Biotechnology faces moral dilemma
Biotechnology is in its infancy, and international cooperation in this field is very active and fully carried out, so the research level of major countries in the world is not much different at present. The United States has the strongest comprehensive research strength and the largest industrialization scale, but Britain, Japan, Germany, China and Sweden also have their own characteristics and breakthroughs. In the future, scientists from all over the world will try their best to seize the commanding heights of this productivity leap, but biotechnology will also face some moral dilemmas.
Therapeutic cloning research has always been a hot topic in the United States, which is related to votes. Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of Science magazine, once said that some scientists tried their best to "circumvent" the restrictions of American law. Some analysts believe that the main anti-cloning groups in the United States are conservative religious groups and anti-abortion groups, who are loyal voters of Bush, so it is difficult for the Bush administration to change its position against therapeutic cloning.
At the same time, therapeutic cloning research provides strategic opportunities for countries that support it, such as Britain and Sweden. Britain's biotechnology industry ranks second in the world after the United States. The departments benefiting from biotechnology employ more than 654.38+750,000 workers, accounting for about 654.38+00% of GDP. The British government has always taken an active support attitude towards biotechnology, believing that it is a typical knowledge economy, where Britain's advantages lie, and where the future of British industry lies. The British government issued the world's first legal license to clone human embryos as early as August 1 1 2004.
(Zhong He)
■ Status quo
Genetically modified crops plague the European Union.
Facing the pressure from the United States, Canada and Arab countries, the EU will open its doors to genetically modified crops.
Europe is the only continent in the world that does not produce and sell genetically modified crops. However, faced with the pressure from the United States, Canada and Argentina in the World Trade Organization, the EU said that all EU countries must open their doors to genetically modified crops and prepare feasible laws and regulations to ensure human health and environmental safety.
"Planting genetically modified crops is tantamount to suicide"
Five European countries have implemented eight different bans, and many European countries also want to prevent such foods from entering Europe. This "struggle" caused differences in transatlantic relations. On the one hand, the EU refuses to produce and sell genetically modified crops, on the other hand, the United States and Canada produce a large number of genetically modified crops. European consumers and farmers generally don't want to see genetically modified crops. European food culture has developed for centuries, but the problem is that Europeans are unwilling to plant biotechnological crops in the fields or put them in their mouths. Many consumers in the European Union say they don't believe that genetically modified crops are safe, especially for the environment.
Many mainstream supermarkets in Europe will not sell these foods. Greeks are generally reluctant to plant, sell and eat genetically modified crops. "All political parties are against it," said Theodor crippa, a former Greek environment minister. We disagree on other issues, but this is a special case. "
Nikes Lapas, president of Greece's largest farmers' union, said: "Those environmental ministers who allow genetically modified crops to enter their own countries no longer want to be ministers. Our market doesn't need them. Farmers grow genetically modified crops, which is economic suicide. "
"American ambassador will visit the new Greek minister"
Barbara HayFaehnrich, a spokeswoman for the EU Environment Committee, said: "We have a good policy, but we found that consumers and many EU member States are very resistant to genetically modified crops, so they blocked the resolution again and again."
Those countries that produce genetically modified crops put pressure on the WTO and other countries. "The American ambassador who said,' You need genetically modified crops' will visit every new Greek minister." Cory Panos said, "The pressure is unimaginable." Biotechnology companies such as Monsanto insist that genetically modified crops have no obvious side effects and should enter the European market immediately.
4. The representative of the top education in the UK-a brief introduction to the life science major.
Date: 2006 1 1.07.
Source: Internet
Author:
Editor: Xu Hong
Zhejiang Online Education Channel edu.zjol.com.cn
It is predicted that 2 1 century will be the century of biological science, and whoever masters the life science will dominate everything. Generally speaking, the contemporary biological sciences are mainly developing towards micro and macro aspects: in the micro aspect, biology has entered the molecular level from the cellular level to explore the essence of life; From a macro perspective, the development of ecology plays an important role in solving global problems such as resources and environment.
Biology is one of the earlier majors. On the basis of biology, many new specialties have been born through continuous crossing with other disciplines, such as biological science, biotechnology, bioengineering, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biomedicine, food science and engineering, marine biological science, marine bioengineering, animal husbandry and so on.
In order to distinguish these majors, they can be roughly divided into the following six categories:
In the first category, biological science majors study the nature of life phenomena, the origin and evolution of organisms, genetic variation, growth and development and other life activities from different levels such as molecules, cells, organisms and even ecosystems. The major of biological science aims to cultivate biological professionals who have a solid theoretical foundation of biological science, master the basic theories and skills of this discipline, and have certain scientific research ability and innovative spirit. Main courses: zoology, botany, biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, genetics, bioengineering, molecular biology, ecology, plant physiology, biostatistics, environmental protection, genetic engineering, protein and enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, cell engineering, modern biological experiment technology, etc.
The second category, bioengineering major? Similar majors: biotechnology major, biotechnology major bioengineering, also known as biotechnology, is a comprehensive science and technology that organically combines biological science and engineering technology. In other words, it is based on biological science and uses advanced scientific principles and engineering technology to process or transform biomaterials. For example, the birth and development of gene recombination technology, DNA and protein sequence analysis technology, protein project, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, chromosome engineering and other projects have been widely used in industry, agriculture, medical and health fields, and many breakthroughs have been made. Main professional courses: organic chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, biochemical engineering, bioengineering, etc.
Iii. Bioinformatics Major (Similar Major: Gene Informatics Major) Bioinformatics is a hot interdisciplinary subject developed and perfected in recent years, and was often called genome informatics at first. Biology is the core and soul of bioinformatics, and mathematics and computer technology are its basic tools. Broadly speaking, bioinformatics is a subject that uses the viewpoints, theories and methods of mathematics and information science to study life phenomena and organize and analyze exponential growth of biological data. It is predicted that bioinformatics professionals, as a new interdisciplinary subject, will become one of the most scarce talent types at home and abroad in 2 1 century. Main professional courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, computer software foundation, bioinformatics, gene chip technology, life system modeling, etc.
The fourth category, Bio-food major (similar major: food science and engineering major) Bio-food major is a discipline that cultivates senior scientific and technological talents with knowledge of chemistry, biology, food engineering and food technology, and can engage in food production technology management, quality control, product development, scientific research and engineering design in the food field. Main courses: biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, biostatistics, database, computer software foundation, bioinformatics, protein omics, gene chip technology, life system modeling, etc.
The fifth category, biomedical engineering major (similar major: medical biotechnology major) Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary subject of comprehensive biology, medicine and engineering technology. It is also a comprehensive high-tech discipline that uses the principles and methods of natural science and engineering technology to study and reveal human life phenomena from an engineering perspective and solve human medical problems. Biomedical engineering specialty is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary and marginal discipline in the world. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problems of detection, diagnosis, treatment and management in biomedicine with modern engineering technology, and to further explore various motion forms and laws of life systems. It is an important pillar of life science in 2 1 century. * * * There are 2 1 colleges offering biomedical engineering. Main professional courses: analog and digital electronic technology, microcomputer principle, digital signal and processing, engineering physiology, medical imaging and image processing, biosensor technology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, etc.
The sixth category, marine biotechnology major (similar majors: marine fishery science and technology major, aquaculture major, etc. This major trains senior professionals with solid basic knowledge and skills of modern marine biological science and modern biotechnology, trained in marine scientific research and engineering technology application, and able to engage in basic theoretical research, high-tech research, biological product development and related management in scientific research, production and teaching departments. Main professional courses: analog and digital electronic technology, microcomputer principle, digital signal and processing, engineering physiology, quantitative physiology, medical images and image processing, biosensor technology, modern medical instruments, general biology, cell biology, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, etc. Main courses: cell engineering, genetic engineering, microbial engineering, protein engineering, downstream technology of bioengineering, biotechnology experiment, bioinformatics, developmental biology, fermentation engineering equipment, etc. Other majors that cross-study biology include: biological environmental science, animal husbandry biology, etc. With the new progress of biological science itself, and the continuous cross-integration with other disciplines, new interdisciplinary majors will be born.
Britain is very suitable for cultivating biotechnology research talents. British bioscience enjoys a world-class reputation. Britain has won more than 20 Nobel prizes in life sciences. From the discovery of DNA structure in the past to the development of modern cell culture technology, British scientists have made many major breakthroughs in this field. There are about 500 biotechnology industrial application companies in Britain, more than any other companies in Europe. British universities lead the world in the quality of biological science research. In the future, there will be more and more cooperation between universities in Britain and China in the field of biological sciences.
Like other majors, there are two courses offered by the British Department of Biological Sciences: 1) lecture-based learning and 2) research-based learning. The study period is one year. Tuition fees are generally around 9000 pounds. The following are postgraduate courses offered by the departments of biological sciences in some top universities in Britain.
The University of Manchester is located in the third largest city in Britain in the northwest of England. With more than 1000 researchers and graduate students, the School of Biological Sciences of Manchester University is one of the largest and most successful scientific research centers in Europe. The center provides-Master of Philosophy in Biological Sciences (Master of Research). This master's course provides a whole set of training in advanced research methods. Students can choose from a wide range of courses they want to specialize in, including biochemistry, biotechnology, cell biology, genetics, immunology and microbiology. Among them, 60% of the time is spent on research topics, and the remaining 40% is spent on research and technical guidance. Students who successfully complete this course can continue their doctoral studies in the second academic year. During this period, you can get research opportunities in biochemistry, cytology, immunology, pharmacy and other related fields. Full-time doctoral programs usually take four years to complete (including the first year of Master of Philosophy). University of strathclyde is located in Glasgow, a Scottish commercial center. The Department of Biological Science and Technology has 14 full-time academic staff and the most advanced biological research equipment. Frequent research exchanges with overseas countries can show that faculty members are often invited to visit and teach abroad. This department often receives outstanding tourists from all over the world. We offer two full-time master programs: Master of Science in Food Biology and Master of Science in Food Science and Microbiology. During this period, you can get research opportunities in biomedicine, microbiology and environmental investigation.
Kent University is located in Canterbury, a historic city in the southeast of England, and is known as the "Garden of England". There are 150 academic researchers and technicians in the School of Biological Sciences of Kent University. The University of Kent offers a master's degree in research: a one-year master's program in biotechnology research. This is also the first year of a four-year doctoral program. This course includes basic teaching courses such as biological science research technology, molecular biology, analytical biology, biotechnology statistics, biotechnology and public affairs. The University of Kent also offers master's and research courses in biochemistry and microbiology.
Other top universities in the field of biological sciences in Britain include: Newcastle University-Microscience and Technology Center is the leader in this research field. It provides a one-year master's degree in biomedical micro-technology. It gives students knowledge and technical foundation, so that they can engage in pharmacy, biotechnology, bioscience and microsystem technology industries in the future. Microscience and science and technology research courses are also optional. In addition, the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences also offers a Master of Science degree in industrial biotechnology. This one-year master's program provides students with the knowledge base and skills needed to work in industrial biotechnology companies (including pharmaceutical industry). The Department of Animal and Plant Science of the University of Sheffield is one of the largest departments in Britain, which provides research opportunities in plant metabolism, plant developmental physiology and animal regulatory physiology. The Department of Biomedical Sciences explores how biology can be applied to medical problems. It provides research opportunities in cell differentiation, genetics, neuroscience and molecular physiology.
University of Essex-Department of Biological Sciences offers master's degree programs and pure research programs. The one-year master of science degree in biotechnology aims to provide the theoretical basis and transfer experience of modern biotechnology. The department also offers master of philosophy and doctoral programs in biochemistry, microbiology and immunology. Westminster-London Academy of Biological Sciences has 43 faculty members and more than 1200 students. The one-year master's program includes master's degree in medical biotechnology and master's degree in microbiology. The college also offers master of philosophy and doctoral programs in biotechnology. There are also Warwick University: Advanced Biomedical Engineering Aberdeen University: Biomedical Engineering Leeds University: Medical Engineering and Biomechanics Aston University: Biomedical Engineering, etc.
Good universities in Britain mainly consider applicants from three aspects; The average scores of the school and students and English language scores, so I suggest that some students must study hard, because the school determines whether you can be admitted by evaluating the average scores of your school and all courses.
In addition, as we all know, applications in Britain need to be applied one year in advance. Judging from the speed of application this year, the school's acceptance speed is very fast. At present (September 2006), I have a student from a 2 1 1 key university who has received a master's notice from UCL.
5. Notice of on-site seminar on environment, health and modern biotechnology of Beijing Anatomy Society
2006-10-11times of reading: 2 13 times.
Human anatomy is one of the important basic courses of medical education, and it is also an important content of biological science. In the observation and research of life form science, the collection, preservation and observation research methods of biological specimens have a key impact on the development of the discipline.
For a long time, due to the limitation and influence of the current biological specimen preservation technology, the working environment of anatomical scientists is often seriously polluted by toxic and harmful chemicals such as formalin (formaldehyde), which seriously threatens the physical and mental health of teachers and students, and even affects the training of anatomical talents and the normal development of discipline construction. Therefore, it has always been the long-cherished wish of anatomists to innovate technology, eliminate pollution and build formaldehyde-free anatomical laboratories and showrooms.
In recent years, with the improvement of national economic strength, plastic preservation technology and ventilation and refrigeration technology of biological specimens have been widely used in life morphology laboratories and showrooms. This provides a bright prospect for building a "life morphology laboratory and showroom without formaldehyde poisoning". In order to exchange new experiences and new ideas of anatomists in various units of our association in making non-toxic biological morphological specimens and building low-pollution and pollution-free anatomical laboratories and showrooms, Beijing Anatomy Society specially launched an academic and experience exchange seminar with the theme of "Environment, Health and Modern Biotechnology".
I theme: environment, health and modern biotechnology
Second, the content:
1. Title: Development of plasticizing preservation technology of biological specimens and its application and influence at home and abroad.
Speaker: Professor Yu, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, peking university health science center.
2. Topic: New ideas, new equipment, new products and new experiences for building a low-pollution and non-toxic anatomy laboratory and exhibition hall.
Reporter:
(1) Professor Xu Gang, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Beijing Sport University.
(2) Professor Guo Shungen, Department of Anatomy and Embryology and Pathology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
(3) Professor Gao Xiulai, Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University
(4) Professor Zhou Manman from the Department of Anatomy and Embryology, peking university health science center.
3. Discussion: Ethical, legal and intellectual property issues that may be involved in the collection, production and use of biological anatomical specimens, especially human anatomical specimens (combined with relevant regulations of relevant ministries)
4. Introduction of new technologies and new products: representatives of exhibitors introduce new technologies and new products.
5. Visit: Visit peking university health science center Anatomy Teaching Laboratory and Anatomy Exhibition Hall.
Three. Time: 9: 00 am on Friday, October 20th, 2006/KLOC-0 +65438.
4. Venue: Conference Room, Central Hall, 3rd Floor, peking university health science center Biochemical Building (Basic Medical College)
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Credit: 5 points.
Intransitive verb phone number and contact person:
67235034 (), 82802877 (remainder), 8280 1629 (Tang Junmin)
I hope colleagues, students and the general public will actively participate.
Please ask the directors of each unit to assist in counting the number of participants and report to Liu Hongjie or Professor Tang Junmin, director of the Institute Office, before 10+07.
6. Problems and countermeasures in the legal protection and management of biological genetic resources in China
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Author: Du Lili Source: China Environmental Law Network Publisher: Yi Yun Category: Topic 9- Scientific Data and Network Date: 2006- 10-08 Today/general browsing: 1/463.
With the rapid development of biotechnology, biological genetic resources, as an important strategic material of a country, not only play an important role in solving food, health and environmental problems, but also have great economic value in business and become the "gold rush" of the international community. This has caused many legal problems about biological genetic resources, which have been extensively studied by the international community and China. This paper introduces the basic knowledge of genetic resources and the analysis of the present situation of genetic resources in China, analyzes the problems existing in the current legal provisions of biological genetic resources in China, and puts forward some suggestions and countermeasures for perfecting the legal system of biological genetic resources in China.
Keywords: biological genetic resources benefit sharing intellectual property rights
I. Overview of biological genetic resources
(a) The concept and scope of biological genetic resources
According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, "genetic resources" refers to materials (genetic materials) with actual or potential value and genetic function, including any materials from plants, animals (including people), microorganisms or other sources containing genetic functional units. Among them, animal and plant genetic resources refer to animals and plants themselves and all somatic and germ cell lines; Human genetic resources refer to organs, tissues, cells, blood, preparations, recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) constructs and other genetic materials and related information materials containing human genome, genes and their products. 1
Biological genetic resources can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. "Biological genetic resources" in a broad sense refers to all biological genetic functional units and taxonomic units (subspecies, varieties, deformations, varieties and types) of animals, plants and microbial species and their genetic materials (including organs, tissues, cells, chromosomes, genes and DNA fragments, etc.). ) has practical economic value. Traditionally, "biological genetic resources" in a narrow sense refers to the "germplasm resources" of cultivated crop varieties and livestock, poultry and fish varieties, mainly taxonomic units below species, including plant germplasm resources and animal germplasm resources. The biological genetic resources involved in this paper are the concept of biological genetic resources in a broad sense.
(2) Characteristics of biological genetic resources
1. Regional. There are many kinds of biological genetic resources, but their geographical and spatial distribution is not uniform, and there are specific distribution areas in nature, and even some genetic resources are unique to one country or region, thus forming a monopoly and strategic reserve of countries and regions in the preservation, acquisition and enjoyment of special resources.
2. Non-renewable. Animals and plants in nature are greatly influenced by the environment, and many of them die before people fully understand them. In addition, excessive logging, indiscriminate hunting and industrial pollution of modern human beings have directly led to the loss of some biodiversity and the disappearance of species, and most of these damages are irreversible, reductive and regenerative.
3. Genetic resources are both tangible and intangible. Tangible refers to the specific genetic material-the carrier of genetic information, while intangible refers to the genetic information abstracted from these specific genetic materials. At the same time, genetic resources have the characteristics of materiality and availability, which makes them have considerable economic value. However, the intangibility and availability of genetic resources have brought some difficulties to its protection.
4. Ecological and technical aspects. Biological genetic resources are an indispensable part of the ecosystem and play an important role in maintaining the stability and balance of the ecosystem. At the same time, the development and utilization of biological genetic resources need developed biological science and technology as the basis, so biological science and technology is of decisive significance to the acquisition, development, utilization and enjoyment of genetic resources. It is precisely because of the imbalance of biotechnology levels in various countries that the transaction and distribution of biological genetic resources are unfair.
5. Commerciality. As the basic material of scientific and technological innovation and economic development, biological genetic resources not only have use value, but also have value because they are integrated into human labor during processing. Therefore, under the condition of market economy, biological genetic resources are commercialized.
6. Sociality. According to the constitution of our country, biological genetic resources are natural resources and should be owned by the state or the collective. Therefore, when acquiring, utilizing and enjoying biological genetic resources, we should give full play to the role of social public products and create a legal environment for rational use.
(C) the status of biological genetic resources in China.
China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world. The unique geographical features provide abundant genetic resources for China and the whole world. China is one of the origin centers of seed plants on the earth, and it has inherited the floristic elements of Northern Tertiary, ancient Mediterranean and southern continent. Animals are a mixture of most species in Palaearctic and Oriental worlds. According to statistics, there are more than 30,000 kinds of higher plants in China, ranking third in the world after Brazil and Colombia. There are 6347 species of vertebrates, all of which are in the forefront of the world. At the same time, China is one of the eight centers of crop origin in the world. In the long development of agriculture and animal husbandry, a large number of crops, fruit trees, poultry and livestock varieties and tens of thousands of varieties with excellent economic characteristics have been cultivated and domesticated. China's biogenetic resources have made great contributions to the development of world agriculture, animal husbandry and medicine.
However, at present, China's biological genetic resources are facing immeasurable damage and loss. First of all, due to the environmental pollution and destruction caused by over-exploitation, the habitat of biological genetic resources has been seriously damaged and the genetic resources have been seriously lost. Secondly, due to improper management, the blind introduction of exotic species has seriously threatened the survival of local species. At the same time, the overuse, illegal trade and smuggling of biological resources have led to a serious decline or even extinction of some precious and endangered organisms. Coupled with the low level of biotechnology in China, the existing level of protection and utilization of biological genetic resources is low, which can not meet the needs of breeding and production development. In addition, due to the poor management of biological genetic resources in China, the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect, and a large number of genetic resources are lost. According to the relevant person in charge of the Office of the Coordination Group for the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity in China, it is difficult to count the exact amount of loss of biological genetic resources in China, and the import and export ratio is about 1: 10.
Second, the practical necessity of legislation related to biological genetic resources in China
According to the characteristics of genetic resources and the present situation of biological genetic resources in China, with the rapid development of biotechnology, especially biological genetic engineering technology, the purposeful use of genetic resources to improve the characteristics and quality of animals and plants provides attractive prospects for human beings to solve major problems such as food, health and environment in the 2/kloc-0 century. At present, biological genetic resources have become an important foundation of biological science research and a strategic resource for human survival and social and economic sustainable development. The amount of biological genetic resources has been regarded as one of the important indicators to measure a country's national strength internationally. It is precisely because of the great social and economic value of biogenetic resources that some developed countries which are not rich in biogenetic resources but developed in biotechnology steal China's biogenetic resources by illegal means, develop new drugs or crop varieties after biotechnology processing, apply for patent protection, and sell the results to developing countries at high prices in the form of patented technology and patented products to obtain high profits.
In recent years, in the economic, scientific and technological opening-up activities, in fact, many genetic resources have been lost in various forms, many of which are biological germplasm materials with practical and potential value, and many are scientific and technological achievements related to genetic germplasm without intellectual property rights. Kiwi, for example,/kloc-originated in China 0/00 years ago, and now it has become a famous fruit exported by New Zealand. In the past few decades, China's soybean variety resources have also been seriously lost. The United States has collected all soybean germplasm resources in most parts of northern China, eventually turning China from the world's largest soybean exporter to the largest soybean importer. In addition, the loss of precious flower and plant resources in China is also very serious. 1979- 1980 Camellia from Guangxi, protected at the national level, flows out of Japan, the United States and Australia. For another example, 90% of Beijing Roast Duck in Beijing market is British variety "Cherry Valley", which is the offspring of China's traditional "Beijing Roast Duck" crossing abroad. Four ... Many excellent varieties of China were stolen by foreign countries, and after they were transformed into new varieties through their breeding and biotechnology processing, China had to pay a high price to bring them back, which caused heavy losses.
It can be seen that genetic resources, as the most precious natural resources of a country, are the strategic resources for human survival and sustainable development of social economy, and also the concrete embodiment of biodiversity. However, with the continuous reduction of animal and plant species resources and the rapid development of biotechnology, people's demand for genetic resources is increasing day by day, and genetic resources are gradually changing from public goods to scarce goods. At the same time, due to the differences in economic level, biotechnology and the number of genetic resources, the dispute over the interests of genetic resources between developed and developing countries is becoming increasingly fierce. Therefore, China must formulate an appropriate genetic resources protection system as soon as possible, so as to fully protect and rationally develop and utilize China's rich genetic resources and achieve a win-win situation for national interests, citizens' interests and social interests.
Three, the status quo and problems of legal protection and management of biological genetic resources in China
At present, China has formulated a series of laws, regulations and rules related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources. Articles 9 and 26 of the Constitution of China respectively stipulate that the state guarantees the rational utilization of natural resources and protects precious animals and plants; It is forbidden for any organization or individual to occupy or destroy natural resources by any means; The crime of destroying environmental resources has been added to the criminal law. In addition, some major laws related to the protection of biological genetic resources in China include: environmental protection law, marine environmental protection law, forest law, grassland law, fishery law, wildlife protection law, soil and water conservation law, seed law and so on. In order to effectively implement these laws, more than 20 administrative regulations have been formulated, including the Regulations on Nature Reserves, the Regulations on the Protection of Wild Plants, and the Regulations on the Management of Breeding Livestock and Poultry. Various localities and departments have also formulated relevant departmental rules and local regulations, such as the List of Rare and Endangered Protected Plants, the List of Improved Trees, and the Regulations for the Implementation of Terrestrial Wildlife Protection. The promulgation and implementation of the above laws and regulations have played an important role in promoting the collection, preservation, exchange and utilization of genetic resources in China.
However, at the same time, China's legislation and management system related to biological genetic resources are still not perfect, and there are many problems:
First of all, China lacks a perfect legal system for the protection and management of biological genetic resources.
As mentioned above, although China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations related to the protection and management of biological genetic resources, these laws and regulations are far from perfect in legislation and law enforcement.
1. Lack of special laws and regulations for the protection and management of genetic resources.
The existing Regulations on the Management of Genetic Resources is attached to other laws and regulations, and its content is not perfect and specific, especially in the acquisition of genetic resources, benefit sharing and patent system, which makes many foreign companies who want to obtain biological genetic resources through legal channels at a loss, while some foreign companies steal genetic resources from China free of charge through cooperative research or database establishment.
Even the existing laws and regulations have many loopholes in the protection and management of biological genetic resources: in terms of the objects of protection and management, most of them focus on the management of crop resources, while fisheries, microorganisms, livestock animals and plants and economic animals and plants are rarely involved, or even almost blank; In the management content, the emphasis is on the market management of animal and plant resources, but there is no control over the entry and exit management of biological genetic resources, the acquisition procedures of international and international genetic resources and the benefit sharing mechanism.