The result of urine test was occult blood (b l d) ca 10 (10).

What do you think of the urine routine report? Ma and Cong Yulong, deputy director of the Laboratory Department of PLA General Hospital, have routine urine analysis, which we often do. Most hospitals use urine analyzers for testing. There are 10, 1 1 or 12 at present, and the report format is not uniform, with "+"(positive) and "-"(negative), and there are figures, and the units of testing items are different. What about the urine test report? Urine routine items can be roughly divided into four categories: nephropathy, diabetes, urinary tract infection and other diseases. Nephropathy items include pH, specific gravity (SG), occult blood or red blood cells (BLD, ERY), protein (PRO) and color (COL). Normal reference values are: 4.6 ~ 8.0, 1.005 ~ 1.030, positive, negative, light yellow to dark yellow. The changes of these indexes may suggest renal function damage. The items of diabetes include pH, protein, specific gravity, sugar (GLU) and ketone body (KET). The detection of these indicators is helpful to diagnose related complications and whether some organs of the body are damaged, such as ketosis. Under normal circumstances, urine sugar and ketone bodies are negative. Urinary tract infection items include white blood cells (WBC), occult blood or red blood cells, nitrite (NIT), color and turbidity (TUR). When the urinary system is infected by bacteria, white blood cells and red blood cells often appear in urine, and the color or turbidity of urine also changes, and nitrite is sometimes positive. The chemical detection of urine white blood cells and occult blood or red blood cells only plays a screening role, and the clinical diagnosis is based on the results of microscopic examination. Other diseases are mainly pH, specific gravity, bilirubin (BIL), URO, color and other indicators. Bilirubin and urine urobilinogen reflect the ability and quantity of liver to metabolize heme. Under normal circumstances, urine bilirubin is negative and urine urobilinogen is weakly positive. When the above indicators rise, it often suggests jaundice and yellow-green urine. Some items in the urine routine analysis test sheet are followed by "+"or "++"or numbers, indicating different degrees, which are medically called positive results; Conversely, "-"is called a negative result. When reading the report, we should objectively analyze the report, because there are many interference factors that affect the accuracy of the test results, such as diet factors and some interference substances in urine. Please don't be too nervous and worried when the urine routine examination is abnormal; Similarly, don't be blindly optimistic when there are test results that are inconsistent with clinical manifestations. Be sure to cooperate with clinicians for further examination and analysis, so as not to delay the diagnosis of the disease. What do you think of the urine routine examination report? Routine urine examination is an important item of health examination, which can not only reflect urinary system diseases, but also be of great significance for screening diabetes, icteric hepatitis, biliary obstruction and other diseases. 1. Urine protein (PR0) is generally no protein or only trace. Increased and persistent urinary protein is more common in kidney diseases. But fever, strenuous exercise and pregnancy occasionally cause urinary protein. Therefore, it is necessary to follow up and observe the causes of urinary protein. 2. The positive urine glucose (GLU) should be combined with clinical analysis, which may be the decrease of renal glucose threshold caused by diabetes or renal diabetes. Diagnosis should be made in combination with blood sugar test and related examination results. Because vitamin C and aspirin in urine will affect the results of urine sugar, vitamin C and aspirin should be stopped 24 hours before urine sugar test. 3. Urinary red blood cells (RBC) There are more than 5 RBC in each high-power microscope field of vision, which is called microscopic hematuria; When there are a large number of red blood cells, it is called "gross hematuria", which can be seen in inflammation, infection, stones, tumors and so on. Urinary system. Pay more attention to it, go to urology department for further examination immediately, and make clear the location and cause of hematuria. 4. Urine white blood cells (WBC) There are more than 5 white blood cells in the urine under each high-power microscope field of vision, which is called leukonuria. When there are a large number of white blood cells, it is called pyuria, that is, urinary tract infection, such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis and so on. 5. Urine epithelial cells (SPC) There are a few epithelial cells in urine, which has little clinical significance; When there are a large number of cases, if we can eliminate the pollution of vaginal secretions, we must consider the existence of urinary system inflammation. At this time, if the morphological examination of urinary epithelial cells is added, the source of epithelial cells can be determined. Urinary duct type (KLG), especially granular duct type and cell duct type, is a sign of renal parenchymal lesions. 7. The urine occult blood (ERY) is normal and the urine occult blood test is negative. If the urine occult blood and protein are positive at the same time, renal diseases and hemorrhagic diseases should be considered first, and further renal function examination can be done; If the urine protein is negative, you should go to the relevant specialist to find out the location and nature of the bleeding. It is generally believed that occult blood is not obvious because red blood cells are not destroyed. 8. Urinary aglycone (UBG), urinary bilirubin (BIL) and urinary bilirubin are positive, suggesting the existence of jaundice, which is helpful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of jaundice. 9. Urinary nitrite (NIT) Urinary nitrite is mainly used for screening tests of urinary tract infections. Nitrite in fresh urine is negative, and the specimen can be false positive if it is left for too long or bacteria grow and reproduce. Why are the test results of the two hospitals different? Dr. Zhang Guohua, Laboratory of the First Hospital of Peking University, some people always want to make a comprehensive judgment on the test results of multiple medical units to determine whether they are healthy or not. However, sometimes the laboratory tests in one hospital are normal, but they are abnormal in another hospital. So, why is this happening? There are many reasons. First of all, the most common reason is that the medical examiner didn't read the "Operating Instructions for Physical Examination" carefully and took improper samples, so that the samples tested by the same person twice were actually different. For example, fasting before blood drawing has a great influence on the determination results (such as blood sugar, blood lipid, etc.). ); Whether it is in a quiet state before blood drawing, because some items such as transaminase will increase after strenuous exercise; Whether the urine taken is morning urine or not, because the results of the first urine test in the morning are very different from those of the usual random urine test. Secondly, the physical condition of the medical examiners was inconsistent during the two physical examinations. For example, whether the medical examiner has taken drugs, some drugs will affect the measurement items (such as transaminase, creatinine, etc. ), or whether the female medical examiner is in the menstrual period. In addition, it is also possible that the determination methods and instruments of the two hospitals are different, resulting in different results. Another possibility is that medical workers are not responsible enough to make the wrong specimens. If the test results of the two hospitals are inconsistent, the medical examiner need not panic, and can ask the medical staff to make a reasonable explanation, and correctly take samples under the guidance of the medical staff, and cooperate with them to find out the reasons and show the true nature of their physical condition. 1. Introduction of blood routine: Blood routine includes hemoglobin determination, red blood cell count, white blood cell count and white blood cell classification count. A. Hemoglobin (Hb): normal male 120 ~ 160g/L, female10 ~150g/L, newborn170-200g/L. * Increase: polycythemia vera, severe dehydration, cor pulmonale, congenital heart disease, mountain residents, severe burns, shock, etc. Decrease: anemia, bleeding * B. Red blood cell (RBC) count: 4-5.5 million /μ L for normal men, 3.5-5 million /μL for women and 6-7 million /μL for newborns. * Increase: polycythemia vera, severe dehydration, cor pulmonale, congenital heart disease, mountain residents, severe burns, shock, etc. Decrease: anemia, bleeding * C. White blood cell (WBC) count: normal adults 4000 ~ 10000/μ L, newborns 15000 ~. * Elevated: various cell infections, inflammation and severe burns. Leukemia must be ruled out if it rises significantly. Decline: myelosuppression, malaria, typhoid fever, viral infection and paratyphoid fever caused by leukopenia, hypersplenism, hematopoietic dysfunction, radiation, drugs and chemical toxins. * Leukemia is common in inflammatory infection, bleeding, poisoning and leukemia. Can reduce influenza, measles and other viral infectious diseases, severe septicemia, drugs or radiation, some blood diseases. * D. White blood cell classification count (DC, in proportion): White blood cells are divided into 5 categories. One is neutrophil (Gran), which is normally 0.50 ~ 0.70, and the reason for the increase or decrease is the same as the white blood cell count; * Increase: bacterial infection, inflammation; Decrease: virus infection * 2. Lymphocyte (Lym) is 0.20 ~ 0.40 normal, and the increase is common in neutropenia, tuberculosis and whooping cough. Its reduction is common in neutropenia; * Increase: whooping cough, infectious mononucleosis, viral infection, acute infectious lymphocytosis, lymphoblastic leukemia; Decrease: Immunodeficiency * 3 is eosinophil, the normal value is 0.005 ~ 0.05, which is more common in parasitic diseases, allergic diseases and some skin diseases; * Increase: chronic myeloid leukemia and chronic hemolytic anemia. * Fourth, basophils, normal 0 ~ 0.05438+0, have little clinical significance; Fifth, monocytes, normally 0.03 ~ 0.08, are found when they increase during the recovery period of acute infectious diseases. * Elevated: tuberculosis, typhoid fever, malaria, monocytic leukemia. * E. Platelet (PLT): Normal: (100-300)%* Elevated: primary thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera, chronic leukemia, myelofibrosis, symptomatic thrombocytosis, infection, inflammation, malignant tumor and iron deficiency. Decrease after exercise: primary thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated lupus erythematosus, drug allergic thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, increased platelet destruction, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction, drug-induced bone marrow suppression, hypersplenism. * F. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Vestergren method is 0- 15 mm/h for males and 0 for females. Iahinhkob method is 0-8 mm/h for males and 0- 12 mm/h for females. * Acceleration: acute inflammation, connective tissue disease, severe anemia, malignant tumor, tuberculosis. Slow down: polycythemia, dehydration. G reticulocyte count: normal: (00.5- 1.5)%* increase: hemolytic anemia, massive hemorrhage, iron deficiency anemia and pernicious anemia occurred when vitamin B 12 was used. Leukemia. *2. Children's blood routine The most common disease of infants may even be a cold. If it is not treated in time, it will start to burn. Take the baby to the hospital at this time, and the doctor will ask for a blood test in advance. Why do you need a blood test? Because when people are sick, the number of various cells in the blood will change. Such as anemia, the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin content will change; When inflammation occurs in the body, the number of white blood cells will increase. Mainly depends on which indicators. There are often a long list of laboratory tests on the blood routine test list, but some of them are more professional, so we don't need to delve into them. To check the routine blood test list, we need to focus on three aspects: red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin determination (HGB). The first item in the routine blood test list is the examination of red blood cell count. As we know, the main function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen to various tissues and organs of the whole body and excrete carbon dioxide produced in the body, and the completion of this main function mainly depends on a kind of protein in red blood cells, and this protein is hemoglobin (Hb). Generally speaking, the ratio between the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content is relatively fixed. However, in the case of anemia, the ratio between them will change. For example, in the case of hypochromic anemia, the hemoglobin content will decrease obviously, and the ratio of red blood cells to hemoglobin will increase. Therefore, when looking at the test sheet, we should first pay attention to the values of these two items. White blood cell count (WBC) and white blood cell classification count (DC) White blood cells in blood include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and lymphocytes. The white blood cell count (WBC) in the laboratory sheet refers to the total number of white blood cells in the blood, and the classified count refers to the percentage of various white blood cells. Due to the different physiological functions of various white blood cells, the number of different types of white blood cells will change under different pathological conditions. Generally speaking, we only need to know the count of white blood cells and the classification of neutrophils (N) and lymphocytes (L), because in our daily life, doctors judge whether there is infection in the body according to the number of white blood cells, and then judge what kind of infection and what kind of drugs should be used according to the classification of white blood cells. Generally speaking, if neutrophils increase, it is a bacterial infection and lymphocytes increase, it is a virus infection. As we all know, platelet count (PLT) is the main function of blood coagulation. Without it, our lives may be in danger because of a small wound. Generally speaking, the count of platelets is the third key point that we should pay attention to when observing the test sheet. If platelets decrease, the baby may have blood coagulation problems. The average normal value (average value) of blood cell components in infants of all ages is abbreviated as 1 day 2 ~ 7 days, 2 weeks, 3 months and 6 months 1 ~ 2 years old 4 ~ 5 years old red blood cells (×1012/l) RBC 5.7 ~ 6.45.2 ~ 5.74. )HGB 180 ~ 195 163 ~ 180 150 1 1 1 123 165438。 ) WBC201512-1218 neutrophil n% 0.650.400.350.310.360.58 lymphocyte. )PLT 150-250 150-250 150-250250250-300250-300250