Health psychology is the basic subject of health education and health promotion. It advocates the use of psychology and health promotion to maintain and improve people's physical and mental health and improve people's ability to adapt and transform social life. So what are the research perspectives of health psychology?
First, from? Natural death? Arrive? Unnatural death?
The vast majority of the deceased are elderly people, so the formulation of health care policy based on this focuses on how to reduce the death of the elderly and treat the diseases that the elderly are prone to, which is obviously not conducive to preventing the death of young people. Mark? Lalander put forward the concept of abnormal death-death before the age of 70. Lalander believes that the most effective way to reduce abnormal death is to pay attention to psychological and sociological factors, rather than biological factors, and formulate various measures to prevent diseases according to this idea.
Significance: Paying attention to abnormal death highlights psychological and social factors, which is characterized by the significance of lifestyle to human health, and is conducive to formulating prevention-oriented medical and health care policies, especially to prevent young people from dying.
Second, from? Treatment? Arrive? Prevention? From where? Disease? Arrive? Healthy?
Biomedical pursuit of therapeutic effect has made many major breakthroughs, but this is mainly due to the improvement of early detection rate, not the progress of treatment methods. In addition, in the past, mortality was paid more attention than morbidity. Although medicine has reduced the impact of many fatal factors on mortality, fatal factors still exist and have a great impact on functional status and quality of life. Only by maintaining people's health as much as possible and keeping individuals away from the burden and pressure of chronic diseases can we improve the quality of life.
Gerald Caplan defined three levels of prevention: primary prevention (nip in the bud and prevent diseases by cultivating sharing habits); Secondary prevention (early detection and early treatment); Tertiary prevention (limiting the severity of symptoms, shortening the course of disease, preventing recurrence and reducing the residual effects of the disease).
Significance: Early prevention and intervention are helpful to delay the occurrence of diseases, improve the quality of life and reduce medical expenses. But in practice, tertiary prevention is still the most common form.
Factors hindering prevention: subjective aspects (blind spots and misunderstandings in understanding; Emotional defensiveness (avoiding medical treatment), low efficacy and helplessness; Behavioral journey, utilitarianism and inertia), objective aspects (imperfect medical system; The interests of social groups are contained; Lack of public awareness and public facilities).
Prevention needs to identify high-risk factors of health with the help of biomedicine, and develop technologies to achieve prevention and immunization. However, psychological, social and behavioral factors seem to play a more prominent role. Health psychology pays special attention to the significance of human cognition, experience and behavior in maintenance, promotion and prevention, and develops new concepts and methods such as health education, health management and health promotion.
Turning from focusing on diseases to focusing on health is another prominent feature of health psychology, and it is also the most important difference from other related branches of medicine.
Third, from? Physiological factors? Arrive? Physiological, psychological and social factors?
The role of patients has three attributes: disease (objective symptoms and signs of disease organ function and qualitative lesions); Disease (subjective psychological discomfort of disease); Patient (sick and unable to fulfill social responsibilities). Biomedicine only pays attention to the first level, which limits the Zen master and thinking of disease diagnosis and treatment, resulting in inhuman operation and tense relationship between doctors and patients.
Engel of BSP (Bio-psycho-social) model indicates that the medical field has begun to turn its attention from diseases to patients. It is a medical model combining system theory and holistic view, which takes into account not only human physiological mechanism, but also the internal environment in which people form and the external environment on which people live (including social factors and social systems: medical and health care system).
Significance: improve health (no longer just physical aspects); Changed the doctor-patient relationship (humanism); Deepen the understanding of diseases (consider the interaction between body and mind); Expanded the treatment method (psychosomatic therapy). In addition, BSP for healthy people suggests that health should be understood and improved from the biological, psychological and social perspectives.
BSP introduces system theory and hierarchy, and changing any hierarchy will cause changes in all other hierarchies. The development of BSP-holistic health model-a new paradigm of health service: an all-round movement to regain humane medical care and respect the whole individual; Disease is the manifestation of poor comprehensive quality, bad behavior habits and lifestyle; Emphasize that individuals are closely related to the health of family members, and that individuals are moral and cultured, and can control their behavior habits and lifestyles; Three characteristics: (emphasizing the importance of psychological events and personal value system, re-recognizing the value of responsibility to individuals, and re-recognizing the complexity and diversity of people).
Fourth, the concept of lifelong development.
People's health is constantly changing all their lives, and the important factors related to health are also changing, and the prevention goals and intervention priorities are also different. The disease spectrum and death spectrum of different ages are different; Tolerance and resilience to the same disease are different; The focus of intervention is different (cognitive ability and self-control ability of individuals of different ages also affect their behavior).
;