisoning caused by workers' contact with gasoline vapor or liquid is a systemic poisoning disease. Acute poisoning is mainly caused by neurological or mental symptoms. Misinhalation of gasoline into respiratory tract can cause aspiration pneumonia. Chronic poisoning is mainly manifested as neurasthenia syndrome, autonomic nerve dysfunction and toxic peripheral neuropathy.
2. Acute poisoners should leave the scene quickly, remove skin pollution and have a quiet rest. For those who stop breathing, mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration or tracheal intubation should be performed to provide effective oxygen supply, remove sputum, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, and use respiratory stimulants as soon as possible.
3. Patients with symptoms and signs of acute toxic encephalopathy such as conscious disorder, mental disorder, convulsion, autonomic nervous dysfunction and increased intracranial pressure should be given oxygen quickly to lower their body temperature and intracranial pressure, prevent brain edema, (glucocorticoids, dehydrating agents and diuretics) relieve spasticity and calm down, (antiepileptic drugs, tranquilizers and artificial hibernation therapy, etc.). ), and brain function should be protected and restored. Surgical treatment of cerebral hernia.
4. For the treatment of aspiration pneumonia, patients should stay in bed and keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Oxygen inhalation, application of glucocorticoid and prevention of infection.
5. The treatment of chronic gasoline poisoning mainly refers to the treatment of toxic peripheral neuropathy. Drugs such as vitamin B 1, vitamin B6, vitamin B 12, active vitamin B 12, nicotinamide, adenosine triphosphate, and dibazole can be selected. When mental symptoms such as delusion and hallucination appear, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine and perphenazine can be used for symptomatic treatment.
6. Acute gasoline poisoning, the condition changes rapidly, should closely observe the condition changes, timely adjust the rescue plan and treatment drugs.
Risk factors of gas stations:
With the continuous development of automobile industry and the increase of automobile usage, the pollution of automobile exhaust to the atmospheric environment is further aggravated. Compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles have been widely used. In order to meet the demand of natural gas vehicle fuel, a CNG vehicle filling station was established. However, natural gas is in danger of fire and explosion, especially the safety technical problems such as high-pressure transportation and storage stations, which must be paid great attention to.
The working principle of the filling station is that the natural gas transported to the filling station through the pipeline is purified first, and then reaches the pressure of 25MPa through the compression system. Finally, the compressed natural gas is added to vehicle gas cylinders and tank trucks through high-pressure gas storage wells, vending machines and gas filling columns. The main station for filling compressed natural gas usually consists of seven systems, namely, pipeline transportation and pipeline system, pressure regulating and metering system, purification and drying system, gas compression system, gas storage system, equipment control system and gas sales and filling system.
1. compressed natural gas
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a high pressure (20 ~ 25 MPa), flammable and explosive dangerous substance. It is very dangerous after the main station is put into operation. When the indoor concentration of natural gas is high after the leakage of high-pressure system, it may encounter all kinds of open flames, leading to fire and even explosion. There is a great possibility of natural gas leakage in high-pressure systems such as gas storage system, compressor system and inflation system.
2. The danger of natural gas
Methane, the main component of natural gas, is a first-class combustible gas and a class A fire hazard. The explosion concentration limit is 5 ~ 15%, the minimum ignition energy is only 0.28mJ, the combustion speed is fast, the combustion calorific value is high (the average calorific value is 33,440 kj/m3), the specific gravity to air is 0.55, and the diffusion coefficient is 0. 196, so it is easy to burn and explode. Once a fire breaks out, it is difficult to rescue.
3. Leakage leads to accidents
The process in the station is under high pressure, and the process equipment is prone to leak, and gas leakage may occur in many places such as pipeline welds, valves, flanges, gas cylinders, compressors, dryers, recovery tanks, filter tanks, etc. When the compressed natural gas pipeline is pulled off or the tanker accidentally loses control and hits the tanker, it will cause a lot of natural gas leakage. Once the leaked gas meets the ignition source, fire and explosion will occur. On September 29th, 1995, the compressed natural gas filling station of Fushun Huayou Company in Zigong, Sichuan Province exploded due to cylinder leakage and combustion, causing great economic losses and casualties.
4. Danger of high-pressure operation
The technical requirement of compressed natural gas filling station is that the compressor of filling station must be pressurized to more than 25MPa before natural gas can be compressed into the steel cylinder, which is the highest pressure combustible gas storage container in China at present. If the quality of vehicle-mounted gas cylinders or pressurization equipment fails to meet the basic technical requirements, an explosion or fire accident may occur with slight negligence. 1995 10.7, jet combustion occurred in Suining CNG filling station due to the quality problem of steel cylinders, and the flame column was more than 20 meters high, resulting in direct economic loss of180,000 yuan.
When the system runs under high pressure, it is prone to overpressure, and the system pressure exceeds the allowable pressure it can bear, and finally exceeds the strength limit of equipment and accessories, resulting in explosion or local burst.
5. The poor quality of natural gas will bring danger.
Under the condition that the free water in natural gas is not removed, the hydrogen sulfide in the accumulated water is easy to cause corrosion of steel cylinders. Theoretically, the corrosion of hydrogen sulfide aqueous solution to cylinders or containers under high pressure is faster and easier than that in the pipe network below 4MPa. According to the inspection of cylinders that burst in previous accidents, the black water with pungent smell accumulated in some cylinders reached 2.5 ~ 5 kg, and the content of hydrogen sulfide in accumulated water exceeded 8.083 mg/L1August 995 12. The compressed natural gas filling station of Mianyang local natural gas company exploded and caught fire when the cylinders were inflated due to unclean dehydration process.
6. There are many ignition sources.
The vast majority of commercial automobile filling stations are built on the edge of traffic arteries with frequent traffic. The surrounding environment is complex and threatened by external ignition sources. For example, in Fei Huo, which is adjacent to a chimney, there are fires in adjacent buildings, frequent vehicles, artificial fireworks, flame of lighters, electromagnetic sparks of mobile phones, friction sparks caused by nail shoes, electrostatic sparks caused by chemical fiber clothes, flying sparks caused by firecrackers, lightning strikes, etc. , may be the ignition source of gas station fire.
There are also many kinds of ignition sources in operation. The equipment control system of gas station is a system that controls all kinds of equipment in the station manually or automatically, which has potential electric spark. When the gas selling system works, natural gas flows in the pipeline at high speed, which is easy to produce electrostatic fire source; Improper use of tools in operation, or careless friction and collision sparks, etc.
7. Safety training is not standardized
Operators of newly-built CNG filling stations are not familiar with the new CNG technology, operate at their posts without necessary training, or receive regular retraining, which is prone to illegal operation or violation of safety operation procedures, and they know little about safety knowledge, especially fire protection knowledge, and cannot find fire hazards in time and have no ability to deal with unexpected accidents. With the development of diversified management system in gas industry, some small and medium-sized enterprises with irregular operation seriously ignore the business training of operators. I hope I can help you adopt it.