Nutrition is an important matter related to people's physical quality. The lack and surplus of nutrition have a negative impact on human health, which directly leads to the decline of population quality and even life-threatening. In recent years, the dietary and nutritional status of urban and rural residents in China has improved significantly, malnutrition and malnutrition prevalence rates have continued to decline, but some diseases related to overnutrition, such as obesity, are also increasing, so at present, Chinese residents are facing the dual challenges of undernutrition and overnutrition.
? Nutritional deficiency refers to the long-term serious lack of one or more nutrients, which causes various corresponding clinical manifestations or diseases, such as endemic goiter, vitamin C deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, dry eye and so on. It is caused by insufficient intake of iodine, vitamin C, iron and vitamin A respectively.
? The primary cause refers to the lack of simple nutrient intake, which can be the comprehensive lack of various nutrients or the lack of individual nutrients. The former is more common.
? Secondary etiology refers to nutritional deficiency caused by other disease processes, including digestion, absorption, utilization, demand and other factors besides insufficient intake.
? Malnutrition or malnutrition can affect the growth and development of children and adolescents, and affect people's intelligence, behavior, learning and working ability. Better nutritional status can promote the growth and development of children and adolescents, enhance the physique of adults and effectively improve labor productivity. Many nutritional deficiencies are due to the long-term lack of nutrients needed by the human body in the diet, thus causing various irreversible damages to the human body's physique and/or intelligence.
1, single diet: Long-term simple consumption of a certain food will lead to insufficient intake of high-quality protein, fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients, resulting in various deficiencies. In addition, local environmental factors will also cause the lack of some nutrients such as minerals, iodine and selenium.
2. Unbalanced food structure: Some people with better economic conditions only eat some animal-based or high-energy foods every day, such as meat, milk, bread, coffee and alcoholic drinks. I suffer from vitamin C deficiency because of the lack of fresh vegetables and fruits. In addition, people who are vegetarian or partial to food and picky eaters, if they don't eat eggs, fish, meat, carrots, onions, etc., will reduce some nutritional sources and cause nutritional deficiency.
3. Excessive consumption of polished rice and white flour. Excessive processing of rice and flour can make the loss rate of thiamine reach 90%, and the loss rate of vitamin b2, nicotinic acid and iron can reach 70%~85%, because these nutrients are concentrated in bran, rice bran and germ, and excessive fine processing will make most of them lose.
4. Destruction and loss of nutrients during cooking. Unreasonable cooking methods, in the cooking process, vitamins A, C, E and B in food are easily destroyed due to too high temperature and too long heating time. When food is boiled in water, some minerals and water-soluble vitamins are often dissolved in water and dumped, which will lead to man-made malnutrition.
5. Individual physiological factors and nutrient absorption are also influenced by individual nutritional status and physiological conditions. If certain nutrients are lacking, the absorption efficiency of the body will be improved, and vice versa, such as iron and zinc.
6, food factor interferon. There are substances in natural foods that interfere with the absorption and utilization of nutrients, such as polyphenols in tea and coffee that limit the absorption of iron, oxalic acid that limits the absorption of calcium, cellulose that limits the absorption of vitamins and vitamin precursor radish, and resin that limits the absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. There are also antagonistic effects between nutrients, such as too much protein will affect the absorption of calcium, too much calcium will limit the absorption of iron and zinc, and too much zinc will limit the absorption of copper.
7. Effects of intestinal functional diseases and drugs: gastrointestinal functional diseases or decreased secretion of digestive enzymes will seriously affect the digestion of food, so that fats, carbohydrates, peptides, amino acids and even vitamins and inorganic salts cannot be absorbed. Drugs can directly affect the absorption and utilization of nutrients, such as sulfonamides can antagonize folic acid and inhibit its absorption. Neomycin and colchicine cause structural defects and enzyme damage of villi, which makes fat, lactose, vitamin b 12 and inorganic salts poorly absorbed.
? The loss of nutrients is sometimes the result of various injuries to the body. Such as gastric and duodenal ulcers, tumors, parasites, menorrhagia, childbirth, renal trauma and schistosomiasis can accelerate the occurrence of iron deficiency anemia. Trauma or bleeding in other parts of the body can lead to an increase in iron loss.
The diagnosis of malnutrition can be combined with the occurrence of diseases, and nutritionists can learn about the patients' eating habits, anthropometric evaluation, physiological and biochemical analysis and clinical manifestations by asking.
1, hair? When protein and energy malnutrition occur, the color of hair darkens, and the hair becomes thinner, drier and brittle. When it is seriously insufficient, the hair is easy to fall off and the hair roots are easy to break.
2. eyes Pits often appear in vitamin A deficiency, which are white or yellowish spots on the conjunctiva outside the cornea, with a diameter of about 65438 0 ㎜. Vitamin b2 deficiency leads to congestion of subconjunctival blood vessels around the cornea, and the outer corner of the eye becomes moist and red, fearing the stimulation of light, smoke or dust.
3. skin? The skin symptom of vitamin A deficiency is keratinized papules in hair follicles; Vitamin c deficiency can also produce hair follicle symptoms, but it is characterized by congestion and swelling around the hair follicle, especially with bleeding spots. Nicotinic acid deficiency causes boils, and the typical symptoms are thickening, dryness and erythema of exposed skin and oppressed skin.
4. oral cavity? It is the most sensitive part to nutritional deficiency, but it is very specific. For example, angular stomatitis is a symptom of vitamin b2 deficiency, and there is tongue nipple hypertrophy. Nipple atrophy is sometimes associated with niacin deficiency or iron deficiency. Nutritional deficiency has a great influence on the change of tongue color. Bright red like beef indicates nicotinic acid deficiency, while vitamin b2 deficiency is purplish red.
5. teeth? The incidence and severity of dental caries increased with the increase of soluble carbohydrates in diet, and decreased with the adequate intake of fluorine and phosphorus. Infant nutritional deficiency often leads to delayed teething time and poor teething position.
6. neck? Goiter caused by iodine deficiency can be easily determined by examination and palpation.
7. mental derangement? Many nutritional deficiencies have neurological symptoms; For example, vitamin b 1 deficiency is accompanied by peripheral neurasthenia and paresthesia; Vitamin b6 deficiency leads to infantile convulsion; Vitamin b 12 deficiency can cause subacute degeneration of spinal cord; Leprosy with mental symptoms.
The treatment of nutritional deficiency should be aimed at the cause, and the supplement should be appropriate. Under the guidance of nutritionists, comprehensively consider the relationship between nutrients, step by step, and make full use of the deficiency of various foods to supplement nutrients.
1, the treatment of malnutrition should be aimed at the cause, and attention should be paid to primary treatment when secondary deficiency occurs. Primary deficiency should also consider removing the factors that affect insufficient intake and create conditions for supplementing food or nutrients. Nutritional therapy should be an integral part of the overall treatment plan, which promotes and complements other treatment measures.
2. The supplements used to treat nutritional deficiency diseases should be appropriate, and it is not necessary to use too high therapeutic dose or maintenance dose, especially nutrients with toxic and side effects. Patients of different ages and situations should be treated differently. It is best to decide according to clinical symptoms and biochemical examination results.
3. In the treatment of nutritional deficiency diseases, we should not only consider the main lack of nutrients, but also comprehensively consider the treatment plan from the relationship between nutrients, so as to achieve the patient's recovery to a healthy level with reasonable nutritional status. For example, protein and the treatment of energy malnutrition, in addition to protein, energy and vitamins should also be supplemented accordingly, otherwise protein can't make effective use of it.
4. Malnutrition should be treated step by step, and it is not advisable to treat severe protein energy malnutrition with high-energy protein diet suddenly, because after long-term deficiency, the functions of organs such as gastrointestinal tract are in a state of atrophy and reduction, which cannot adapt to sudden overload.
5. Generally, the treatment of malnutrition should make full use of food and prepare dietotherapy suitable for the characteristics of the disease. When patients have difficulty eating or are unconscious, they can consider using a homogeneous diet or a necessary diet. When the necessary diet still can't meet the needs, we can consider intravenous high nutrition and resume normal diet treatment as soon as the patient's condition improves.
6. The treatment of general nutritional deficiency diseases must persist for a period of time, because its effect is slow. The effect should be based on objective indicators such as the overall recovery of patients' nutritional status, the disappearance of clinical and subclinical symptoms and the enhancement of resistance.
Note: All the pictures in this article are taken from the Internet.
References:
China Popular Nutrition Textbook Edition
If you have any questions about nutrition, please leave me a message.