2. Thorndike-Trial-and-Error Method: Learning is considered as the connection between stimulus and response; The process of learning is a step-by-step "trial and error" process until the final success.
Learning formula: S-R (stimulus-response)
Thorndike believes that there are three main conditions for successful trial-and-error learning:
(1) revision.
Learning should go through repeated practice. The use (practice) of a connection will increase the strength of this connection; Failure to practice a connection will weaken it or make it forgotten.
(2) Compilation rules.
Preparation refers to the preparation set by learners at the beginning of learning, that is, the strengthening and weakening of contact depends on learners' psychological adjustment and preparation.
(3) the rule of effect.
When the connection is established, the connection that leads to satisfactory results (rewards) will be strengthened, while the behavior that brings annoying effects (punishments) will be weakened or eliminated.
3. Skinner-operant conditioning theory
There are two kinds of learning behaviors in human and animal organisms: reaction behavior and operation behavior. There are two kinds of learning: classical conditional learning and operational conditional learning. The two forms of learning are equally important, and operational learning can better represent people's learning in real life.
(1) operating condition reflex
If an operation (spontaneous reaction) is followed by a strong stimulus, the probability of operation will increase (R → S); The operation that has been formed will be reduced or even disappeared if there is no intensified stimulation behind it.
(2) The application of Skinner's learning theory in teaching-program teaching.
1 & gt； Positive response: procedural teaching presents knowledge (stimulation) to students in the form of questions;
2> small steps: break down the big question to be studied into several small questions, present them to students in a certain order, and let them answer (react) one by one;
3> immediate feedback: give immediate feedback to every reaction of students, and then students can get feedback information (reinforcement);
4> Self-paced: Students in each class usually have different learning levels, such as top, middle and bottom;
5> The error rate is the lowest: the teaching machine has a device for recording errors. Programmers can understand the actual level of students according to the records and modify the program to make it more suitable for students.
(3) Reinforcement: means or measures that appear after the reaction and can enhance the reaction probability.
Positive reinforcement: after an organism makes an operational response, if there is a subsequent stimulus, the probability of the organism making an operational response increases, then the effect of the stimulus is called positive reinforcement. If a child does something right, he will be rewarded or praised afterwards.
Negative reinforcement: after an organism makes an operational response, if a stimulus is removed and the probability of the organism making an operational response increases, then the effect of this stimulus is negative reinforcement. If the child corrects his mistake, the parents will lift the ban on watching TV.