A: Classification: physiological environment, physical environment and psychosocial environment factors: natural environment: including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, smoking smoke pollution, too high or too low temperature, radiation, waste and indoor air pollution.
2. What is the optimum temperature and humidity in the ward?
A: The most suitable room temperature for ordinary people is 18~22℃. The optimum room temperature for newborns and the elderly is 22 ~ 24℃; The indoor relative humidity is 50% ~ 60%.
3. What's the effect of too high or too low humidity on human body?
A: Too high or too low humidity will bring discomfort to patients. Excessive humidity and weak evaporation will inhibit sweating, make patients feel humid and sultry, increase urine volume and increase kidney burden; The humidity is too low, the air is dry, and the human body evaporates a lot of water, causing dry mouth, sore throat and polydipsia, which is especially unfavorable for patients with respiratory diseases or tracheotomy.
4. How to meet the physiological needs of inpatients?
Answer: Assist patients to understand and be familiar with the environment, meet patients' demand for disease knowledge, encourage patients to participate in decision-making, meet patients' communication needs, and do a good job in health education and discharge guidance.
5. What are the common role indications for patients?
A: 1 Role-behavior conflict: refers to the patient's inability to smoothly enter the patient's role after illness, and still unable to let go of the role he assumed before illness, resulting in irritability, depression or anxiety. Absence of role behavior: not admitting or unwilling to admit that you are sick, for example, mental patients do not admit that they are sick; Young people are sick and disagree; Smoking when suffering from tracheitis. 3. Role-behavior reinforcement: The patient has basically recovered, but still feels poor in physical strength and energy, and relies too much on others, hoping to get more care.
6. What is the purpose of therapeutic communication?
A: The purpose of therapeutic communication is to better understand the patient's situation, formulate practical nursing plans and measures, evaluate the nursing effect, and provide more effective care for patients.
7. What are the factors that affect patient safety?
A: The factors that affect the safety of patients include physical (mechanical, temperature, pressure and radioactivity) injuries, chemical injuries, psychological injuries and iatrogenic injuries.
8. Briefly describe the definition of comfort and related factors.
Answer: Comfort means that individuals maintain a calm and peaceful mental state, a feeling of self-satisfaction, a feeling of physical and mental health, without pain or anxiety. Comfort is a subjective feeling, and everyone has different understandings and explanations of comfort according to their own physical, psychological, social, spiritual and cultural background and other characteristics and experiences.
9. What are the social factors that lead to patients' discomfort?
A: 1 lack of supporting system. Anxiety and worry about economy, work, family and study after illness. 3 changes in living habits. 4 lack of security.
10. What factors should be paid attention to in patients' health environment?
Answer: 1 space: ensure that patients have proper space, and the bed spacing should not be less than 1 meter. 2 Temperature: Appropriate temperature is beneficial to the recovery of patients. Humidity: Humidity affects the speed of skin evaporation and heat dissipation, and affects people's comfort to the environment. Ventilation: Ventilation can change indoor temperature and humidity, stimulate skin blood circulation, stimulate sweat multiplication and heat loss, and reduce indoor air pollution. Noise: Noise is unpleasant, which affects health and even leads to hearing loss. 6 light: sunlight is one of the elements to maintain human health, and different patients have different needs for light. Decoration: Appropriate environmental color decoration can make patients feel comfortable physically and mentally and produce medical effects.
How to help patients establish a healthy psychological environment?
A: 1 Help patients maintain and improve their personal control ability: Let patients keep some things they like. Help patients overcome their sense of loss: introduce the hospital environment and encourage relatives and friends to visit. 3. Actively give psychological support: encourage patients to participate in making their own nursing plans.
12. What are the four interrelated factors of comfort?
A: 1 physical factors: feelings and perceptions of the body. 2 Social factors: the relationship among individuals, families and society. Psychological spirit: internal self-awareness, including respect, socialization and values. Environmental factors: external things around people, light, noise, temperature, color, natural environment.
13. What are the contents of Maslow's hierarchy demand theory?
Answer: 1 Basic physiological needs: air, water, food, sleep, rest, etc. 2 security requirements: physical and mental security, free from threats and injuries. The need for love and belonging: a sense of belonging to society and family, friendship, affection and love. 4 Need for self-confidence and respect: Have self-confidence and get social recognition and respect. 5 needs of self-realization: self-realization, satisfaction, contribution, etc. These needs are interrelated and hierarchical. Only when these needs are met can people stay healthy.
14. What is the standard of mental health?
A: Mental health refers to people's most efficient and pleasant adaptation to the environment and each other. A mentally healthy person should be able to keep calm mood, keen reaction ability, behavior adapting to social environment and happy mood.
15. What is the standard of mental health?
A: 1 keep a cheerful attitude: I have the ability to eliminate psychological troubles and maintain happiness and confidence continuously and steadily. Self-knowledge: being able to evaluate yourself correctly, not being conceited, not selling yourself short, giving up the opportunity to make progress, facing the reality and correctly understanding things. Harmonious interpersonal relationship: willing to associate with others, get along with others with a positive attitude of respect, trust, tolerance and understanding, and give and accept friendship. Maintain a unified personality: under the control of a correct outlook on life and beliefs, lofty ideals and ambitions will be formed, and personal needs, wishes, ideals and goals will not be given up because of selfish desires.
16. What is the function of mental health?
Answer: 1 Enhance physical health: Mental health is an essential factor to maintain and improve people's physical health, which has the function of preventing and treating diseases, and also has a positive transformation effect on disease treatment and rehabilitation. 2. Develop people's potential: Studies have confirmed that even if people are physically and mentally healthy at the age of 80, their intelligence is still developing slowly.
What is health education?
A: Health education is a planned, targeted and evaluated systematic educational activity, which helps patients form correct behaviors and concepts through education and promotes physical and mental health.
18. What are the basic characteristics and main contents of patients' needs?
A: The basic characteristics of patients' needs are complexity, unpredictability and instability. The basic contents of patients' needs include health, safety, adaptation, belonging, comfort, information, stimulation and respect.
19. What does the admission introduction include?
Answer: Carefully introduce the doctors, nurses in charge, head nurses, work and rest system, visiting system and ward round system in charge of beds to help patients get familiar with the ward environment and living facilities.
20. How to provide health guidance for discharged patients?
A: Nurses should give health guidance to patients according to their condition and recovery degree, including matters needing attention after discharge, medication, diet, rest, functional exercise and follow-up time, and sincerely listen to patients' opinions during hospitalization to improve their work.
2 1. What are the main factors causing deviation in the process of information transmission?
A: 1 Personal factors: emotional factors, physiological factors, intellectual and knowledge factors, social factors, etc. 2. Environment: the place, distance, occasion, time, environment and noise of sending and receiving information.
22. What is the concept of nursing diagnosis?
A: Nursing diagnosis is an explanation of patients' responses to health problems in physiology, psychology, social culture, development and spirit. These reactions to health problems belong to the category of nursing responsibility and can be solved by nursing methods.
23. What are the four basic concepts that constitute nursing?
Answer: 1 person: the object of care. People have biological and social attributes; People have psychological, physiological and social needs, including individuals, families and groups. Environment: including natural environment, social environment and human internal environment. The environment is dynamic, but it will adapt and change. 3 Health: Health and disease are a pair of contradictions in the life continuum. These contradictions interact with each other at any time in life, which is reflected in people's functional state. Health is not only the absence of physical diseases, but also a complete mental state and good social adaptability. 4. Nursing: Implement the whole life cycle of people and help people keep a balance with the environment.
24. What is the ideological connotation of holistic nursing?
Answer: 1 Emphasize the wholeness of human beings: human beings are an organism composed of four parts, which interact with each other, including the interaction between body and mind, and are an open and ever-changing whole. 2. Emphasize the wholeness of nursing: Nursing should provide all-round nursing including physical, social, psychological, cultural and spiritual aspects for the nursing object. 3. Emphasize the integrity of specialty: Nursing specialty is a whole composed of interrelated and interactive parts, including clinical nursing, nursing management, nursing research, etc., and it is also a systematic scientific whole in which nurses, nurses and patients are interrelated and cooperate with each other.
25. What are the four main sources of influence between nurses and patients?
Answer: 1 Language: Language is a particularly sensitive influence between nurses and patients. It affects people's psychology and whole body condition, even health, and becomes a physiological and psychological treatment factor, which is an important means of psychological care. The correct use of language can win the trust of the other party and establish a good relationship. 2 Behavior: Behavior is the external expression of thought and another important way of interpersonal communication. Correct behavior can dispel patients' doubts.
26. What are the six nutrients in the human body?
A: protein, fat, sugar, minerals, vitamins and water.
27. How is body heat generated?
Various activities to maintain human life, growth and development.
28.？ Nutrition is the second pharmacy? What is the meaning of?
A: Reasonable and good diet and nutrition play an important role in health and disease treatment. Good nutrition provides material and calorie guarantee for people's normal physiological activities, and a reasonable nutritious diet is helpful to the rehabilitation of diseases and is a positive therapeutic factor, so people often call it? Nutrition is the second pharmacy? . Nurses must master the knowledge of nutrition principles and food ingredients, and provide scientific diet and nutrition guidance for patients.
29. What are the calories produced by the three nutrients?
A: protein has 17KJ/g (4 Kca/g), fat 38KJ/g (9 Kca/g) and sugar 17KJ/g (4 Kca/g), but various nutrients have different special dynamic functions, among which protein has the strongest dynamic function, which is equivalent to 20% of its own heat supply.
30. What are the factors that affect the body?
A: 1 Physiological factors: Different ages have different needs for food preference, food quantity and nutrients, and different needs for special physiological stages. Pathological factors: Various diseases have different effects on food intake, digestion and absorption. Psychological, social and cultural factors: various emotional changes, abnormal psychological state, social and cultural background, customs, economic situation, lack of nutrition knowledge, etc. will affect the body's demand for nutrients.
3 1. Try to explain the commonly used formula for calculating the standard weight in China.
Answer: Male: standard weight (㎏) = height-105(㎏) Female: standard weight (㎏) = height-105-25 (㎏) =/kloc. Within 10% is normal body weight, increasing 10% ~ 20% is overweight, exceeding 20% is obesity, decreasing 10% ~ 20% is emaciation, and less than 20% is obvious emaciation.
32. What are the effects of diet on drug action?
A: 1 promotes drug absorption and enhances curative effect. For example, acidic foods increase the solubility of iron and promote the absorption of iron. 2 interfere with drug absorption and reduce the curative effect. For example, it is not advisable to eat spinach at the same time when supplementing calcium, because there is a lot of oxalic acid in spinach, which combines with calcium to affect the absorption of calcium. 3 changing the pH value of urine will affect the curative effect, such as eggs, meat, fish and so on. Metabolism in the body produces acidic substances; Sodium bicarbonate is formed in milk, vegetables and bean products, which affects the pH value and efficacy of urine.
33. What are the types of hospital diets?
A: The hospital's diet is divided into basic diet (common diet, soft food, semi-liquid and liquid), therapeutic diet (high calorie, high protein, low protein, low fat, low cholesterol, low salt, salt-free and low sodium, high cellulose, diabetic diet and ulcer diet) and experimental diet (cholecystography diet, occult blood diet, creatinine detection diet, etc.). ).
34. What is dietotherapy?
A: Dietotherapy is to increase or decrease some nutrients on the basis of basic diet to meet the needs of diseases and thus promote the recovery of diseases.
35. What is an elemental diet?
A: Elemental diet, also known as elemental diet, is a refined food with clear chemical composition. Contains easily digestible nutrients, including amino acids, monosaccharides, essential fatty acids, vitamins, inorganic salts and trace elements. It can be directly absorbed and utilized by the intestine without digestive process, providing heat and nutrition for the human body.
36. What is a low-salt diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A low-salt diet refers to the daily sodium intake.
37. What is a low-sodium diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A low-sodium diet refers to the daily sodium intake.
38. What is a low-protein diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A low-protein diet refers to the daily intake of protein.
39. What is a low-fat diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A low-fat diet refers to the daily fat intake.
Scope of application: cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia; Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases, such as liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, obstructive jaundice and obesity after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery.
40. What is a low cholesterol diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A low cholesterol diet refers to the daily cholesterol intake.
4 1. What is a high protein diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A high-protein diet refers to the daily supply of protein: 100 ~ 120g. Avoid frying, fat, animal fat, etc. Scope of application: Hypermetabolic diseases, such as burns, tumors, hyperthyroidism, etc. Cirrhosis; Low protein disease; Nephrotic syndrome; Pregnant women, breastfeeding, etc.
42. What are the main functions of protein?
A: protein is an important material foundation to sustain life. Every cell and all important parts of the body are related to protein. Its main functions are: forming and repairing human tissues; Components that make up enzymes and hormones; Constitute antibodies; Adjust osmotic pressure; Provide heat.
43. What is the main function of fat?
Fat is an important part of human tissues and cells. Lipids are necessary for the growth and development of infants, and exist in cell membranes, brains and nervous tissues. Sterols can be synthesized into steroid hormones. Neutral fat can supply heat, form tissue fat and store fat. Its main functions are: promoting the absorption and utilization of fat-soluble vitamins; Constitute human tissue; Supply essential fatty acids; Maintain body temperature and protect organs; Improve the sensory characteristics of food.
44. Briefly describe the composition and function of sugar.
Answer; Sugar, also known as carbohydrate or sugar, consists of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. After being digested in the human body, it is converted into monosaccharide and absorbed, which is the main nutrient for supplying heat. Its main functions are: providing heat, forming nerve cells, protecting liver and detoxifying, and promoting fat oxidation.
45. What are vitamins? How to classify?
A: Vitamins are an organic substance and an indispensable organic compound for human metabolism. Most vitamins are the components of coenzyme in the enzyme system in the body, which play an important role in maintaining human health, promoting growth and regulating physiological functions. Most vitamins can't be synthesized in the body or under-synthesized, so they must be taken from food.
Vitamins are generally divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble.
46. What are the functions of trace elements?
A: Trace elements are important components of some substances with special physiological functions, such as hemoglobin and iron in cytochrome enzyme system. Iodine in thyroid and selenium in glutathione peroxidase.
47. What are water-soluble vitamins?
Answer: These vitamins are only soluble in water, mainly B vitamins and vitamin C, such as vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, calcium pantothenate, vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin C.
48. What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Answer: These vitamins are only soluble in fat or fat solvents, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K. ..
49. What is the function of vitamin A? What are the foods with high vitamin A content?
A: The main function of vitamin A is to promote growth and development, maintain the health of skin and mucosa, and maintain normal night vision. Vitamin A exists only in animal foods. Carrots in plants can be converted into physiologically active vitamin A after absorption. Foods rich in vitamin A and carotene include animal liver, cod liver oil, dairy products, eggs, colored vegetables (such as spinach and carrots) and fruits.
50. What is the function of vitamin D? What are the foods with high vitamin D content?
A: Vitamin D is a derivative of steroids. Its main function is to promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, so that calcium and phosphorus become the basic components of bone tissue. Lack of vitamin D can easily lead to rickets. The content of vitamin D in marine fish liver is the highest, and other animals such as liver, eggs and milk also contain a small amount of vitamin D. In addition, 7- dehydrocholesterol in skin can also be converted into vitamin D after being irradiated by ultraviolet rays in the sun.
5 1. What is a high-calorie diet? What are the scope of application?
A: A high-calorie diet means that the total daily calories are about12.55 MJ (3,000 kca). Scope of application: hyperthyroidism, tuberculosis, extensive burns, hepatitis, biliary tract diseases, underweight patients and parturients, etc.
52. What is an experimental diet?
A: Experimental diet refers to a diet that helps to diagnose diseases and ensure the importance of laboratory test results through the adjustment of diet content in a specific period of time.
53. What are the commonly used experimental diets? Answer: The commonly used experimental diets are: cholangiography diet; Occult blood test diet; Endogenous creatinine clearance test diet; Urine concentration function test diet; Thyroid iodine test diet; Glucose tolerance test diet, etc.
54. Please describe the purpose and precautions of the occult blood test diet.
Answer: Objective: To check occult blood in stool and help diagnose whether there is gastrointestinal bleeding disease. Precautions: Meat, liver, blood-enriching food, green vegetables, iron-containing drugs and food must be fasted within 3 days before the test, so as not to affect the judgment of the test results.
55. Why should cholangiography enter the high-fat experimental diet?
Answer: Give the patient a high-fat diet when doing cholangiography, because after the high-fat food enters the duodenum, it stimulates the intestinal mucosa to produce cholecystokinin, which makes the gallbladder contract and empty, thus assisting the examination.
56. Briefly describe the activity forms and physiological functions of the stomach?
A: The activity form of the stomach corresponds to its physiological function. It mainly includes: the receptive relaxation movement of the stomach and the function of storing food; The function of gastric contraction and chyme formation; The peristalsis of stomach and the function of transporting chyme.
57. Please describe the precautions for nasal feeding.
Answer: 1. Before each nasal feeding, make sure that the stomach tube is in the stomach. When gastric juice is pumped out, slowly inject a small amount of warm water, and then inject liquid or liquid medicine. After injection, it is necessary to inject a small amount of warm water to wash the stomach tube. Tablets need to be crushed, dissolved and injected. Each nasal feeding shall not exceed 200m, and the interval shall not be less than 2 hours. For long-term nasal feeding, oral care should be done every day. Ordinary gastric tubes should be replaced every week 1 time, and silicone gastric tubes should be replaced every month 1 time.