Any health promotion plan includes three parts: design, implementation and evaluation. The three are interdependent and inseparable whole. Planning and design
Through the research on the health problems of the target population and their characteristics, the plan forms the theoretical hypothesis of the problem and puts forward the goals and measures to solve the problem
A series of specific methods, steps and strategies adopted to achieve these goals laid the foundation for the implementation of the plan, and also provided scientific evaluation.
Quantitative indicators. Implementation is to organize specific activities according to the methods and steps specified in the planning and design, and to modify and improve the planning during the implementation process.
Evaluation is to evaluate whether and to what extent the goals specified in the plan have been achieved.
Design of health promotion plan
There are many modes of health education and health promotion planning and design, but among them,
The most widely used,
The most important thing is the United States.
Famous scholar Lawrence Green (
Lawrence W. Green
) proposal
lead
one
get on with
Mode. The characteristics of this model come from
"
result
begin
"
Procedure, thinking in a deductive way, is to return to the original reason from the final result.
lead
one
get on with
Before and after the mode
Mutual response provides a continuous step or stage for planning, design, implementation and evaluation. In fact, the above model can be divided into two stages:
First stage
-
Diagnostic stage (or needs assessment)
that is
lead
Stage (
Pre-disposal ...
Strengthening and authorization structure in education
/
Environmental diagnosis and assessment
English abbreviation is) refers to the trend, popularization and application in education/environmental diagnosis and evaluation.
Strengthening factors.
stage Ⅱ
-
execute phase
that is
get on with
Stage (
policy
Management and organization 1 education and
Environmental development
English abbreviation) refers to the means of applying policies, regulations and organizations in implementing educational/environmental interventions.
according to
lead
one
get on with
Pattern program,
Divide planning and design into
nine
Basic steps,
That is, from the final result to the original.
Career is gradually promoted by deduction.
step
1
: social diagnosis. Assess the needs and health problems of the target population by estimating their quality of life; The target person is best
Groups personally participate in the investigation of their own needs and desires, because the social problems they have experienced are the most practical and true portrayal of the quality of life.
step
2
: epidemiological diagnosis. Determine the specific health problems and goals of the target population through epidemiology and medical investigation.
step
three
Behavioral and environmental diagnosis.
The tasks at this stage are confirmation and stepping.
2
Behavioral and environmental issues related to selected health issues,
These risk factors need to be influenced by intervention. Environmental factors are external factors for individuals, but we can improve the environment through human actions.
Environment to support healthy behavior. The environmental factors here include physical environment, political environment, social environment and economic environment. Health promotion also includes
Including directly affecting the environment by influencing group behavior. Therefore, health promotion planning should not be limited to the behavior changes of the masses, but also realize that
Strong social forces are crucial to the implementation of the plan.
step
four
Education and organizational diagnosis. In order to formulate the education and organization strategy of health promotion plan to promote the change of behavior and environment, we should
Factors affecting behavior and environment.
According to a lot of research on health and behavior,
There are hundreds of factors that may potentially affect their specific health behaviors.
These factors can be divided into three categories, namely, inducing factors, promoting factors and strengthening factors.
Tendency factors include knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, values and understanding of individuals or groups, and are also the motives of certain behaviors.
Contributing factors include obstacles in skills, resources or implementation plans, as well as various factors that may promote behavioral and environmental changes.
Reinforcing factors refer to the feedback information of rewarding and adopting healthy behaviors.
The main purpose of studying these three factors is to formulate educational strategies correctly, that is, to formulate educational strategies according to the relative importance of various factors.
And the resources are real.
Set the focus of intervention.
step
five
Management and policy diagnosis. Assess organizational and management capabilities, as well as resources, policies, personnel capabilities and schedules in planning and implementation.
Through the coordination and improvement of community development, organization and policy, the plan can be implemented smoothly.
step
six
Until/very
nine
: It is the evaluation stage. Evaluation is not
lead
The last step of the model, the evaluation work runs through the whole model.
Although health education and health promotion activities have been carried out everywhere,
The content of the plan is different,
But in the process of planning, they are all basic.
Same. involve
lead
one
get on with
Thinking mode, health education planning and design can generally be divided into the following procedures: ① community.
Needs assessment (equivalent to step)
1
、
2
); (2) Determine the priority items (equivalent to steps
three
); (3) determine the overall goals and specific goals (quite
Walk step by step with others
three
、
four
); (4) formulate educational strategies and intervention plans (equivalent to steps
four
、
five
); (5) the implementation of the plan (equivalent to steps
six
); ⑥
Planning evaluation (equivalent to steps)
seven
、
eight
、
nine
)。
(a) Assessing community needs
When making a health promotion plan, first of all, it is not what problems we have to solve subjectively, but what problems a community needs us to solve.
Question? What problems can health promotion intervention solve? What are the first health problems to be solved at present? This needs to analyze the community's
Quality of life and health status.
1
、
community diagnosis
Community diagnosis is to evaluate the needs and aspirations of the community and the quality of life.
Although the quality of life is difficult to define and measure
Quantity, but there are still many means to evaluate the quality of life, including objective indicators and subjective indicators. Objective indicators include social indicators and losses.
Employment rate, education, economy, health policy and health service; Environmental indicators: residential density and air quality indicators. More importantly, God.
Observational evaluation indicators are mainly based on the judgment of community members on the quality of life, such as adaptability to life and satisfaction with life.
Degree.
2
, epidemiological diagnosis
Determine which health problem is the most serious;
What behavioral and environmental factors lead to these health problems,
Assess health status
Degree of conformity between problems and social problems.
(2) Determine priorities (health problems or behavior problems)
Community demand projects are usually multifaceted,
Multi-level,
If an all-out attack and limited resources are inevitable,
So you have to choose the priority.
So as to shorten the front. The urgent task is to truly reflect the health problems that people are most concerned about in society and reflect various special groups.
Have special health problems. Decide the most important and effective project that can achieve the highest benefit with the least manpower and funds. exist
Among the numerous social needs, the evaluation criteria for establishing priority projects are: importance, feasibility and effectiveness. In addition, it also includes social welfare, such as
Increase income directly or indirectly; Potential benefits of public relations, improving mass relations, improving spiritual civilization and improving social environment; the people
Potential for conscious participation, etc.
(C) determine the planning objectives
A plan must have clear goals,
And can be measured,
Otherwise, planning will lose its meaning.
Its implementation process and effect will be lost.
From the evaluation.
The overall goal of
(
target
)
Refers to the expected ideal impact and effect after the implementation of the health promotion plan.
The overall goal usually refers to the long-term goal.
It is general and does not require measurable results.
Specific objectives (
target
) is the concrete result of achieving the overall goal, which requires clear, specific and measurable.
Indicators. Must answer the specific objectives of the plan.
three
individual
W
and
2
individual
H
, namely:
"Who-
To whom?
What-
In order to achieve what kind of change,
When-
How long is it?
In order to achieve this change within the time limit,
How much is it-
How much has it changed?
How to measure it-
How to measure this change (index or standard
Quasi)? "。 In addition to the specific goals of the plan, there can also be specific goals of education and specific goals of behavior.
(d) Development of educational strategies (intervention)
The goal of the health promotion program is to make the target population voluntarily change their behavior and environment.
The formulation of educational strategies is mainly through education and organization.
It means determining the factors that affect behavior and environment, that is, determining what factors need to be changed to change behavior and environment.
When formulating the intervention strategy of health education, we must carefully consider three factors that affect health behavior.
These three types of factors are trend factors,
Contributing factors and strengthening factors.
1
Trend factor
Trend factor
(inducing factor)
Usually before the behavior, it is the motivation or desire to produce a certain behavior, or induce a certain line.
Behavioral factors, including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and values. Generally speaking, the tendency factor can be considered as
"
individual
"
Preference, in the process of education can be
Can appear in a person or a group of people, this preference tends to be favorable or unfavorable health behavior.
knowledge
(knowledge)
Knowledge is very important for the formation of healthy behavior, but the growth of knowledge is not always accompanied by the change of behavior. we
It can be considered that knowledge is a necessary condition for behavior change, but not a sufficient condition.
Faith; believe
(faith)
Faith means that you believe in the existence of a phenomenon or an object.
That is, I think I can be sure.
Views. Health beliefs, such as:
"
I'm sure smoking is harmful.
"
、
"
As long as you make up your mind to quit smoking, it is certainly achievable.
"
This belief will
Affect their behavior of quitting smoking. If you stick to the wrong belief, you won't change your wrong behavior.
attitude
(attitude)
Attitude refers to a persistent and consistent behavior tendency of individuals towards people and things.
Attitude representative
A collection of beliefs. Attitudes are usually evaluated as good or bad, positive or negative. It will be successful if people are committed to changing customs with a positive attitude.
There is a great possibility.
sense of worth
(value)
People cherish their lives and health. There is no doubt that personal values and behavior choices are closely related.
Together,
However, conflicting values are common.
Former Canadian Minister of Health and Welfare Lalander once said:
"
Most parts of Canada
People want to be healthy rather than sick, and want to live long rather than short. However, some people don't want to give up for the time being in order to stay healthy.
Happiness and self-indulgence,
I don't want to put up with the inconvenience of preventing diseases.
"
Therefore, helping people to solve the conflict of health values is one of the contents of health education.
This is an important technology.
2
cause
cause
(favorable factors)
It refers to the factors that promote the realization of behavioral motivation or desire, that is, what is necessary to realize or achieve a certain behavior.
Technology and resources, including health care facilities, medical personnel, clinics and any similar resources; Medical expenses, outpatient distance, transportation and personal expenses
Human health care technology; Administrative attention and support, laws, policies, etc. If the contributing factors are not considered in the education process, the purpose of behavior may be achieved.
Less than. The health behavior of the population has a great relationship and influence with the availability and convenience of local medical services and resources. Therefore, in addition to education
In addition, we should provide health services for the target population and create the necessary conditions for behavior change.
three
, strengthening factors
reinforcer
(strengthen
Factor)
It is a factor that exists in order to strengthen (or weaken) a certain behavior after intervention, such as reward or punishment.
So that certain behaviors can be consolidated or enhanced,
Fade or eliminate.
Reinforcing factors refer to people who have a direct impact on individual behavior.
Such as the relevant health care provider,
Teachers, peers, elders, spouses, leaders, etc. For example, the strengthening factors of hypertension patients are spouses, relatives and doctors, who often urge patients and
Take medicine in time to consolidate patients' compliance behavior. Whether the reinforcing factors are positive or not depends on the attitudes and behaviors of important people. A large number of studies show that teenagers
70% smoking behavior has the most obvious influence on the attitudes and behaviors of their close friends and parents.
Any specific health behavior is influenced by these three factors.
Because of the multifaceted nature of behavior,
Therefore, the education strategy should adopt a comprehensive approach.
Paragraphs are very important. Any educational plan to change behavior should pay attention to these factors. , such as planning does not consider the contributing factors and
It is not surprising that extensive education (health promotion) may have no effect on behavior if the factors are strengthened and only the tendency factors are carried out.