Papers on the health hazards of smoking 1
Abstract: The tobacco industry occupies a primary position in China's national economy, and the annual loss caused by smoking can not be ignored, so the so-called? Quit smoking? Action. However, few people succeed in quitting smoking. They know the harm of smoking and continue to smoke. In order to put an end to this phenomenon, this paper mainly discusses the harm of smoking, and introduces some methods for people who successfully quit smoking to keep smoking away from our lives.
Keywords: smoking harms smoking cessation methods
First, the status quo of the tobacco industry
The tobacco industry plays an important role in China's national economy, with a market scale exceeding one trillion. In 20 12, the production and marketing scale of the national tobacco products industry increased compared with 20 1 1, but the number of entrepreneurs above designated size decreased compared with 20 1 1. In 20 12, there were 143 tobacco products enterprises above designated size in China, which was 8 fewer than that in 20 1 1 year, and the sales revenue reached 755.42 billion yuan, an increase of 15 13% over the same period of last year. 20 13 the number of enterprises in tobacco products industry decreased, and the number of entrepreneurs above designated size decreased.
① 135, but the product sales are good, and the sales income is 829.267 billion yuan.
However, the annual losses caused by smoking in China are also enormous. The Report on the Health Hazards of Smoking in China issued by the Ministry of Health shows that the number of deaths caused by smoking-related diseases in China exceeds 654.38+0 million every year, resulting in high economic losses.
(1) reached 66.475 billion yuan, enough to offset the benefits brought by tobacco.
Second, the composition of cigarettes
Nicotine is an extremely active substance in cigarette smoke, with strong toxicity and rapid action. 40-60 mg of nicotine is as lethal as cyanide and can kill people. Nicotine is one of the main substances leading to dependence and addiction. There is not much difference between tar and asphalt when cigarettes are ignited. Analysis shows that tar contains about 5000 kinds of organic and inorganic chemicals, which is the chief culprit of cancer. Nitrosamines, nitrosamines are a strong carcinogen. Tobacco will produce tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) during fermentation and ignition. Carbon monoxide, when smoking, tobacco can't burn completely, so there will be more carbon monoxide. The combination of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin affects the blood oxygen supply of cardiovascular system, promotes the increase of cholesterol, and indirectly affects the formation of some tumors. Radioactive substances, tobacco contains a variety of radioactive substances, among which polonium 2 10 is the most dangerous. Can be released? Ray. Other harmful carcinogens, in addition to the above harmful substances, the harmful substance in cigarettes is benzopyrene, which is a strong carcinogen. In addition, cadmium, benzidine, vinyl chloride, etc. Smoking can promote the formation of cancer cells.
Third, the harm of smoking.
Carcinogenesis. Epidemiological investigation shows that smoking is one of the important pathogenic factors of lung cancer, and the risk of smoking lung cancer is 13 times that of non-smokers. If you smoke more than 35 cigarettes a day, the risk is 45 times higher than that of non-smokers. The mortality rate of lung cancer in smokers is 10 ~ 13 times higher than that in non-smokers. PAHs in tobacco smoke are cytotoxic and mutagenic only after being metabolized by PAH hydroxylase, and the concentration of this hydroxylase in smokers is higher than that in non-smokers. Smoking will reduce the activity of natural killer cells, thus weakening the body's function of monitoring, killing and clearing tumor cells, which explains that smoking is a high risk factor for many cancers.
Effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Many studies believe that smoking is the main risk factor of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the incidence of coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease of smokers has increased significantly. Statistics show that 75% of patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension have a history of smoking. The incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers is 3.5 times higher than that in non-smokers, the mortality of coronary heart disease is 6 times higher than that in non-smokers, and the incidence of myocardial infarction is 2-6 times higher than that in non-smokers. Hypertension, high cholesterol and the incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers increased by 9 ~ 12 times.
Effect on respiratory tract. Smoking is one of the main causes of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic airway obstruction. Experimental research shows that long-term smoking can damage and shorten the cilia of bronchial mucosa and affect the cilia removal function. In addition, submucosal gland hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increased mucus secretion, composition has also changed, easy to block bronchioles. The probability of smokers suffering from chronic bronchitis is 2 ~ 4 times higher than that of non-smokers, and it is directly proportional to the amount of smoking and the number of years of smoking. Patients often have chronic cough, expectoration and dyspnea during activities. Pulmonary function examination showed airway obstruction, decreased lung compliance, ventilation function and diffusion function, and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure. Even young asymptomatic smokers have slight pulmonary dysfunction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is prone to spontaneous pneumothorax. Smokers often suffer from chronic pharyngitis and vocal cord inflammation.
4. What are the reasons for the failure to quit smoking?
People know the many dangers of smoking and start to quit smoking, but the successful examples of quitting smoking are not optimistic. Why? The most common thing is lack of perseverance and giving up when encountering setbacks. Quitting smoking is an arduous task, and of course it can't be done overnight. In addition, smokers must avoid the following common wrong practices and concepts.
1. Without adequate ideological and material preparation for quitting smoking, I began to consider quitting smoking on a whim. This is an idea of underestimating your enemy. In this case, quitting smoking will fail in nine cases out of ten. For most smokers, quitting smoking is a struggle to overcome their addiction, and they can't completely control it. Therefore, we should be fully prepared, understand all the useful knowledge and methods of quitting smoking, and formulate detailed strategies and plans for quitting smoking. There are many ways to quit smoking. We should learn from successful smokers and adopt methods that suit us.
I don't know the real reason why I smoke. Every smoker has reasons to encourage himself to smoke, some for social needs, some for relieving psychological stress (stress food), and some for pursuing fashion. Once you understand why you want to light cigarettes, you will find other harmless ways to replace cigarettes.
Some smokers are afraid of being teased for failing to quit smoking, and dare not publicly announce that they want to quit smoking, but secretly make up their minds to quit smoking. This is a lonely situation, and quitting smoking is difficult to succeed. Therefore, when you quit smoking, you should boldly seek the help of your family, colleagues and friends to remind people around you that you quit smoking for everyone's health (healthy food) and hope to get their encouragement and support. Say hello to everyone in advance, spread the news that you quit smoking, let colleagues and customers understand you, and stop handing you cigarettes, which will save a lot of embarrassment. Get married and quit smoking? Press conference? How's it going? When refusing cigarettes, let your wife and children cooperate with you and practice your manners. For example, we can say firmly and politely: Thank you, I don't smoke! ?
Five, how to quit smoking
How to quit smoking, let's listen to the sound of successful quitting smoking. First, throw away smoking utensils, such as lighters, ashtrays and cigarettes, and reduce your own consumption? Conditioned reflex Resolutely refuse the temptation of cigarettes and always remind yourself that another cigarette is enough to make the plan to quit smoking go up in smoke. Second, avoid participating in places or activities that are used to smoking. Third, drink water, eat fruit or take a walk after meals to get rid of the idea of smoking after meals. Studies have shown that drinking more juice at the beginning of quitting smoking is helpful to quit nicotine addiction. When you are addicted to cigarettes, you should take a deep breath immediately, or chew sugar-free gum, and avoid replacing cigarettes with snacks, otherwise your blood sugar will rise and your body will be overweight. Tell others that you have given up smoking, don't give you cigarettes, and don't smoke in front of you.
Abstract of intransitive verbs
Smoking does a lot of harm. If you are a smoker, please stop smoking, or you will regret it in the future. If you don't smoke, you should be thankful. At the same time, I hope you can warn your friends around you that smoking is harmful to your health. Please stay away from smoking and give up smoking immediately.
Paper 2 on the health hazards of smoking
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Considering the concern of the international community about the destructive consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke on the world's health, society, economy and environment, it is seriously concerned about the increase in consumption and production of cigarettes and other tobacco products all over the world, especially in developing countries, and its burden on families, the poor and national health systems. Recognizing that scientific evidence clearly confirms that tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke will lead to death, disease and disability, and that there is a time interval between exposure to tobacco smoke and other forms of tobacco products and the occurrence of tobacco-related diseases, and also recognizing that cigarettes and other tobacco products, after careful processing, will cause and maintain dependence on tobacco, and many of the compounds they contain and the smoke they produce have pharmacological activities, toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In major international disease classifications, tobacco dependence is listed as a disease alone.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. However, many people say that you suck mine. Some even think that smoking a cigarette can only save a few seconds, and smoking for a lifetime can't save two years, and they don't care. What is even more frightening is that the number of smokers in China is expanding, the average age of smokers is decreasing, the number of female smokers is increasing, the average number of cigarettes smoked every day is increasing, and the number of people who die from various diseases caused by smoking is also increasing. A large number of facts show that the harm of smoking to people's health has become one of the public hazards in the world.
Smoking is a well-known health killer, and the incidence of smoking-related diseases is on the rise. Let's look at such a thrilling number: 1 cigarettes contain about 4000 chemicals, which may be harmful to the body; Tobacco causes 3 million deaths worldwide every year and will increase to 6.5438+million by 2025; At present, the number of people who die from tobacco hazards in China has reached 600,000 to 700,000 every year, and will reach 2 million by 2025; Among the main causes of death in China 10 published by the Ministry of Health in 2006, 5438+0, the top four diseases are malignant tumor, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory diseases, all of which are related to smoking. At present, there are 654.38+03 billion smokers in the world, and there are more than 300 million smokers in China. The smoking rate of teenagers aged 654.38+05 ~ 654.38+09 is still on the rise. If effective measures are not taken to curb this trend, the number of smokers in China will increase to 430 million in 30 years. By then, the medical expenses for the treatment of diseases caused by smoking will far exceed the profits created by the tobacco industry, which does not include the increase of other indirect expenses caused by diseases. At the same time, smoking has also caused many social problems, such as environmental pollution, juvenile delinquency and smuggling. It can be seen that tobacco control has a long way to go.
Smoking and health.
A person who smokes/kloc-0.5 to 20 cigarettes a day is four times more likely to develop lung cancer, oral cancer or laryngeal cancer and die than a non-smoker. The risk of dying from esophageal cancer is four times higher than that of non-smokers. The risk of dying from bladder cancer is twice as high; Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and chronic lung disease itself will increase the risk of pneumonia and heart disease, and smoking will also increase the risk of hypertension. The risk of dying of heart disease is twice as high. People who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day are six times more likely to suffer from heart disease than ordinary people. This is because the chemicals in the smoke will make the coronary artery contract and spasm, leading to angina pectoris and chronic arterial injury. Carbon monoxide and nicotine are the two main causes of heart disease in cigarettes. Some people think that a small amount of smoking is not a big problem. However, a large-scale survey conducted by Danish scientists shows that the risk of heart disease can be increased by 1 times if women smoke three cigarettes a day and men smoke six cigarettes a day. Misunderstanding of smoking: Smoking can control your weight. At the same height as non-smokers, although smokers are lighter than non-smokers, their waistlines are thicker than non-smokers, because smoking affects the distribution of body fat. That is to say, although smokers as a whole are? Thin? A little, but not the abdomen, because the body puts a lot of fat? Transfer? Abdomen. Fat cells here are not only metabolically active, but also depend on their proximity to the heart? Geography? The advantages of location and blood flow direction inject a lot of fat into human blood, which increases the chances of smokers suffering from heart disease and diabetes.
2. The prevalence and prevention of lung cancer
2. 1 Prevalence and prevention of lung cancer: At the beginning of the 20th century, lung cancer was a rare tumor in the world. However, after the middle of the 20th century, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer increased rapidly from developed countries to developing countries. In 2002, there were 654.38 0.35 million new cases of lung cancer in the world, accounting for 654.38 0.24% of all new cases of cancer, which increased by 565.438 0% (44% males and 76% females) compared with 654.38 0.985. Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer death. In 2002, the number of lung cancer deaths was1180,000, accounting for 17.6% of all cancer deaths. It is worth noting that before 1980, 69% of lung cancer occurred in developed countries, and after that, 49.9% of lung cancer occurred in developing countries.
2.2 The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China have risen sharply: The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China have been on the rise. In the past 30 years, the high incidence of cancer in China has changed obviously, and the mortality rate of lung cancer has jumped from the fourth place in the 1970s to 1 place in 2000, with the most obvious increase. The retrospective survey data of all causes of death in the whole population of China 1973- 1975 and the sampling population of1990-1992+0/10 shows that the mortality rate of lung cancer decreased from 7.17/0 in 1970s. Among them, the male mortality rate increased from 9.94/65438+ million to 2 1.96/65438+ million, an increase of120.93%; The number of women increased from 4.59/65438+ million to 8.74/65438+ million, an increase of 904 1%. During this period, although the high incidence areas of lung cancer are mostly in cities, the mortality rate of lung cancer in urban and rural areas has increased significantly.
According to the original data of two retrospective surveys of cancer deaths in China and the data of lung cancer mortality in the National Disease Surveillance System of China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (199 1-2000), the chart was drawn after age standardization. The results show that from 1970s to 2 1 century, the mortality rate of lung cancer in China has been on the rise.
Similar to the world epidemic, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China are higher in men than in women. In 1970s, the sex ratio of lung cancer mortality in China was 2. 17 (male 9.94/65438+ ten thousand, female 4.59/65438+ ten thousand), and in 1990s, it was 2.5 1 (male 2 1.96/65438+ ten thousand). The sex ratio in cities is higher than that in rural areas.
The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China are different in different regions, and the urban areas are obviously higher than the rural areas. In 1970s, the mortality rates of lung cancer in urban and rural areas were12.74/10,000 and 519/10,000 respectively. In 1990s, the mortality rate of lung cancer in urban and rural areas was 2 1.76/65438+ 10,000 and 12.63/65438+ 10,000 respectively. 1993- 1997, the national 12 data of incidence and mortality of lung cancer in cities and counties show that the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in cities are higher than those in rural areas, regardless of gender. Among them, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Wuhan and Harbin have the highest mortality rates.
The age of onset and death of lung cancer in China rose rapidly from 40 years old, peaked at 70 years old, and declined slightly after 75 years old. The morbidity and mortality trends of women and men are basically the same. However, in cities where lung cancer mortality is rising rapidly, the age curve of lung cancer mortality in different periods shows that the peak value of lung cancer mortality has moved forward. For example, in Beijing, compared with the 1980s, the mortality rate of lung cancer rose rapidly from the 40-year-old group in the 1970s and from the 30-year-old group in the 1980s, moving forward by 5 ~ 10 years. Tianjin, Shenyang and other places have similar phenomena. The survey shows that the incidence of lung cancer and the age of death in China tend to be younger.
2.3 The clinical diagnosis and treatment effect of lung cancer is not good: there are few early symptoms of lung cancer, and most patients are in the middle and late stage because of symptoms, and the curative effect is not good. Therefore, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are the keys to improve the cure rate and reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer. However, there is no mature lung cancer screening program in the world at present. For more than half a century, sputum cytology and chest X-ray examination have been used as screening methods for lung cancer. Due to many factors, the false negative rate of sputum cytology is high. Diameter of chest x-ray examination
In recent 20 years, the imaging diagnosis and clinical treatment technology of lung cancer has made great progress. The 5-year survival rate of lung cancer patients admitted to hospital for radical resection is about 25% ~ 30%. The overall 5-year survival rate of lung cancer in developed countries is about 15%, which is lower than that in China. The main reason is that most patients are in the advanced stage when they see a doctor, and they have lost the indication of surgical treatment. At present, there is no access standard for clinical oncology specialty in China, and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer also needs to be standardized. Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer in China.
3. Smoking is not addictive
Nicotine in tobacco is considered as an addictive chemical. When smoking, nicotine in cigarettes can make people feel excited for a short time, which makes smokers always want to continue smoking. Over time, smokers will become psychologically and physically dependent on nicotine. When smokers stop smoking for a period of time, they will feel uncomfortable because of the decrease of nicotine in their bodies, resulting in withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, headache, insomnia, difficulty in concentration and so on.
Smoking can relieve stress.
Nicotine in tobacco will hinder people's brain reaction, thus making smokers feel relaxed temporarily. However, when smokers lack nicotine in their bodies, they will feel tired again and need to supplement nicotine in their bodies by smoking to achieve the purpose of refreshing themselves, which will form a vicious circle. Except smoking? Calm down? Besides, it has an exciting effect. If you are nervous, what it can do is to raise your blood sugar level and adrenaline level, making you more anxious and nervous.
Please don't smoke for the health of you and others! After you put down your cigarette, your blood pressure will drop after 20 minutes, the content of carbon monoxide in your blood will drop to normal level after 8 hours, the probability of heart disease will drop after 2 days, and your sense of smell will improve. In 3 days, your respiratory tract is clear, blood circulation is improved in 2 weeks, sinus obstruction and fatigue are relieved in 1 month, your lung function is improved in 2 months, and your overall physique is improved in 6 months. The success of quitting smoking mainly depends on your will and belief. If this is your first attempt to quit smoking, you should keep your faith and tell yourself that you will succeed. Even if you fail to quit smoking, don't give up easily, because quitting smoking may not be a success at first. Starting to quit smoking also means that you have re-chosen a healthy lifestyle.
refer to
Ren Zhu Min. Essays on Smoking and Health [M]. Economic Daily Press, 1997.6
[2] array. A gift for smokers [M]. Rong Shu Chess Publishing House, May 2003.
[3] Wanderson. Smoking and cancer-community cancer prevention and treatment series [M]. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, June 2009.
Li Feng Huafu. Modern health promotion theory and practice [M]. Fudan University Press, 2003.438+00.
[5] Li, Wei Shubiao. Smoking history [M]. Chongqing publishing house, 2007.06
Paper 3 Health hazards of smoking
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: Considering the concern of the international community about the destructive consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke on the world's health, society, economy and environment, it is seriously concerned about the increase in consumption and production of cigarettes and other tobacco products all over the world, especially in developing countries, and its burden on families, the poor and national health systems. Recognizing that scientific evidence clearly confirms that tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke will lead to death, disease and disability, and that there is a time interval between exposure to tobacco smoke and other forms of tobacco products and the occurrence of tobacco-related diseases, and also recognizing that cigarettes and other tobacco products, after careful processing, will cause and maintain dependence on tobacco, and many of the compounds they contain and the smoke they produce have pharmacological activities, toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In major international disease classifications, tobacco dependence is listed as a disease alone.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. However, many people say that you suck mine. Some even think that smoking a cigarette can only save a few seconds, and smoking for a lifetime can't save two years, and they don't care. What is even more frightening is that the number of smokers in China is expanding, the average age of smokers is decreasing, the number of female smokers is increasing, the average number of cigarettes smoked every day is increasing, and the number of people who die from various diseases caused by smoking is also increasing. A large number of facts show that the harm of smoking to people's health has become one of the public hazards in the world.
Smoking is a well-known health killer, and the incidence of smoking-related diseases is on the rise. Let's look at such a thrilling number: 1 cigarettes contain about 4000 chemicals, which may be harmful to the body; Tobacco causes 3 million deaths worldwide every year and will increase to 6.5438+million by 2025; At present, the number of people who die from tobacco hazards in China has reached 600,000 to 700,000 every year, and will reach 2 million by 2025; Among the main causes of death in China 10 published by the Ministry of Health in 2006, 5438+0, the top four diseases are malignant tumor, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and respiratory diseases, all of which are related to smoking. At present, there are 654.38+03 billion smokers in the world, and there are more than 300 million smokers in China. The smoking rate of teenagers aged 654.38+05 ~ 654.38+09 is still on the rise. If effective measures are not taken to curb this trend, the number of smokers in China will increase to 430 million in 30 years. By then, the medical expenses for the treatment of diseases caused by smoking will far exceed the profits created by the tobacco industry, which does not include the increase of other indirect expenses caused by diseases. At the same time, smoking has also caused many social problems, such as environmental pollution, juvenile delinquency and smuggling. It can be seen that tobacco control has a long way to go.
Smoking and health: A person who smokes 0/5 to 20 cigarettes a day is 0/4 times more likely to suffer from lung cancer, oral cancer or laryngeal cancer and die than a non-smoker. The risk of dying from esophageal cancer is four times higher than that of non-smokers. The risk of dying from bladder cancer is twice as high; Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and chronic lung disease itself will increase the risk of pneumonia and heart disease, and smoking will also increase the risk of hypertension. The risk of dying of heart disease is twice as high. People who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day are six times more likely to suffer from heart disease than ordinary people. This is because the chemicals in the smoke will make the coronary artery contract and spasm, leading to angina pectoris and chronic arterial injury. Carbon monoxide and nicotine are the two main causes of heart disease in cigarettes. Some people think that a small amount of smoking is not a big problem. However, a large-scale survey conducted by Danish scientists shows that the risk of heart disease can be increased by 1 times if women smoke three cigarettes a day and men smoke six cigarettes a day. Misunderstanding of smoking: Smoking can control your weight. At the same height as non-smokers, although smokers are lighter than non-smokers, their waistlines are thicker than non-smokers, because smoking affects the distribution of body fat. That is to say, although smokers as a whole are? Thin? A little, but not the abdomen, because the body puts a lot of fat? Transfer? Abdomen. Fat cells here are not only metabolically active, but also depend on their proximity to the heart? Geography? The advantages of location and blood flow direction inject a lot of fat into human blood, which increases the chances of smokers suffering from heart disease and diabetes.
Smoking is not addictive. Nicotine in tobacco is considered as an addictive chemical. When smoking, nicotine in cigarettes can make people feel excited for a short time, which makes smokers always want to continue smoking. Over time, smokers will become psychologically and physically dependent on nicotine. When smokers stop smoking for a period of time, they will feel uncomfortable because of the decrease of nicotine in their bodies, resulting in withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, headache, insomnia, difficulty in concentration and so on.
Smoking can relieve stress. Nicotine in tobacco will hinder people's brain reaction, thus making smokers feel relaxed temporarily. However, when smokers lack nicotine in their bodies, they will feel tired again and need to supplement nicotine in their bodies by smoking to achieve the purpose of refreshing themselves, which will form a vicious circle. Except smoking? Calm down? Besides, it has an exciting effect. If you are nervous, what it can do is to raise your blood sugar level and adrenaline level, making you more anxious and nervous.
Please don't smoke for the health of you and others! After you put down your cigarette, your blood pressure will drop after 20 minutes, the content of carbon monoxide in your blood will drop to normal level after 8 hours, the probability of heart disease will drop after 2 days, and your sense of smell will improve. In 3 days, your respiratory tract is clear, blood circulation is improved in 2 weeks, sinus obstruction and fatigue are relieved in 1 month, your lung function is improved in 2 months, and your overall physique is improved in 6 months. The success of quitting smoking mainly depends on your will and belief. If this is your first attempt to quit smoking, you should keep your faith and tell yourself that you will succeed. Even if you fail to quit smoking, don't give up easily, because quitting smoking may not be a success at first. Starting to quit smoking also means that you have re-chosen a healthy lifestyle.
refer to
Ren Zhu Min. Essays on Smoking and Health [M]. Economic Daily Press, 1997.6
[2] array. A gift for smokers [M]. Rong Shu Chess Publishing House, May 2003.
[3] Wanderson. Smoking and cancer-community cancer prevention and treatment series [M]. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, June 2009.
Li Feng Huafu. Modern health promotion theory and practice [M]. Fudan University Press, 2003. 10 [5] Li, Wei Shubiao. Smoking history [M]. Chongqing publishing house, 2007.06.