I. Development-Develop industrial economy, and promote protection through development.
The protection of historical and cultural cities needs investment. Where does the capital come from? First, it depends on the national and local provincial governments; Second, we should rely on ourselves to develop the city's industrial economy and self-reliance. With China's current economic strength, it is unrealistic to rely mainly on the above funds. We should establish the spirit of self-reliance, strive to develop urban local economy, promote protection with economic development, and combine protection and utilization with development. For example, Xi 'an has a history of more than 3,000 years, starting from the establishment of Fengjing and Haojing on both sides of the Fengshui River in BC 1 1 century, and more than 10 dynasties have established their capitals here. Among the six famous ancient capitals in China, the capital has the most dynasties and the longest time, and the number of cultural relics on the ground and underground ranks first in the country. It is an important historical and cultural city. Since the "First Five-Year Plan" of national economic development in the early 1950s, Xi has been one of the eight key cities planned and built in China, and now it has become one of the emerging industrial bases in China. The secondary industry is mainly mechanical textiles, including metallurgy, electric power, chemical industry, building materials, electronics, food, light industry and other categories. Since the reform and opening up, Xi has adjusted the secondary industry and strengthened the electronics, high-tech and aerospace science and technology industries. It is planned to vigorously develop the tertiary industry such as culture, and formulate the cultural revival plan of the ancient city "Tanghuang City" and the regional plan with Xi 'an cultural characteristics, including Lintong International Tourism, Lantian Meiyu Culture, Changjia Ecological Residential Buildings, Huxian Peasant Painting, Zhou Yu Laozi Culture, Gaoling Modern Agriculture, etc. Xi 'an's viewpoint and practice are correct. It not only attaches importance to the protection of history and culture, but also attaches importance to the development of urban industrial economy, recognizes the interactive relationship between protection and development, and coordinates the development of the secondary industry, economy, culture, service and other tertiary industries, which conforms to the characteristics of Xi as a primary developed city, so as to promote the protection of urban history and culture. Another example is Nanjing, one of the six famous ancient capitals in China. It is an important historical and cultural city with many places of interest. Now it has developed a variety of industries, including chemical industry, electronic industry and high-tech industry. Through the development of urban industrial economy, the protection of urban history and culture has been promoted. In particular, a few years ago, the "Planning for the Protection and Renewal of the Old Town of Nanjing" was formulated, which highlighted the protection and development of the culture in the old town. Qinhuai area displayed traditional culture with "Shili Qinhuai", Confucius Temple and South Street. The Forbidden City in Ming Dynasty shows the culture of Ming Dynasty and the culture of Republic of China with its original spatial scale and beautiful environment. Shanxi road area shows the culture of the Republic of China and college culture with the flavor of large-sized green space and Shicheng landscape; Nanjing's landscape and urban construction are organically integrated, and Yancangqiao area shows landscape culture and Republic of China culture; With the sense of the times of a modern central city, Xinjiekou Central District will show modern culture; This construction will show the history and culture of the 40-square-kilometer old city within the Ming city wall for more than 2,400 years, which not only protects and updates the old city of Nanjing, but also develops Nanjing's unique historical and cultural industries, killing two birds with one stone. This "Nanjing Ancient City Protection and Renewal Plan" won the first prize of excellent planning and design of the Ministry of Construction in 2003.
Another good example is Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou in Fujian. After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, the economies of the three cities have developed rapidly, accounting for more than half of the province's GDP, and the per capita GDP has reached more than 2000 US dollars. Their economic development has promoted the historical and cultural protection of the three cities. In 200 1 year, the protection and reconstruction project of Zhongshan Road in the central area of Quanzhou Old Town won the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Cultural Heritage Excellence Award; In 2002 and 2003, Quanzhou and Xiamen won the title of "China Habitat Environment Award" and "International Garden City" respectively. At present, some people have put forward some countermeasures and suggestions to promote the alliance of Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou, strengthen the coordinated development of regional economy, build regional ecological and environmental protection industries and infrastructure, as well as cultural and tourism industries. If this proposal is adopted and implemented, it will promote the historical and cultural protection of the three cities.
Second, justice-attach importance to social justice and retain residents in the old city.
Social justice, embodied in cities and buildings, is to care for the vast number of urban residents and their vulnerable groups and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor in urban life and working environment fairly.
In urban development, there should be old residents in the old urban areas to promote urban social harmony. Recently, there was an article on the Internet-"The Deepening Rift: Driving the Poor Out of the City Center". Indeed, some cities have already done so, and some are still maintaining the status quo. This is a difficult problem to solve. We believe that in order to improve or transform the old urban areas, we should keep the old residents and evacuate some residents who are willing to move out. The government gives preferential policies to help residents who stay and move out to improve their living environment. For example, in the old city of Beijing's Second Ring Road, there should be affordable housing residential areas, and affordable housing cannot be built in the Fourth and Fifth Ring Roads. At present, the house price in the Second Ring Road has risen to 1 10,000 yuan and 20,000 yuan per square meter, which is unbearable for the elderly and vulnerable groups; If we operate according to the market economy, the old residents will move to the suburbs, the old city will become a residential area for the rich, the life characteristics of Beijing's famous historical and cultural city will disappear, and Beijing will become a "chicken rib", especially from the perspective of social equity and social stability, both the rich and the poor in the old city will have it. At present, many residential mixed areas have been built in the world, and the construction of rich areas has not been emphasized separately, which has the significance of blurring boundaries, supplementing psychological balance and regulating natural space environment, but it is still necessary to build affordable housing that the public needs. The protection and reconstruction project of Zhongshan Road in the old city of Quanzhou, Fujian mentioned earlier is not to "drive the old residents and the poor out of the city center", which is worth promoting. On the contrary, the ongoing renovation project of Qianmenwai Street in Beijing and its eastern area is to move out all the old tenants and brands, and build commercial buildings and hundreds of high-end quadrangles as planned. Whoever pays the highest price will come back late, and the original tenants will entrust the housing development company to help them move. This unfair and simple profit-making practice that violates social morality should be corrected in time.
Social justice is also reflected in the arrangement of urban public facilities, not only to make money, but to facilitate the lives of citizens. It is necessary to properly arrange the public facilities needed by urban people for food, clothing, housing and transportation, which is the real service for urban residents. What impressed me deeply was that downtown Seattle in the United States still kept the seafood market serving the public, and the original buildings on the first and second floors were neat and orderly. In Boston, a modern city on the east coast of the United States, after seeing its downtown town hall, there are still popular old shopping malls serving the general public. In contrast, our Xidan and Dongdan food markets in Beijing have been cancelled and turned into high-rise commercial buildings. This is not about making money. Why? We believe that this is the result of not serving public life and should be corrected. In 2005, Shanghai Planning Bureau compiled the Outline of Planning and Layout of Vegetable Markets and Public Toilets in Shanghai, and proposed that by 2020, there will be more than 200 vegetable markets and more than 800 public toilets in the downtown area of the city. The service radius of vegetable market is 500 meters, and the service radius of public toilets is 300 meters. This concept of serving people's lives is worth learning and emulating in Beijing and other cities.
Third, transfer-transfer other centers to ensure history and culture.
Except for big cities, most of the old cities of other historical and cultural cities are around 10 square kilometers. When these cities develop to medium scale, we should consider the multi-center layout, transfer the administrative, economic, commercial, scientific and educational centers to the new city, and let the old city highlight its historical and cultural center, which is the characteristic of historical and cultural cities. On the premise of ensuring that the old city becomes a historical and cultural center, some centers can also be placed in the old city, but most historical and cultural cities have to move out of other centers. For example, Shaoxing, a water town in the south of the Yangtze River, built an administrative center office building with glass curtain wall in the old city, demolished a large number of water town houses, and destroyed the historical and cultural features of Shaoxing city. The overall urban planning of Xi 'an has been decentralized and polycentric, and the administrative center of Xi 'an is moving to the northern area outside the old city to promote the development of the new city. This transfer can also improve the quality of the city's natural ecological environment, and its most important benefit is to ensure that the history and culture of the old city of Xi' an will no longer be destroyed. After a period of great urban development after reform and opening up, Qingdao understood the advantages of decentralized multi-center urban planning and layout earlier, and quickly moved the urban core from the center of the old city to the east. The administrative center of the city is built in the east, and only the United front organization of CPPCC remains in the old city. This transfer has promoted the development of the new urban areas in the east. At the same time, the new urban areas in the north and the new urban areas in the west, together with four key urban areas scattered in the old city, have developed some new urban areas along the coast of Jiaozhou Bay. Ring roads are connected to form a multi-center networked urban agglomeration. This decentralized and multi-center urban development has optimized the natural ecological environment of Qingdao, eased the contradictions and pressures in the old city, and ensured the existence of more historical and cultural blocks in the old city of Qingdao.
Fourth, participation-the masses participate in the transformation and improve their living standards.
In order to carry out the transformation of old city blocks with original characteristics and conform to the current economic strength of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China, it is a good way to let local people participate in the transformation. One example inspired me a lot, that is, during our participation in the International Association of Architects (IAA) conference in Brighton, England in July, 1987, IAA Chairman Hackney introduced his renovation project for a residential area in the old city of London. He adopted a new method, made full use of the original materials, appropriately added some structural skeleton steel and wood materials, and improved and adjusted the layout of the house. Living standards have improved, and residents have been organized to participate in construction and reconstruction. The construction cost and land cost of the whole reconstruction area are not much, but it has achieved good results and has been highly praised by the old residents of London and Prince Charles. It is precisely because Mr. Hackney has done good things for the urban public that he was elected as the president of the Royal Institute of Architects and later as the president of the International Institute of Architects. We have publicized this method of mass participation in reconstruction for many years. Our Chinese Architectural Society and related institutions have invited Mr. Hackney to give lectures in China many times. In Chongqing, Beijing, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and other places, he introduced his experience in this reconstruction project and was welcomed. At present, the principle of "resource conservation and environmental friendliness" put forward by the government is being implemented in urban construction in various places. We might as well try this way more in the transformation of the old urban areas of famous historical and cultural cities in China, leaving more old residents and more old buildings suitable for well-off standard. Mass participation is not only the participation of labor force in reconstruction projects, but also the planning and design of reconstruction in line with lifestyle and new needs. Participation in this aspect is the ideological source for architects and planners to carry out architectural creation, planning and design, and design creation comes from life, so the participation of old residents is necessary. In addition, by mobilizing the enthusiasm of local people, these old residents can also raise funds to solve some financial problems of reconstruction projects. People's interests, people's affairs and people's participation in handling are the fine traditions of China's * * * production party. Departments in charge of the construction of historical and cultural cities around the country should inherit this fine tradition, attach importance to people's participation in reconstruction, improve the living standards of old residents, and preserve the historical and cultural characteristics of the city.
V. Improvement-Improve the infrastructure by means of microcirculation.
The environment in the old city, a famous historical and cultural city, is worse than that in the new city. The infrastructure in the old city is backward and aging. Facilities such as roads, water supply and drainage networks, electricity, telecommunications, winter heating, public toilets, garbage dumps and commercial services cannot meet the needs of urban residents to improve their quality of life. How to solve it? One way is to demolish and rebuild, completely demolish, build new high-rise buildings and new supporting infrastructure. Old residents moved out, and some rich people came back to live in high-rise buildings at high prices, such as the financial block in Xicheng District of Beijing. This idea and practice of destroying historical and cultural blocks is extremely undesirable and should be condemned by society. In the protection plan of the buffer zone of the Forbidden City put forward by Beijing in 2005, it is a good way to solve the problem by adopting "micro-circulation" and "organic renewal" for the old blocks in the buffer zone. Hutongs and quadrangles in the area are strictly protected, and in principle, they will not be demolished in pieces, and the main streets and lanes will not be widened in principle. The above infrastructure is actively improved, not completely abolished and rebuilt. This "micro-circulation mode" can not only ensure the long-term survival of the history and culture of the old city, but also improve and improve the living environment of the residents in the old city, which is in line with our current economic level and worth emulating everywhere. For the development of the old urban areas of China's famous historical and cultural cities, the key points are to improve their infrastructure, improve their living environment, gradually reduce water and air pollution in this area, increase their building space capacity, and gradually increase some green spaces. These contents are the key points. Is the first problem to be solved, the general principle is to gradually improve, not to carry out major transformation.
Sixth, scales-actively implement subtraction to maintain the harmony of scales.
The central area of the old city, a famous historical and cultural city, should be taken as the core protection area, and the scale must be well controlled, and no new buildings with high volume can be built. For example, Zhongshan Road in the center of the old city of Quanzhou has maintained the scale of the original buildings and streets. In the process of protection and transformation, new buildings with high floors and large quantities are not inserted, nor are they widened into large roads, thus protecting the original spatial environment. Another example is Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, where the old city is small in scale and has been completely rebuilt. The street has not been widened, but has been changed into a pedestrian street. The scale of the building has not changed, but the original rhythm and rhythm have retained the original image. In 2005, the 29th World Heritage Congress adopted the Protection Plan for the Buffer Zone around the Forbidden City in Beijing, adding a "protective cover" to protect the Forbidden City. As a result, Beijing began to take action to rectify the buildings in the buffer zone that did not meet the control requirements. At present, the Di 'anmen Department Store on the front right side of the Drum Tower has been reduced by two floors, and the three floors of 10 meters have been retained, with a height of about 8 meters. At the same time, the top three floors of the office building of the Municipal Housing Authority in the east of Wang Hongbin were demolished, and the remaining three-storey building is still in harmony with the first and second floors of the houses along the street in Wang Hongbin, so as to keep the scale of the whole complex harmonious. This move in Beijing was implemented under the influence of the international and 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, but it is an important turning point in the protection and development of China's historical and cultural cities. Inserting a new building with high mass in the central area of a famous historical and cultural city destroys the harmony of scale. This wrong concept and practice is worth rethinking and making an adjustment plan for the implementation of subtraction.
Here, we pay special attention to several influential historical and cultural cities. First of all, Xi 'an, the central point of the old city in Ming Dynasty, and the planning and construction of the northwest corner of the square, which echoes the bell tower and drum tower in the 1990s, have a very good grasp of the architectural scale and volume and are harmonious as a whole. However, there are two large buildings in the southwest corner and northeast corner of the square, which have damaged the image of the bell tower and drum tower. In order to protect the harmonious appearance of the overall scale of the complex in the core area, these two buildings should be rectified by subtraction. Followed by Suzhou, Guanqian Street in the center of the old city, the newly built tall commercial buildings are too huge, which also destroys the exquisite and natural features of Suzhou water town. 1959 Master Cheng, a senior planner, made a door-to-door survey of the buildings on both sides of Renmin Road when planning the old city of Suzhou, trying to maintain the original scale and improve the environmental quality. This kind of idea and practice is worth emulating by today's planners. There is also Shaoxing, a famous water town in the south of the Yangtze River. The streets in the central area of the old city, as well as the newly-built administrative office buildings in the old city, should consider subtraction to keep the overall scale of the old city harmonious.
Seven, courtyard-keep the courtyard patio, building natural * * *.
The smallest cell of urban texture in China is courtyard or patio, which is an excellent form of harmony between architecture and nature. Courtyard can be naturally ventilated, daylighting, cold and warm air gathering, patio can shade in summer and enter light in winter, which makes people close to nature. It can also play the role of a transportation hub. On the whole, it has many advantages and is very suitable for people's life and activities.
The layout of this quadrangle is a major feature of China's famous historical and cultural city. No matter in the north, south and west, no matter in residential buildings or public buildings, this layout form is often used. Judging from the excavation of physical objects, it has a history of more than 3000 years. Therefore, it is necessary to protect this feature in the old city, a famous historical and cultural city, and to inherit and develop it in the newly-built areas according to the new needs.
When it comes to quadrangles, some people will misunderstand it as unique to China. In fact, it is found all over the world, but it is not as common as China, and it has a certain scale and format. There are nearly 2,000-year-old objects abroad, namely the houses and courtyards in Pompeii, Italy, which were excavated in August, 1979. Later it was called colonnade courtyard, surrounded by colonnades and made into a green garden in the middle. Some are water courtyards with a square pool in the center and fountains and flowers planted around them. This atrium-style house originated in Greece, so this courtyard-style layout appeared in Europe at least 2000 years ago. The Sun Temple in Kanak Amon, Egypt, shows that the courtyard layout existed in Africa as early as 3000 years ago. The monastery founded near Rome, Italy in the early 6th century later influenced France, Britain and other places, and its layout was also courtyard-style. In the middle of the 8th century, the Arab Empire was formed, spanning three continents: Asia, Africa and Europe. From India in the east to Spain in the west, quadrangle buildings can be seen everywhere and continue. These examples are discussed in my book Introduction to the Development of World Gardens.
The layout of courtyards in China is characterized by emphasizing the central axis, arranging many courtyards along the central axis, and building a series of courtyards parallel to the central axis on both sides of the axis with passages in the middle. Among them, the layout of the quadrangle, the four corners of the courtyard have no corner rooms, and the four corners are surrounded by cloisters to facilitate ventilation and lighting. The biggest and most typical example is the Forbidden City in Beijing. We should pay attention to these characteristics and advantages of courtyard organizational structure. It is the eye of the city, a natural space that is grounded to the sky, and has an extraordinary effect of gathering light and wind. The "gathering gas" mentioned here includes two meanings. One is the natural and technical aspects of materials, that is, the natural ventilation and lighting and the gas collection function of cold and warm; The other is the social philosophy level of spirit, which is an organizational form reflecting China's philosophical thoughts, family and clan gathering thoughts. This layout is much superior to the construction of huge buildings in cities in terms of its integration with nature and safety. Therefore, we believe that in historical and cultural cities, buildings organized in courtyards and patios can be divided into three types and practices. First of all, in the core protection area, buildings that need to be protected as they are must be repaired and preserved in the style of courtyard and patio with the original traditional layout; Secondly, the building height can be adjusted appropriately within the scope of the peripheral protection zone, but the original texture of the city cannot be destroyed. Such buildings should also be made into quadrangles or patios, and the number of floors should be increased within the control number, such as the practice of quadrangles in Beijing Juer Hutong; The third is the newly-built area outside the old city. The new building has greater freedom of innovation, but to be "new", it is best to adopt innovative courtyard style. In recent decades, some people advocate the construction of giant urban buildings. This building is a small city. Living in the building and working are all solved, and it seems that life is convenient. However, from the point of view of resource saving, environmental friendliness and physical and mental health, it has many disadvantages and should not be adopted. New historical and cultural cities should build fewer or no giant buildings, attach importance to the combination of architecture and nature, develop courtyards and patios, increase natural lighting and ventilation, save resources, create a city and architectural environment suitable for people's survival, and organically connect with old buildings.
Eight, texture-keep the urban texture, the organic combination of old and new.
The basic point of overall protection is to protect the texture of historical and cultural cities, including road network layout structure, building layout structure, scale, volume and three-dimensional outline structure, as well as the texture of city walls, moats and gates. At present, few historical and cultural cities in China can do this, such as Pingyao in Shanxi and Xingcheng in Liaoning. The overall protection of the texture in the old city of Quanzhou, Fujian Province is also good. The sheep is dead and Fuzhou is mending it. The "three lanes and seven alleys" in the old city are the residences of celebrities in Fuzhou history. Retained the block pattern since the late Tang Dynasty. It is a commercial and residential area composed of ancient streets, ancient rivers, small bridges, square walls and banyan trees. It is the authentic history and culture of Fuzhou. However, the reconstruction of this area was contracted to a real estate development company owned by Li Ka-shing some time ago, which simply ignored these precious things. At the beginning of 2006, Fuzhou terminated this contract, and now it is adjusted according to the principle of comprehensive protection, so as to maintain the structure and architectural appearance of the old district and preserve the texture of this area.
Here are a few cities where the texture of the old city is well protected as a whole, and the old city and the new city are closely integrated. Two points should be paid attention to when combining the old and the new: one is the separation of green belts, and the other is the connection of main roads.
Barcelona, a world famous historical and cultural city in Spain, can be seen from its planning and construction map 189 1. The texture of the old city remains the same, the high-density structural system of streets and lanes in the old city remains unchanged, the buildings are repaired and preserved as they are, and the main roads in the new city are connected along the east and southwest sides of the old city. Rambles Road is the main north-south road in the old city, which is connected with the north-south main road in the new city through Catalonia Square. Now Lambs Road has been changed into a pedestrian street. It is of great reference value for this city to maintain the texture of the old city and organically combine the old with the new. Xi and Nanjing in China are two famous historical and cultural cities with complete Ming city walls and moats, which are really valuable. Although some high-rise and multi-storey buildings have been built in the old city, they need to be adjusted by subtraction, but in terms of texture, scale and rhythm, they are generally good in China. The combination of old and new urban areas, these two cities are perfect. There is a wide green belt around the old city wall and moat to separate the old and new urban areas, and it is this elegant and natural green belt that organically combines the old and new urban areas. Xi 'an's two axes in the center of the old city, North Street, South Street, East Street and West Street, extend north, south, east and west, and are connected with the main roads of the new district, while other grid main roads parallel to the axes extend and are connected with the main roads of the new district to form a whole. There are two central axes in the old city of Nanjing. The central road in the north passes through the central gate, the Zhonghua Road in the south passes through the Zhonghua Gate, the Zhongshan East Road in the east passes through the Zhongshan Gate, and the Hanzhong Road in the west passes through the Shicheng Gate, connecting with the main roads in the new city, forming a whole. The experience of Xi and Nanjing historical and cultural cities in maintaining urban texture and organic combination of old and new is worth learning from all countries in the world.
Through the analysis of the above examples, it can be explained that developing industrial economy and promoting protection through development are the economic basis for the protection and development of historical and cultural cities; Social justice is the social guarantee for the protection and development of historical and cultural cities, and promotes the social ecological balance; Transferring other centers is an important measure to ensure and highlight the history and culture of famous cities. The participation of the masses in reconstruction embodies the fine tradition of "trusting and relying on the masses" and the strategic thought of "people's cities are built by the people", which not only conforms to social progress, but also accelerates the pace of improving and improving the living environment quality of the people in historical and cultural cities; It is in line with the actual situation of building a well-off society in an all-round way in China to adopt the micro-circulation mode and improve the infrastructure, which can not only save resources and protect the environment, but also ensure the long-term preservation of history and culture. It is a better way to protect the basic features of historical and cultural cities by actively implementing subtraction and maintaining the harmony of scales. Preserving courtyard patio and creating natural life are the basic characteristics of protecting and embodying the genes of historical and cultural cities; Maintaining the texture of the city and organically combining the old with the new are the overall characteristics of protecting and embodying historical and cultural cities. The comprehensive protection and development of historical and cultural cities from the aspects of economy, society and culture can make the developed and primary developed historical and cultural cities with more history and culture be demolished and repaired, and the underdeveloped historical and cultural cities with more history and culture take precautions, improve the protection and development level of Chinese historical and cultural cities, and make new contributions to the preservation of historical and cultural heritage of world cities. Zhang Zugang, Consultant of China Architecture Society