Tuberculosis health education knowledge Tuberculosis is still a major infectious disease that seriously endangers human health in this century, and it is also one of the major diseases under key control in China. One third of the people in the world (about 2 billion) have been infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Source of infection: The source of infection of tuberculosis is mainly secondary tuberculosis patients. Because Mycobacterium tuberculosis mainly spreads with the excretion of sputum, patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum are contagious. Infectious depends on the number of bacteria in sputum.
Transmission route: mainly through coughing, sneezing, laughing, talking loudly, etc. Phlegm containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis is discharged into the air and diffused. Droplet transmission is the most important transmission route of tuberculosis.
Susceptible population: infants, the elderly, HIV-infected people, immunosuppressant users and patients with chronic diseases are all susceptible to tuberculosis.
Clinical symptoms: respiratory symptoms: cough, expectoration, chest pain, hemoptysis, dyspnea; General symptoms: fever, fatigue, irregular menstruation, weight loss, loss of appetite, night sweats.
Medical treatment instructions: when the above symptoms appear, you should go to the hospital immediately. Sputum examination and chest imaging examination were performed.
Treatment principles: early, combined, adequate, regular, full course, supervision and treatment. You should stay in bed in the acute stage. Patients with hemoptysis should lie on the affected side with their heads down. When hemoptysis occurs, the head is lower than the chest position, so that blood can flow out of the mouth to prevent suffocation. When sleeping, you should lie on your side, and the position of the affected lung is low to prevent blood flow and block the lung.
Special medical advice:
Pay attention to rest, avoid heavy physical labor, generally rest for 3-6 months to avoid catching cold and prevent colds.
Increase nutrition, such as eating animal and plant protein and vegetables and fruits rich in vitamins. No smoking, no drinking. Diabetic patients are on a diabetic diet.
During the illness, try to share meals and rooms with your family, consciously develop the good habit of not spitting and coughing in front of people, and avoid activities in crowded collective places. Rooms are often ventilated with windows, and bedding and other items should be exposed to the sun frequently.
Pay attention to the side effects of taking anti-tuberculosis drugs. If you have symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, rash, numbness of lips, tinnitus and blurred vision after taking the medicine, you should report it to the attending doctor in time, treat the symptoms under the guidance of the doctor, or replace or stop using a certain medicine.
All children need to be vaccinated with BCG. ? Go to the hospital regularly, and the main images, sputum tests and anti-tuberculosis drugs are free.
Health education for pulmonary tuberculosis patients. 1. Transmission path:
The main source of infection of tuberculosis is tuberculosis patients who excrete bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis is found in sputum). Is it positive? Without knowing it,
The spread of tuberculosis to the surrounding population increases the incidence rate. Cough is the main route of transmission of tuberculosis. When coughing, sneezing or spitting, droplets and sputum with tuberculosis are ejected, which are inhaled by susceptible people and become ill. Therefore, patients should not spit everywhere, cover their nose and mouth lightly when coughing or sneezing, and develop good hygienic living habits.
Second, diet and behavior guidance:
There are no other contraindications except hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and other diseases. Nutrients needed by human body, such as protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins and minerals, are all needed by tuberculosis patients. Protein, in particular, can improve the body's resistance to diseases and has the functions of proliferation and cell repair. Eat more high-protein foods such as fish, lean meat, eggs, milk and bean products.
Pay attention to diet:
(1) Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis should reduce spicy, salty and irritating foods, reduce respiratory tract irritation and prevent cough.
(2) Patients with tuberculosis and high fever should be encouraged to drink more water and be given a high-calorie semi-liquid or liquid diet.
(3) Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with pleurisy should be given a high-protein and high-calorie diet.
(4) In patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with hemoptysis, the temperature of drinking water and diet should not be too high.
Pay attention to:
(1) Rest is one of the methods to treat tuberculosis. Before the advent of anti-tuberculosis drugs, many tuberculosis patients were cured by adequate rest.
(2) Rest can reduce physical exertion, reduce lung activity, and prolong the stay time of drugs in the lesion, so as to facilitate the repair of diseased tissues and promote the cure of diseases.
(3) The degree of rest depends on the illness. When acute progress, obvious poisoning symptoms or complicated with hemoptysis, absolutely stay in bed; When the illness is mild and the symptoms are few, you should also pay attention to rest, sleep not less than 10 hours every day, and live regularly, otherwise the illness will easily recur.
(4) General principle: regular rest, moderate exercise, and don't overdo it.
Behavioral life should pay attention to:
(1) It is not advisable to read too many books and newspapers during bed rest to reduce mental consumption; Get up properly after the symptoms are relieved; After the symptoms disappear and the condition is obviously improved, you can carry out appropriate indoor activities and walks step by step, and you can't rush it.
(2) Pay attention to the weather changes in outdoor activities and keep warm in winter to prevent colds.
(3) Open the window frequently for ventilation and change underwear frequently. The patient's bedding and other items should be exposed to the sun.
(4) Don't go to places where people are crowded, dusty and exhaust, so as not to stimulate the respiratory tract, aggravate symptoms or cause respiratory complications.
(5) Smoking is prohibited in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. , affect the cure of tuberculosis, delay the course of disease.
(6) No drinking. Alcohol can aggravate drug-induced liver injury, dilate blood vessels and may induce hemoptysis.
(7) Cover your mouth and nose with a handkerchief or hand when coughing or sneezing, and don't sleep with the baby.
(8) Tableware should be sanitary and disinfected frequently. It is best to have a separate dining system for special use.
Third, the treatment of drug guidance:
(1) Take the medicine regularly according to the doctor's advice during the whole course of treatment (usually 9 months). When to stop taking medicine should be decided by the doctor according to the condition, chest X-ray and sputum test results.
(2) Anti-tuberculosis drugs are recommended to be taken once a day; Rifampicin is best taken on an empty stomach in the morning.
(3) It is normal that the urine turns orange-red after taking rifampicin. If nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, liver discomfort, tinnitus, hearing difficulties, numbness around the mouth, abnormal vision, etc. occur, you should inform the doctor in time.
(4) Side effects of anti-tuberculosis drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and p-aminosalicylic acid are toxic to the liver; Pyrazine amide can cause joint pain and gastrointestinal reaction; Ethambutol can cause visual impairment;
(5) ? Observe the side effects of drugs: in use, we should closely cooperate with doctors, reflect the situation in time, and deal with the side effects in time and effectively according to the opinions of doctors to ensure the completion and cure of treatment. Never stop taking drugs or change the dosage casually.
(6) ? The principle of tuberculosis chemotherapy is "early, combined, moderate, regular and whole course".
Fourth, isolate knowledge:
During the uncontrolled period, patients should not switch wards and try not to go out in public places. Tuberculosis is transmitted through the respiratory tract. Open the doors and windows for ventilation 2~3 times a day for 30 minutes each time to keep the indoor air fresh. Indoor ultraviolet disinfection 1 h twice a day, tell patients not to spit everywhere, and always bask in the sun, because tuberculosis can die in the sun for 2 ~ 4 hours. Patients with positive sputum tuberculosis should be equipped with special instruments and disinfected regularly. . Patients should be allowed to live alone. If there are no conditions, we must separate. No sharing a bed. /kloc-children under 0/5 and elderly people over 70 years old should live in separate rooms with patients. Try to ensure that patients don't eat at the same table as their families.
Caregivers of patients should wear masks, which need to be soaked and disinfected every day, and chest X-ray examination should be carried out regularly. If the patient has a low fever, general weakness, chest tightness, cough, loss of appetite, night sweats, emaciation and other symptoms in the afternoon, he should see a doctor in time. Promote the importance of sputum to patients. First, instruct them to take sputum samples correctly. When sampling, they should gargle first after getting up in the morning, then take a deep breath, cough hard and cough up sputum in the deep part of the airway, instead of mixing saliva with mouthwash.
Verb (short for verb)? First aid knowledge:
If the patient has difficulty breathing and chest tightness, he should immediately take a semi-recumbent position and take oxygen immediately when there is oxygen at the bedside. When you have hemoptysis, keep your head low and your feet high. Try to cough up hemoptysis as gently as possible. Don't hold your breath to keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. Call the medical staff immediately with the bedside pager. Keep the stool unobstructed, and patients with spontaneous pneumothorax, hemoptysis and heart disease are forbidden to use force when defecating, so as to avoid massive hemoptysis or sudden cardiac death.
Sixth,? Inoculate BCG:
BCG is a non-pathogenic live vaccine. Inoculation can make infected people gain specific immunity to tuberculosis, and the protection rate is about 80%, which can last for 5- 10 years. Therefore, if the tuberculin test turns negative, it will take several years to replant.
Seven, discharge guidance:
In addition to publicity and education on patients' psychology, diet and environment, guidance should also be given in the following aspects:
(1) medication: TB patients should take medication on time and in quantity after discharge, which is the key to disease treatment. Insufficient or omitted drug dosage can not achieve therapeutic effect, and it will also lead to drug resistance and recurrence. If the dosage is increased at will, it can cause serious drug poisoning. So take the medicine strictly according to the doctor's advice.
(2) Regular reexamination: Patients must come to the hospital for reexamination on time as required by doctors. Such as loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, liver discomfort, skin itching and so on. He should go back to the hospital for reexamination in time.