Scientific feeding management
Group feeding, scientific feeding method
Because rabbits need different feed and nutrition in different physiological periods, they should be raised in groups for easy management. Generally, young rabbits under 3 months have few fights and can be raised in groups. Same-sex rabbits over 3.5 months old, especially male rabbits, will fight with each other and often bite or die, while heterosexual rabbits will reproduce prematurely. Therefore, they should be kept in groups according to their age and sex. Adult rabbits, especially male rabbits, should be kept in groups. Because rabbits are mostly squatting in cages during the day except feeding, they are very active at night and feed frequently. Therefore, rabbits should be fed according to their living habits, but rats should be prevented from stealing concentrated feed at night and spreading diseases. Therefore, it is suggested to feed concentrate (granule or mixture) 1 3 diet in the morning, 2/3 diet in the evening, and grass1time at noon and night.
Rabbits are herbivores, and should be mainly fed with green feed and roughage, supplemented by concentrated feed. At present, there are granular feed and compound feed for rabbits, and the feed formula is also reasonably matched according to the nutritional components needed by rabbits. However, due to the different kinds of raw materials in the feed throughout the year, it is necessary to change the feed step by step. You can use 1/3 first, then use 1/3 every few days, and the change will end in about 10 days. In this way, the appetite and digestive function of rabbits gradually adapt to the changed feed, avoiding the loss of appetite caused by sudden change of feed or the damage caused by overeating. And feed regularly and quantitatively, and feed at a fixed time every day. In order to promote the growth of rabbits and reduce the incidence of diseases, the daily feed intake of each rabbit should be determined according to the age, weight and individual differences of rabbits, which is one of the methods to enhance the appetite of rabbits and improve the utilization rate of feed.
Water, feed and feed hygiene
Water is important to all animals. Because water can help animals digest food, absorb nutrients and transport nutrients to all parts of the body. It can also excrete waste and toxic substances produced by metabolism, which are inseparable from boiling water. Water can also regulate body temperature and keep it stable.
Rabbits will suffer from various diseases if they are short of water to varying degrees. Especially in summer, the temperature is so high that rabbits can't live without water. Because rabbits have no sweat glands, they radiate heat from their bodies by breathing. The faster they breathe, the more moisture they exhale. At this time, rabbits are prone to heatstroke if they don't replenish water. Female rabbits consume a lot of water during childbirth. If the mother rabbit can't get water to eat at this time, she will eat the young rabbit. The mother rabbit will secrete a lot of milk during lactation. If the body is short of water, the milk will be too thick, and the baby rabbit can't suck well. If the baby rabbit bites the nipple of the mother rabbit and is infected with staphylococcus, it will lead to mastitis in the mother rabbit and yellow urine disease in the baby rabbit. In the daily feeding process, some rabbits are often listless, lose appetite, and their feces are dry and rough, which is caused by mild water shortage. If the feces are thin and hard, like red beans or young rabbits, the feces are very small, like human pills, which shows that rabbits are seriously short of water and will lead to constipation. In addition, rabbits don't feed dirty water like ponds. It is very important to add 1% salt to drinking water in summer and prohibit feeding ice water in winter.
From the above, it can be seen that water is so important to the health of rabbits, so water must be fed in daily feeding. It is best to install an automatic drinking device to let rabbits drink freely, or stick to the feeding system of feeding water more than twice in summer and at least once a day in winter.
Rabbits are herbivores. If we feed them with weeds instead of concentrated feed, we can also feed and raise rabbits well. However, the forage grass eaten by rabbits is generally dirty, especially the grass with dew, which makes rabbits prone to gastrointestinal diseases and parasitic diseases after eating it. Because exposed aquatic plants carry many pathogenic bacteria and parasitic eggs. It's best to rinse the cut grass first and dry it before feeding it.
In addition, we should pay attention to whether the feed has deteriorated or moldy. If rabbits eat spoiled or moldy feed, it is easy to cause digestive tract diseases and poisoning caused by moldy feed.
Adhere to the breeding policy of "self-propagation and self-support"
Adhere to the feeding policy of "self-propagation and self-nourishment", the purpose of which is to prevent the introduction of rabbit species from bringing rabbit diseases and causing disease transmission. For the safety production of rabbit farms, it can only be imported from non-epidemic areas. In order to understand the past and present epidemic situation in this area, improved rabbits can be purchased from healthy rabbit farms, but they must be quarantined by the local veterinary department and issued with quarantine certificates. After 1 month veterinary verification, quarantine and quarantine observation in this field, it is confirmed that healthy people need to be deworming, and those who are not vaccinated can be mixed after supplementing vaccines.
Create a good feeding environment
A good feeding environment plays an important role in preventing rabbit diseases and enhancing the physique and disease resistance of rabbits.
(1) site selection and layout
The rabbit farm should be located in a place with high and dry terrain, abundant sunshine, convenient power supply and transportation, sufficient water and smooth drainage, but it must be more than 500 meters away from public facilities such as railways, highways and towns, especially from slaughterhouses, meat processing plants and fur processing plants with high pollution possibility.
Site layout, production, management and living quarters should be strictly separated. Rabbit farms should be equipped with veterinary clinics, laboratories, isolation rooms for sick rabbits, autopsy rooms and corpse disposal facilities. The feed processing room should be built in the spotlight of the whole audience to prevent mice and flies. The rabbit farm should use tap water or well water, and the water pipe goes directly to each rabbit house to prevent drinking water pollution. Site greening plays an important role in improving the environment, such as reducing wind speed in winter, reducing temperature in summer and purifying the air in the site.
(2) Hygienic requirements of rabbit huts.
In recent years, rabbits have been raised on a large scale in various places, with a large number and high density. Under the condition of intensive and high-density feeding, the rabbit house building should be equipped with doors and windows as far as possible under the premise of meeting the requirements of lighting and ventilation, and the upper part of the south window should be equipped with ventilation window, which can be opened as appropriate in winter to facilitate ventilation. Floor-to-ceiling windows are set under the north and south windows near the inner surface of the house, which can strengthen ventilation and heatstroke prevention in summer.
Strictly implement the disinfection system
The purpose of disinfection is to eliminate pathogens in the environment, eliminate all sources of infection and prevent the spread of the epidemic, which is an important part of comprehensive preventive measures. We should have a correct concept of disinfection: because disinfection is better than drug administration, disinfection can reduce drug administration, and drug administration cannot replace disinfection (drug administration is effective for bacterial diseases but ineffective for viral diseases). It is very important to choose an excellent disinfectant for thorough disinfection.
According to the purpose of disinfection, it can be divided into:
(1) Preventive disinfection: that is, the rabbit house, rabbit cage, drinking fountain, food basin and utensils are disinfected regularly at ordinary times to achieve the purpose of preventing common infectious diseases.
(2) Disinfection at any time: when infectious diseases occur in rabbit farms or rabbits suffer from diarrhea, disinfection measures are taken to eliminate pathogens discharged from rabbits in time.
(3) Terminal disinfection: a comprehensive and thorough disinfection to eliminate the pathogens that may remain in the epidemic area after the isolation, recovery or death of the sick rabbits or before the blockade of the epidemic area is lifted.
According to disinfection methods can be divided into:
Physical disinfection methods can be divided into the following four types:
Cleaning and washing: clean feces and dirt frequently, and clean rabbit cages, floors and utensils.
Sunlight exposure: ultraviolet rays in sunlight have a good bactericidal effect. Rabbit nests, straw mats and forage grass can kill general pathogenic microorganisms in direct sunlight for 2-3 hours.
Boiling: After boiling for 30 minutes, it can kill general microorganisms and is suitable for disinfection of medical instruments and work clothes.
Flame: The flame temperature of the blowtorch can reach 400-600℃, which can be used to disinfect cages and boxes with good effect, but attention should be paid to fire prevention.
Chemical disinfection method: commonly used chemical solutions for disinfection. The effect of chemical disinfection depends on many factors, such as pathogen resistance, environmental conditions and nature, disinfection temperature, chemical concentration, action time and so on. When selecting chemical disinfectants, it should be considered that they have strong disinfection effect on pathogens, low toxicity to people and animals, no damage to disinfected objects, easy to dissolve in water, relatively stable in disinfection environment, difficult to lose their functions, cheap and easy to obtain, and convenient to use.
Disinfection methods: fumigation disinfection, soaking disinfection, drinking water disinfection and spray disinfection.
Biological thermal disinfection method: biological thermal disinfection is mainly used for the harmless treatment of contaminated feces. Rabbit farms should concentrate rabbit feces and dirt in remote places far away from rabbit houses, so that feces can be fermented by microorganisms in feces to generate heat, and the temperature can be as high as 70℃ or above. After a period of time, it can kill viruses, germs, coccidia cysts and other pathogens, achieve the purpose of disinfection, while maintaining the fertilizer efficiency of feces.
A strict disinfection system should be established in rabbit farms. Rabbit huts, rabbit cages and utensils are cleaned and disinfected every quarter in winter 1 time, and the key disinfection every week 1 time. In summer, it shall be cleaned and disinfected/kloc-0 times a month, and the key disinfection shall be carried out twice a week. To disinfect the rabbit house, we must first thoroughly clean up the dirt, rinse it with clear water, dry it and disinfect it with drugs. During disinfection, disinfectants and disinfection methods should be reasonably selected according to the characteristics of pathogens, the performance and economic value of disinfected objects and other factors.
Disinfectants and preservatives
Disinfectant is a kind of medicine with strong effect, which can quickly kill pathogenic microorganisms. It is mainly used to disinfect cages, utensils, instruments, excreta and environment. Anticorrosive drugs have slow action, can inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, and have no harm to the body. They are mainly used for the preservation of skin, mucous membranes and wounds, and can also be sterilized at high concentrations. Therefore, there is only a difference in concentration between the two, and there is no essential difference. Commonly known as disinfection and antisepsis drugs.
At present, with the progress of science and technology, a variety of new disinfectants have been successfully developed, such as Baidusha, Butrin and Jiefujing. Compared with traditional disinfectants, they have the following advantages:
Broad spectrum: It has a good killing effect on a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.
High efficiency: it can kill pathogenic microorganisms at low concentration.
Low toxicity: safe for people and animals, less irritating, non-corrosive to equipment, no residual toxicity and no environmental pollution.
Disinfectants commonly used in rabbit farms include Lysol, sodium hydroxide, bleaching powder, lime milk, plant ash, bromogeramine, peracetic acid, formalin, potassium permanganate and new disinfectants, such as Baidusha and Jieganjing. After the rabbit house and rabbit cage are cleaned, the feces are subjected to bio-thermal fermentation, and the ground is washed with tap water. When it is dry, sprinkle it on the ground with 3% Lysol, 10% lime milk or 30% plant ash water. The bottom plate of rabbit cage can be soaked in 5% Lysol solution for disinfection, and the rabbit cage can be sprayed for disinfection. Different disinfection drugs should be selected and sprayers with different droplet sizes should be used for disinfection. 0.05% tetramethylphenol, 1- 1.3% farmer and 0.3-0.5% peracetic acid can be used for spray disinfection of environment and cages. Rabbit feeding pots and other utensils can be put into a disinfection pool and soaked with a certain concentration of disinfectant (such as 5% Lysol, 0. 1% bromogeramine, 1: 200 butazine, etc.). ) 2 hours or so, and then rinse with tap water for later use. Wooden or bamboo rabbit cages and utensils can be cleaned with 2-5% hot alkaline water, and the ceiling or wall can be painted with 10-20% lime milk. It is best to sterilize metal objects with a flame torch. In order to prevent corrosion, acidic or alkaline disinfectants shall not be used. The ground of open-air rabbit farm (cement ground) can be disinfected by spraying 10-20% lime milk or 10-20% bleaching powder solution. After drying, it can be washed with clear water, and rabbits can be raised after drying. Work clothes, towels and gloves should be washed with 1-2% lysol, autoclaved or boiled for 20-30 minutes. Hands can be disinfected by soaking in 0. 1% bromogeramine. Rabbit skin and rabbit hair can be fumigated and disinfected with ethylene oxide. After understanding the purpose of disinfection, disinfection drugs and how to disinfect, rabbit farms must formulate disinfection systems and resolutely implement them.
vaccination
Vaccination is an important means to control the occurrence of infectious diseases. In order to eliminate or purify an epidemic disease, besides immunization, comprehensive preventive measures should be taken, including regular observation of the health status of rabbits, timely correct diagnosis and treatment to reduce losses, isolation of sick rabbits to prevent their spread in healthy rabbit houses, and harmless treatment of dead rabbits to reduce the occurrence of diseases and control the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.
At present, the main rabbit vaccines in China and their usage methods are as follows:
(1) Rabbit plague propolis vaccine
Prevention of rabbit plague
This vaccine is injected subcutaneously into various rabbits and rabbits, and it produces immunity after 3-5 days. Young rabbits were inoculated subcutaneously at the age of 40-45 days. Because the immunity is not strong enough, young rabbits must be vaccinated again at the age of 60 days, and then immunized every 6 months. If the disease occurs, 65-438+0 ml needs to be vaccinated again.
Immunization period: 6 months
(2) Rabbit plague and Pasteurella combined vaccine
Prevention of Pasteurellosis in Rabbits
Inject 2ml of the vaccine under the skin of 40-45 days old rabbits. Because the immunity is not strong enough, 2ml is given at the age of 60 days, and then every 6 months 1ml. 5-7 days after immunization, immunity is produced.
Immune period: 6 months, Pasteurella for 4 months.
(3) Pasteurella multocida vaccine for rabbits and poultry
Prevention of Pasteurellosis in Rabbits and Birds
This vaccine needs to immunize weaned rabbits. Each rabbit was injected subcutaneously 1ml, immunized 1 time every 4 months, and injected subcutaneously 1ml.
Immunization period: 4 months
(4) Fusobacterium westermani vaccine
Prevention of Clostridium welchii dysentery
The vaccine was injected subcutaneously to weaned rabbits immediately, and then immunized/kloc-0 times every 5-6 months, with 2ml subcutaneous injection each time.
Immunization period: 6 months
(5) Escherichia coli multivalent vaccine
Prevention of colibacillosis
Young rabbits need to be immunized at the age of 20 days, and subcutaneous injection 1 ml. After weaning, young rabbits were immunized 1 time and injected subcutaneously with 2ml.
Immunization period: 4 months
(6) Klebsiella pneumoniae vaccine
Prevention of Klebsiella dysentery
Young rabbits need to be immunized at the age of 20 days, and subcutaneous injection 1 ml. After weaning, young rabbits were immunized 1 time and injected subcutaneously with 2ml.
Immunization period: 4 months
(7) Borrelia vaccine
Prevention of brucellosis
Young rabbits need immunization from the age of 18 days, and subcutaneous injection of 1ml. After immunization 1 week, strengthen immunization and inject 2ml under the skin of each rabbit.
Immunization period: 4 months
(8) Staphylococcus vaccine
Prevent diseases caused by staphylococcus, such as mastitis, foot dermatitis and yellow urine disease in young rabbits.
2ml of the vaccine was injected subcutaneously before mating of female rabbits.
Immunization period: 4 months
Precautions for immunization
Regular vaccination is an important measure to control the epidemic of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job of vaccination against the above diseases in accordance with the prescribed immunization procedures. For chronic consumptive and surgical diseases, there is no vaccine to prevent them. It is necessary to eliminate sick rabbits and purify rabbit farms.
Before vaccination, you should know whether there are epidemic diseases in the local area. If there is any epidemic disease, first carry out emergency epidemic prevention according to the arrangement, and if there is no special epidemic disease, carry out routine vaccination as planned. In addition, rabbit farms and households usually need a variety of vaccines to prevent different rabbit diseases. Therefore, according to the immune characteristics of various vaccines, the epidemic (bacterial) vaccine, immune times and interval should be reasonably formulated. Because it is impossible to have an immunization program that can be used everywhere. Therefore, all rabbit farms and rabbit farmers are required to sum up their experience in practice and work out the best immunization program for inoculation of epidemic (bacterial) vaccines in combination with the specific conditions of the farms and rabbit farmers.
The procurement and supply of vaccines should be planned and arranged in a unified way to avoid vaccination in hot summer and cold winter. According to the production situation, the vaccine should be in place in advance and stored according to the requirements of vaccine preservation.
We should be fully prepared before preventive injection. For example, needles, syringes and tweezers for injection must be disinfected in advance before use. Alcohol cotton balls should be ready 48 hours ago. Replace the needle every time you give a rabbit an injection, and at least wipe the needle with an alcohol cotton ball after each injection to prevent the needle from carrying poison and bacteria. The injection site should also be strictly disinfected with iodine and alcohol. At present, all vaccines used in rabbits are injected subcutaneously, so it is necessary to avoid blood vessels and nerves and inject the vaccine in a fan shape with accurate dosage. When carrying out emergency vaccination, it shall be carried out in the order of threatened areas, epidemic areas and epidemic spots.
Drug prevention Drug prevention is to prevent some diseases and promote the growth of rabbits. Antibiotics or chemically synthesized antibacterial drugs are added to the feed as a component of the diet to obtain the expected or better feeding effect. In view of the fact that rabbit farms can't guarantee that rabbits of all ages don't suffer from pasteurellosis, coccidiosis and other diseases, there is no epidemic vaccine for some diseases at present. Therefore, adding some safe drugs into rabbit feed or drinking water for collective drug prevention is one of the effective measures to prevent and control infectious diseases in rabbits. The mode of administration can also be determined according to the monitoring of epidemic situation and epidemic disease. For example, adding chlorobenzene guanidine to feed to prevent coccidiosis and olaquindox in rabbits not only has good bactericidal ability, but also promotes the growth of rabbits.
When using drugs for prevention, we should pay attention to drug resistance, which will affect the preventive effect of drugs. Conditional rabbit farms should often carry out drug sensitivity tests and choose highly sensitive drugs for prevention. Strictly implement the requirements of stopping drug use in rabbits before slaughter to ensure that the residual drugs in rabbits can be gradually excreted or even eliminated. At the same time, the drugs used should be registered in detail, such as drug name, batch number, address, dosage and method, so as to observe the effect. If there is a problem, it can also be investigated in time.
Regular deworming
There are many kinds of parasites in rabbits with different biological characteristics. In order to completely eradicate rabbit parasitic diseases, we must take comprehensive prevention measures and implement the policy of putting prevention first. Because the occurrence of rabbit parasitic diseases is closely related to the external environment, it is the key to use drugs to repel insects and eliminate the source of infection in prevention and treatment. Pay attention to the following points when using drugs to repel insects:
1. Use safe, efficient, broad-spectrum, cheap, delicious and easy-to-use antiparasitic drugs.
2. It is very important to choose the appropriate dosage form and administration method. If parasites in the digestive tract are expelled, oral administration such as rabbit coccidiosis should be chosen. This disease is most likely to break out in young rabbits with high mortality, which affects the survival rate of young rabbits. So a large group of people are needed to drive out parasites. For the convenience of administration, mixed feeding can be used. At present, killing body surface parasites, such as rabbit sarcoidosis, can be administered by subcutaneous injection and rubbing on the affected area.
3. Prevent parasites from developing drug resistance. In clinical application, coccidia are prone to drug resistance. This has brought great difficulties to the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases. Drug-resistant strains not only make the original drug treatment ineffective, but also produce cross-resistance to drugs with similar structure and mechanism. It has been proved by investigation that the emergence of drug-resistant strains is related to the dosage and concentration of insect repellent, that is, long-term use of the same insect repellent, and it is a small dose or low concentration, which can only temporarily inhibit the insect body but not kill it. Therefore, different kinds of antiparasitic drugs should be replaced regularly or used alternately to reduce or avoid the emergence of drug-resistant strains.
4. Avoid poisoning or even death of rabbits caused by excessive dosage and long medication time. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen feeding management when using insect repellent, especially for rabbits with weak constitution.
5. At the same time, we should strengthen the fermentation treatment of feces to prevent the spread of pathogens; Eliminate the vectors and intermediate hosts of parasites; It is very important to strengthen feeding management and eliminate all kinds of pathogenic factors.
Prevention of poisoning
We should also adhere to the policy of "prevention first" for poisoning diseases. In terms of prevention, the following types of poisoning should be prevented:
1. Prevention of pesticide poisoning: Common pesticides such as dimethoate, dichlorvos, trichlorfon, etc. are all organophosphorus compounds, which are mainly used as crop pesticides and to treat rabbit ectoparasitic diseases. If rabbits eat plants that have just been sprayed with pesticides, or the source of feed is contaminated by pesticides, or the drugs and methods used to treat ectoparasites are improper, it will cause rabbit poisoning. In order to prevent poisoning, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1) Strictly control crops such as green feed, vegetables and grains sprayed with organophosphorus pesticides. (2) When trichlorfon is used to treat ectoparasitic diseases, the rules of use should be strictly observed. Excessive concentration will cause body surface absorption poisoning and prevent poisoning caused by rabbit bites.
2. Prevention of toxic plant poisoning: There are many toxic plants that can cause poisoning in rabbits, such as Datura stramonium, Saposhnikovia divaricata, beet, buttercup, castor and hemlock. Rabbits will be poisoned if they eat these poisonous plants by mistake. In order to prevent poisoning, we must first understand the species of poisonous weeds in this area; Secondly, breeders and technicians should learn the ability to identify poisonous weeds; Third, all unknown or suspected poisonous plants are forbidden to be fed.
3. Prevention of moldy feed poisoning: A large number of molds propagate on moldy feed, resulting in a large number of toxic metabolites. There are mainly Fusarium, Aspergillus flavus, grape fungus, black spot fungus of sweet potato and so on. The rabbit was poisoned by moldy feed. Prevention method: (1) The feed storage room should be dry and ventilated to prevent the feed from becoming moldy. (2) Moldy feed should not be fed and should be discarded or burned.
4. Prevention of rodenticide poisoning: commonly used rodenticides include Antoine, zinc phosphide, diphacinone sodium salt, etc. It can cause poisoning after being eaten by rabbits. Therefore, it should be noted that (1) rodenticide is strictly prohibited in the feed room to prevent feed pollution. (2) When placing poison bait in the rabbit house, special attention should be paid to prevent rabbits from eating by mistake.
5. Prevention of chlorobenzene guanidine poisoning: chlorobenzene guanidine is a rabbit coccidiosis drug. Attention should be paid in the application process: drugs and feed should be stirred evenly, otherwise it will easily cause poisoning. Secondly, you can't use large doses for a long time, otherwise it will also cause rabbit savings poisoning.