When new energy vehicles are flooding our lives, when "carbon neutrality" and "peak carbon dioxide emission" are mentioned again and again, when the concept that clear seawater and lush mountains are priceless assets is deeply rooted in people's hearts; Now facing our fast-developing society, we seem to pay more and more attention to our environment, and how to develop healthily and green seems to have become the main tone. It is said that times make heroes. Of course, the development needs of society will also create some industries that meet the needs. Just like the hydrogen energy I will talk about next, it is a booster generated by the needs of this social development.
When it comes to hydrogen energy, many people will think of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs, and they will have a look of fear. They may think, "Then why is my research and development so terrible?" Of course, this is also worth thinking about, but today I want to talk about this kind of thing that can serve our lives and be regarded as "domestication" of clean energy.
Hydrogen energy is considered as a promising secondary energy source with the advantages of clean, low carbon, high calorific value and high conversion rate. Hydrogen energy has important strategic value for China to improve the safety of energy system and realize carbon neutrality. In the industrial field, hydrogen energy will play a major role in the substitution of raw materials and heat sources; In the energy field, hydrogen energy can play an important role in distributed power system and energy storage.
I. Overview
1, what is hydrogen energy?
Hydrogen energy is a kind of secondary energy, which is divided into process energy and energy energy. Now common electricity is a kind of process energy, such as oil and coal. Now, with the development of society and the need of environmental protection, people gradually begin to use some methods to convert energy into process energy.
Hydrogen is the most widely distributed substance in the universe. It constitutes 75% of the mass of the universe and is a secondary energy source. Hydrogen has the characteristics of high calorific value, which is recognized as the highest calorific value, which also means that it can generate more energy, which is 3 times that of gasoline, 3.9 times that of alcohol and 4.5 times that of coke. The product of hydrogen combustion is water, which is the cleanest energy in the world. Hydrogen energy is also considered as the most potential clean energy in 2 1 century, and now the development of hydrogen energy can be said to be of great concern.
2. What can hydrogen do?
(1) power generation:
As far as hydrogen power generation is concerned, it is a flexible and convenient power generation method. The principle is that hydrogen and oxygen burn to form a hydrogen-oxygen generator set. This device is a rocket internal combustion engine equipped with a generator. It does not need a complicated steam boiler system, so it has simple structure, convenient maintenance and quick start, and can be started whenever it wants.
(2) Making batteries: In fact, it is quite common to make batteries with hydrogen, such as hydrochloric acid batteries and many alkaline batteries.
(3) Home use
This is relatively rare. After all, there are still some problems in the basic application of hydrogen energy. Residents still have a long way to go. Perhaps something as common as aerospace has long been widely used.
3. Development prospect
1) Industrial policies have been gradually improved.
As can be seen from the above figure, in fact, the relevant laws and regulations started late for an industry, but they received great support during the 13 th Five-Year Plan to the 14 th Five-Year Plan. In my opinion, with "carbon neutrality", "peak carbon dioxide emission" and new energy development on the agenda, relevant policies should be gradually improved.
(2) The demand for hydrogen energy is growing rapidly, and the development space of hydrogen energy industry is huge.
According to the China Hydrogen Energy Alliance, the demand for hydrogen in China will be 3,342 tons in 2020, and will gradually increase to 37 15 tons in 2030 and double in 2060.
In terms of output, China's hydrogen output has always been the highest in the stationery world, and has maintained steady growth in recent years. As far as the production and marketing materials of metals are concerned, China has already surpassed Japan to rank first in the world.
(3) Rapid development of new energy vehicles.
Generally speaking, the development of new energy vehicles cannot be separated from the support of national policies. Since 2020, it has maintained a state of rapid growth, and by 202 1, the sales volume exceeded 3 million.
From the perspective of permeability, there has been a rapid growth after 2020, which has reached 13%. Faced with such a huge automobile market in China, its development momentum is rapid.
China Automobile Association forecast chart:
According to the prediction of China Automobile Association, the number of new energy vehicles will reach more than 5 million in 2022, and by 2025, the whole market will become more than10 million new energy vehicles. This is good news for hydrogen energy. Hydrogen energy is a good choice for new energy vehicles that need to be recharged to run.
(4) Charging piles will become a billion-dollar market.
By the end of 20021147,000 public charging piles nationwide, an increase of 340,000 compared with 2020 and a year-on-year increase of 42%. In 20021year, about 28,300 public charging piles were added every month. Among them, there are 470,000 DC charging piles, 677,000 AC charging piles and 589 AC -DC integrated charging piles. By the end of 20021,charging piles (private charging piles) 1.47 million were installed on vehicles, an increase of 600,000 compared with 2020 and a year-on-year increase of 68%. In 20021year, about 50,000 private charging piles were added every month. 20 17-202 1 year, the number of public charging piles in China has increased from 2 13900 to147000, with a compound annual growth rate of 52%. The number of private charging piles has increased from 23 1800 to 14705438+0000, with a compound annual growth rate of 59%.
4. Difficulties in development.
(1) awareness and popularity are not high. Speaking of hydrogen energy, as mentioned earlier, people first look at hydrogen energy with fear, instead of recognizing it as the cleanest energy in the world. In fact, a series of experimental studies show that the risk factor of hydrogen energy is actually lower than that of many common energy sources.
(2) The industrial chain is not perfect. The storage and transportation of hydrogen from generation to use are not perfect, which may make the price of hydrogen we see very high.
(3) Technology has yet to be broken. At present, carbon paper, membrane electrodes, air compressors and high-pressure hydrogen storage bottles that China needs to make further breakthroughs are basically purchased in other countries. In addition, whether hydrogen is mostly extracted from fossil fuels or clean energy is still a small part, which has not really got rid of the troubles of traditional industry technology.
Second, the industrial chain analysis
Upstream: hydrogen production.
Midstream: storage and transportation of hydrogen.
Downstream: the application of hydrogen energy.
Upstream of hydrogen energy:
The industry has certain advantages, and the scale of hydrogen production ranks first in the world. Coal gasification and alkaline electrolyzed water hydrogen production technologies also have their own characteristics and advantages, and the number of hydrogen stations ranks fourth in the world. Although domestic hydrogen production has reached a scale, it is undeniable that there are still many obstacles to the industrialization and commercialization of hydrogen energy. In view of these obstacles, the state began to adopt industrial support policies to promote the industrialization and commercialization of hydrogen energy. With the support of the policy, from 20 16, the number of hydrogen energy patent applications in China has increased year by year, during which many "national first" and world-wide problems have emerged. With the deepening of industrial policy support, more and more cities write the development of hydrogen energy into government work reports, so as to speed up the layout and seize the opportunities, thus making the cluster effect of China's hydrogen energy industry take shape.
Hydrogen energy midstream
Storage: According to the different storage forms of hydrogen energy, it can be divided into high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage and solid hydrogen storage.
High-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage: the storage method is to compress industrial hydrogen into high-pressure resistant containers, and steel cylinders are the most commonly used high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage containers. This method is the most commonly used and mature hydrogen storage technology at present, which has the characteristics of low cost and fast hydrogen charging and discharging. This hydrogen storage technology is mainly used in the automobile market.
Low temperature liquid hydrogen storage: when hydrogen is cooled to -253℃, the form of hydrogen will change from gas to liquid, that is, liquid hydrogen. Then the liquid hydrogen is stored in a high vacuum heat insulation container. This storage method has high cost and complex security technology, and is mainly used in aerospace field at present. Limited by technology, it cannot be used on a large scale at present.
Solid-state hydrogen storage: this technology combines hydrogen with metal or alloy to form metal hydride, which is stored in solid form. Some metals have a strong ability to capture hydrogen. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, these metals can "absorb" a large amount of hydrogen, react to generate metal hydride, and release heat at the same time. After that, when these metal hydrides are heated, they will decompose again, releasing the hydrogen stored in them. These metals that "absorb" hydrogen are called hydrogen storage alloys. It is suitable for occasions with strict volume requirements, such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
Transportation: The main modes are long-tube trailer, liquid hydrogen tanker and pipeline transportation, and the different modes depend on the objects he needs to serve.
Downstream hydrogen energy:
The application of hydrogen energy urgently needs to increase technology research and development, mainly in two aspects. First, new energy vehicles with hydrogen energy still need to work hard. The second type is hydrogen battery, which is now used in many aspects, such as hydrochloric acid and some alkaline batteries.
Third, the analysis of key enterprises
In terms of share, there are two hydrogen giants in China, one is the National Energy Group, and the other is China Petrochemical. In the words of China Petrochemical, I want to be the leader in the hydrogen energy industry.
China Petrochemical 600028
The main business is oil and gas exploration and exploitation, pipeline transportation and sales; Production, sales, storage and transportation of petroleum refining, petrochemical industry, coal chemical industry, chemical fiber and other chemical products; Import and export of petroleum, natural gas, petroleum products, petrochemicals and other chemical products and other commodities and technologies, and act as an agent for import and export business; Research, development and application of technology and information. The company's main products are crude oil, gasoline, diesel oil, chemical basic raw materials, kerosene, synthetic resin, natural gas, synthetic fiber monomer and synthetic fiber polymer. It is a large oil and gas producer in China; The refining capacity ranks first in the country; It has a perfect sales network of refined oil in China, and is the largest supplier of refined oil in China. The ethylene production capacity ranks first in China, and a relatively complete marketing network for chemical products has been established.
As one of the top 50 stocks in Shanghai Stock Exchange, it is perfect in financial data.
Huachang chemical industry 002274
The company is a comprehensive chemical enterprise with coal gasification as the source of industrial chain, and its main business is chemical raw materials, chemical products and fertilizer production; Sales of metal materials, building materials, daily necessities and coal. The main products are compound fertilizer, urea, soda ash, synthetic ammonia, ammonium chloride, methanol and polyol; The main layout of energy production and processing.
Judging from the income statement, the whole enterprise has gradually moved from development to maturity, with high profits. Comparing the annual report of 2020 with the quarterly report of 20021,we can see that the development of 202 1 is very good.
Jinhong gas 6 8 8 106
The main business is gas research and development, production, sales and service. The company not only produces ultra-pure ammonia, high-purity hydrogen, high-purity nitrous oxide, other ultra-pure gases, mixed gases and other special gases, but also produces electronic bulk gases for semiconductor industry and bulk gases and natural gas for other industrial fields.
In addition, there are Huachang Chemical 002274 and China Xu Yang Group 0 1907. HK, Donghua Energy (0022 1), Satellite Stone 002648, Jinma Energy 06885.HK, Baofeng Energy 600989, Jinhong Gas 668 106, Jiahua Energy 600273, Midea. , Longji Co., Ltd. (6010/2), Donghua Science and Technology (002 140), Yili Jieneng (600277), etc. all have hydrogen energy industries.