Nanometer is the unit of length, and the symbol is nm. 1nm =1nm = 10 angstrom (billionth of a meter), which is about the length of10 atoms. Suppose that a hair has a diameter of 0.05 mm and is divided into 50,000 hairs on average in the radial direction, and the thickness of each hair is about 1nm.
The significance of nanotechnology-1
The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.
The main differences between nanotechnology and microelectronics are: nanotechnology studies the realization of specific functions of equipment by controlling single atoms and molecules, and it works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world.
Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology.
The significance of nanotechnology -2
Nanotechnology (nanotechnology)
Nano-technology is actually a technology to make substances with a single atom and molecule.
Judging from the research so far, there are three concepts about nanotechnology. The first is 1986, the molecular nanotechnology put forward by American scientist Dr. drexler in his book The Machine of Creation. According to this concept, we can make the machine of combining molecules practical, so that we can combine various molecules at will and make any molecular structure. The nanotechnology of this concept has not made significant progress.
The second concept defines nanotechnology as the limit of micromachining technology. That is, the technology of artificially forming nano-scale structures through nano-precision "processing". This nano-scale processing technology also makes the miniaturization of semiconductors reach the limit. Even if the existing technology continues to develop, it will eventually reach its limit in theory. This is because if the line width of the circuit is reduced, the insulation film forming the circuit will be extremely thin, which will destroy the insulation effect. In addition, there are problems such as fever and trembling. In order to solve these problems, researchers are studying new nanotechnology.
The third concept is put forward from a biological point of view. It turns out that organisms have nano-scale structures in cells and biomembranes.
The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology.
Nanotechnology now includes nano-biology, nano-electronics, nano-materials, nano-mechanics, nano-chemistry and other disciplines. From micro-technology including microelectronics to nano-technology, people's understanding of the micro-world is getting deeper and deeper, and people's understanding and transformation level of the micro-world has reached an unprecedented height. Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China, also pointed out that the structure around nanometer and below nanometer is a key point in the next stage of scientific and technological development, which will be a technological revolution, thus causing another industrial revolution in 2 1 century.
Although there is still a long way to go before the application stage, developed countries such as the United States, Japan and Britain attach great importance to nanotechnology because of its extremely broad application prospects, and have made research plans and carried out related research.
Characteristics of nano-electronic devices
The performance of electronic devices manufactured by nanotechnology is much better than that of traditional electronic devices.
The working speed is fast, and the working speed of nano-electronic devices is 1000 times that of silicon devices, so the product performance can be greatly improved. Low power consumption, while the power consumption of nano-electronic devices is only ... >; & gt
Question 2: What is nanotechnology? For some time, nanotechnology has appeared frequently in the media, and the advantages of nanotechnology, nanomaterials and products manufactured by nanotechnology have also been widely publicized. So, what is nanotechnology? This paper introduces this knowledge for beginners' reference.
. Nanometer is the unit of length, and the symbol is nm. 1nm =1nm = 10 m (billionth of a meter), which is about the length of10 atoms. Suppose that a hair has a diameter of 0.05 mm and is divided into 50,000 hairs on average in the radial direction, and the thickness of each hair is about 1nm.
. 1, the meaning of nanotechnology
The so-called nanotechnology refers to a brand-new technology to study the motion laws and characteristics of electrons, atoms and molecules in the scale of 0. 1~ 100 nanometers. In the process of studying the composition of matter, scientists found that several or dozens of countable atoms or molecules isolated on the nanometer scale show many new characteristics, and the technology of manufacturing equipment with specific functions by using these characteristics is called nanotechnology.
The main differences between nanotechnology and microelectronics are: nanotechnology studies the realization of specific functions of equipment by controlling single atoms and molecules, and it works by using the fluctuation of electrons; Microelectronics technology mainly realizes its function by controlling the population of electrons and works by using the particle nature of electrons. The purpose of people's research and development of nanotechnology is to achieve effective control of the entire micro-world.
Nanotechnology is a comprehensive subject with strong cross-cutting, and its research content involves the vast field of modern science and technology. From 65438 to 0993, the International Steering Committee of Nanotechnology divided nanotechnology into six sub-disciplines: nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanochemistry, nanobiology, nanofabrication and nanometrology. Among them, nano-physics and nano-chemistry are the theoretical basis of nano-technology, and nano-electronics is the most important content of nano-technology.
.2, the characteristics of nano-electronic devices
The performance of electronic devices manufactured by nanotechnology is much better than that of traditional electronic devices.
The working speed is fast, and the working speed of nano-electronic devices is 1000 times that of silicon devices, so the product performance can be greatly improved. Low power consumption, the power consumption of nano-electronic devices is only11000 of that of silicon devices. There is a lot of information storage. On a 5-inch CD less than the size of the palm of your hand, you can store all the books of at least 30 Beijing libraries. Small size and light weight can greatly reduce the size and weight of various electronic products.
Question 3: What does nano mean? In terms of size, the size of fine particles that usually cause significant changes in physical and chemical properties is below 0. 1 micron (note 1 m = 100 cm, 1 cm = 1000 micron, 1 micron =/kloc) That is, 100 nm or less. Therefore, particles with a particle size of 1 ~ 100 nm are defined as ultrafine materials and nano-materials. Nano-metallic materials were successfully developed in the mid-1980s, and then nano-semiconductor films, nano-ceramics, nano-ceramic materials and nano-biomedical materials were developed.
Question 4: What does nano mean? Nanotechnology and nanotechnology are two different concepts and definitions.
Nanometer is just a unit of length. 1 micron is one thousandth of a millimeter, and 1 nanometer is one thousandth of a micron, which is equivalent to one hundred thousandth of a hair. It has no technical attributes. Therefore, pure nano-materials can't be called nanotechnology without special structure and performance. Such as soot powder or nano-powder in natural soil, although it can reach the scale below 100 nm, these materials cannot be called nanotechnology because of their special structure and technical performance. Nanotechnology refers to the arrangement and combination of atoms/molecules on the surface of nanoparticles through specific technical design, which makes them produce a special structure and show specific technical properties or functions. Such nanomaterials can be called nanotechnology.
Nano-materials can be divided into two levels: nano-ultrafine particles and nano-solid materials. Nanoparticles refer to ultrafine particles with a particle size of 1- 100nm, and nanosolids refer to solid materials made of nanoparticles. However, people are used to controlling the composition or grain structure below 100 nanometer, which is called nano-material.
Application of Nano-materials
Current research
With the continuous progress of science and technology, especially in the emerging industry of electronics, nanotechnology has made great progress, mainly focusing on electronic composite films, using ultrafine particles to improve the electrical, magnetic and magneto-optical properties of films, in addition to magnetic recording, nano-sensitive materials and so on. With the improvement of people's living standards and increasing attention to environmental protection. Air quality and industrial wastewater treatment have become symbols of urban life quality. Nano-materials have great development prospects in air purification and industrial wastewater treatment because of their unique surface adsorption characteristics.
Nano-materials are new materials developed in the mid-1980s, which are 50 years ahead of negative oxygen ions. Due to the unique structural state of nanoparticles (1- 100nm), small size effect, quantum size effect, surface effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, etc. This makes nano-materials show special functions, such as light, electricity, heat, magnetism, absorption, reflection, adsorption, catalysis and biological activity. Nano-materials have many unique functions, but the dosage is very small, but they give materials unexpected high performance and high added value. Nano composite polymer materials, nano antibacterial, fresh-keeping and deodorizing materials, etc. Because of their small size, they are more than 1000 times smaller than red blood cells in blood and dozens of times smaller than bacteria, and the diffusion speed of gas through them is thousands of times faster than that of conventional materials. Nanoparticles have a strong interaction with biological cell membrane compounds and can easily enter cells.
Question 5: What is a beautiful nanoplate? Beautiful nano-boards are density boards. Nowadays, many businesses change MDF into various names to deceive consumers. This thing is used to make panel furniture. If you choose furniture, it is recommended not to choose panel furniture, because the formaldehyde in MDF is very serious, and the indoor temperature is slightly higher, which will have a pungent glue smell. Don't listen to the business saying that if you have an environmental protection certificate, you won't smell. Those are deceiving consumers. The panel furniture bought by my aunt's family has been used for 3 years and still smells. Density board is very cheap, so panel furniture is easy to bargain. There are also merchants who use particleboard as furniture, also called solid wood particles. Oh, my God, that thing is like a tofu project. It makes me sick to see it inside. It's full of broken wood and weeds. It smells pungent and disgusting. It's better to buy furniture floors or solid wood now. Although it's more expensive, it's annoying. At least solid wood is natural, and even what wood is natural is more reassuring than those artificially processed things. I changed four sets of furniture at home. The first three sets are all panel furniture. What's the combination of boards and wood? I regret it. Either it is not strong or it has a pungent smell. Finally, I changed to a set of solid wood, but it was not as good as mahogany. After all, it is not rich, but it is much better to use, tasteless and strong. I'm talking about my experience in changing four sets of furniture, and I hope to adopt it.
Question 6: What does nano mean? Nanotechnology and nanotechnology are two different concepts and definitions.
Nanometer is just a unit of length. 1 micron is one thousandth of a millimeter, and 1 nanometer is one thousandth of a micron, which is equivalent to one hundred thousandth of a hair. It has no technical attributes. Therefore, pure nano-materials can't be called nanotechnology without special structure and performance. Such as soot powder or nano-powder in natural soil, although it can reach the scale below 100 nm, these materials cannot be called nanotechnology because of their special structure and technical performance. Nanotechnology refers to the arrangement and combination of atoms/molecules on the surface of nanoparticles through specific technical design, which makes them produce a special structure and show specific technical properties or functions. Such nanomaterials can be called nanotechnology.
Nano-materials can be divided into two levels: nano-ultrafine particles and nano-solid materials. Nanoparticles refer to ultrafine particles with a particle size of 1- 100nm, and nanosolids refer to solid materials made of nanoparticles. However, people are used to controlling the composition or grain structure below 100 nanometer, which is called nano-material.
Application of Nano-materials
Current research
With the continuous progress of science and technology, especially in the emerging industry of electronics, nanotechnology has made great progress, mainly focusing on electronic composite films, using ultrafine particles to improve the electrical, magnetic and magneto-optical properties of films, in addition to magnetic recording, nano-sensitive materials and so on. With the improvement of people's living standards and increasing attention to environmental protection. Air quality and industrial wastewater treatment have become symbols of urban life quality. Nano-materials have great development prospects in air purification and industrial wastewater treatment because of their unique surface adsorption characteristics.
Nano-materials are new materials developed in the mid-1980s, which are 50 years ahead of negative oxygen ions. Due to the unique structural state of nanoparticles (1- 100nm), small size effect, quantum size effect, surface effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect, etc. This makes nano-materials show special functions, such as light, electricity, heat, magnetism, absorption, reflection, adsorption, catalysis and biological activity. Nano-materials have many unique functions, but the dosage is very small, but they give materials unexpected high performance and high added value. Nano composite polymer materials, nano antibacterial, fresh-keeping and deodorizing materials, etc. Because of their small size, they are more than 1000 times smaller than red blood cells in blood and dozens of times smaller than bacteria, and the diffusion speed of gas through them is thousands of times faster than that of conventional materials. Nanoparticles have a strong interaction with biological cell membrane compounds and can easily enter cells.
Question 7: What is nano-cloth? The so-called nano, in fact, is a very dense thing. . As for nano-cloth, it's just that the density of cloth is higher, so it may be warmer and healthier. Everything else is no different. After all, it is still cloth, which can be washed normally.
Question 8: What is nanometer? The application of nanotechnology is a high-tech, which has an important impact on the development of materials science and micro-wire device technology in the 2/kloc-0 century. In order to understand the development of nanotechnology, the reporter visited Paul, a nanomaterial expert in the Department of Materials of Oxford University. Dr. Warren.
Warren said that nanotechnology is a hot topic all over the world. The so-called nanotechnology refers to the science and technology of making new materials or micro devices with thousands of molecules or atoms. Nanotechnology involves a wide range, and nanomaterials are only a part of it, but they are the foundation of the development of nanotechnology. At present, there are more than 40 nanotechnology projects studied by the Department of Materials of Oxford University, among which the main ones are ultrafine films, carbon nanotubes, nano-ceramics, metal nanocrystals, quantum dot wires and so on.
The thickness of ultrafine films is usually only 1 nm-5 nm, even 1 molecule or 1 atom. Ultrafine films can be organic or inorganic, and have a wide range of uses. For example, nano-monolayers deposited on semiconductors can be used to manufacture solar cells, which is of great significance for developing new clean energy sources; Depositing several thin films on different materials can form multi-layer thin films with special magnetism, which is the basic material for manufacturing high-density disks. Carbon nanotubes are microtubules with a diameter of only a few nanometers, which are processed from carbon 60 molecules, and are one of the hot spots in the research of nano-materials. Compared with other materials, carbon nanotubes have special mechanical, electronic and chemical properties, and can be made into high-strength fibers with conductor, semiconductor or insulator characteristics. They have broad application prospects in sensors, lithium-ion batteries, field emission displays, reinforced composites and other fields, so they have attracted extensive attention in industry. At present, although carbon nanotubes are still in the research stage, many research results have shown good application prospects. Ceramic materials are usually hard and fragile, but the nano-ceramic materials pressed by nano-ultrafine particles have good toughness, and some of them can be greatly bent without breaking, showing the flexibility and machinability of metals.
Nanotechnology has a broad application prospect in modern science and technology and industry. For example, in the field of information technology, it is predicted that in about 10, the widely used data processing and storage technologies will reach the ultimate limit. In order to obtain more powerful information processing capabilities, people are developing DNA computers and quantum computers, both of which require the technical ability to control single molecules and atoms.
Sensor is an important field of nanotechnology application. With the progress of nanotechnology, micro-sensors with lower cost and stronger functions will be widely used in all aspects of social life. For example, micro-sensors can be installed in the packaging box to track and supervise the transportation process of valuables through global positioning system; Smart tires can be made by installing micro-sensors in automobile tires, which will tell drivers when the tires need to be replaced or inflated. There are also some micro sensors that can withstand harsh environment and can be placed in the engine cylinder to monitor the engine performance. In the field of food industry, this kind of microsensor can be used to monitor whether food has gone bad, for example, it can be installed on the bottle cap to judge the state of wine.
In the field of medical technology, nanotechnology also has broad application prospects. For example, micro-robots made of nanotechnology can safely enter the human body to detect health conditions, and can also be used for direct treatment if necessary; The lab-on-a-chip made of nanotechnology can detect blood and viruses, and the test results can be obtained in a few minutes. Scientists can also use nanomaterials to develop a new drug delivery system. This drug delivery system consists of a nanosphere containing drugs. This kind of nanosphere has a protective coating outside, which can circulate in the blood and will not be attacked by the human immune system. If it has the ability to identify cancer cells, it can directly deliver drugs to cancerous sites without causing damage to healthy tissues.
In addition, nanotechnology is also widely used in industrial manufacturing, national defense construction, environmental monitoring, optical devices and flat panel display systems, and plays an important role in the development of science and technology in the 2 1 century.
In order to have a more comprehensive impression of nanotechnology, Dr. Warren took the reporter to visit the nano-materials laboratory. Because the structure of nano-materials is very small, it is invisible to the naked eye under natural light, and it needs the help of a microscope to observe and operate. When I walked into the laboratory, the first thing I saw was an instrument called nano-knife. During the visit, researchers were using it to cut sub-micron square holes on the surface of an electronic device material, thus cutting the device material. & gt
Question 9: What is a nanoneedle nanoneedle?
It's a bit like a small chip square, covered with many tiny needles, which can't be seen. Pressing this small square on the skin can let the medicine enter the epidermis, but people can hardly feel it.
According to the inventor, Dr. Xu Bobo, the percutaneous penetration of drugs can actually be achieved through a small hole, but at present they often use ordinary needles to penetrate under the dermis to deliver drugs, which will not only cause pain, but also cause infection. The diameter of ordinary needles is 300 microns, while the diameter of nano-microneedles is only 80 microns, which is thinner than hair and thinner than the thickness of epidermis. When injecting, just stick the small chip covered with microneedles on the skin, and the microneedles can penetrate the stratum corneum of the epidermis and play a role of drug barrier. Then, the patch of the drug is covered, and the drug will slowly penetrate into the epidermis, and the drug will be continuously administered quantitatively. The reporter "pressed" the skin with such a microneedle and felt nothing at all. The naked eye can't see any changes in the skin, and it does not hurt or bleed.
In fact, intradermal administration of nano-microneedles not only relieves patients' pain, but also has the advantages of reducing toxic and side effects, improving drug efficacy and accelerating drug absorption. For example, in Bai Xu, they are currently developing nano-microneedles to replace the long-term use of insulin pumps to administer drugs to patients. Because insulin is injected into the skin surface at a uniform speed, it can stabilize the blood sugar of patients. When blood sugar suddenly drops, the patch can be removed immediately, and the drug will stop entering the body, which is much safer than the traditional one-time quantitative injection. In addition, this technology can also be used in the field of beauty. Women who love beauty don't need to put needles on their faces for whitening, acne removing and wrinkle removing. And they can easily achieve the same effect through microneedles and patches.
Application field of nanometer microneedles
Mainly used in the field of beauty, some hospitals also provide this medical service, but it has not been included in the scope of public medical insurance for the time being. Nano-microneedle technology is a new drug delivery platform and a revolutionary invention in biomedical field. At present, there are 6 patents for this technology, and the production capacity has reached 500,000 pieces per year.
Question 10: What is nanometer? How many nanometers is a meter? Nanometer (symbol is nm) is the unit of length, originally called nanometer, that is, 10-9 meters (65438+ billionth of a meter), that is, 10-6 mm (65438+ millionth of a millimeter). Like centimeters, decimeters and meters, it is a unit of measurement for length. It is four times the size of an atom and less than the length of a single bacterium.
1 000,000,000 nm = 1 meter (m)
1 0,000,000 nm = 1 mm (mm)
1 0,000 nm = 1 micron (micron)