During this period, on the one hand, children want to do things independently from their parents; on the other hand, when they fail, they will feel guilty about their failure, and they will start making their own decisions as people responsible for their own actions.
This change in children's independence tendency reflects that positive parents can support and encourage their children's initiative, but parents who do not encourage their children to seek independence will increase their persistent guilt in life and will affect the self-concept that began to develop during this period.
A biological view of gender.
It is found that hormone is a biological characteristic that affects gender behavior and is related to gender. Girls exposed to high levels of androgen before birth are more likely to have behaviors related to male stereotypes than sisters who are not exposed to this situation.
Some studies believe that there are biological differences between male and female brain structures, such as the corpus callosum. The proportion of female corpus callosum is larger than that of male, and the gender difference may be caused by biological factors such as hormones.
There are the following views on gender:
From the psychoanalytic point of view, the child was in Egyptsky at this time. In this period when the differences between men and women are particularly obvious, boys are right. Mother developed a new interest and regarded her father as a spiritual opponent. As a result, the boy showed the desire to kill his father, just like Ghips in Greek mythology. But because they regard husband and wife as omnipotent, the boy has the fear of revenge, which is expressed in the form of castration anxiety. In order to overcome this fear, the boy suppressed his desire for his mother and began to identify with his father, trying to be as similar as possible. Identity is a process in which children try to become similar to same-sex parents and integrate their attitudes and values.
Girls go through different processes. They began to feel their father's sexual attraction and experience penis jealousy. In order to solve this kind of jealousy and envy of girls, it is finally agreed that the more similar mothers are, the better.
Social learning theory. Social learning theory holds that children learn gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others. Television gives men and women traditional gender roles.
Cognitive theory. In the eyes of some theorists, another aspect of forming a clear sense of identity is that they are eager to establish gender identity, and they have formulated a cognitive framework for gender schema and organizing gender-related information.
Children's understanding of gender constancy in development. That is to realize that a person is always male or female based on fixed biological characteristics.
Preschool children's games:
Effective parenting: teaching satisfactory behavior.
Diana Baumlander defined four coping styles for parents:
Authoritarian parents. They control punishment and are strictly indifferent to their own words, that is, the law requires children to obey unconditionally and cannot tolerate the existence of different opinions.
Laissez-faire parents provide lax and inconsistent feedback. They ask little of their children, do not consider themselves responsible for the results of their children's behavior, and rarely restrain their children's behavior.
Authoritative parents. They are determined to set clear rules and restrictions. Although they tend to be relatively strict, like authoritarian parents, they deeply love their children, give them affection, support them in trying to reason with their children and explain why they should act in a certain way, and communicate with them the punishment they impose. Authoritative parents encourage their children to be independent.
Neglect parents. In fact, they have no interest in children, accompanied by indifference, rejection and other behaviors. They are emotionally alienated from their children and regard the role of children as only a place to feed, dress and provide shelter for them.
Children of authoritarian parents tend to be introverted and show relatively little sociality. They are not very friendly and often feel uncomfortable among their peers. Girls who are demanded by authoritarian parents, especially boys who depend on their parents, often show too much hostility.
Children of laissez-faire parents and children of authoritarian parents have many equally unpopular characteristics. Laissez-faire parents want young children, are easy to rely on, moody, and have low social skills and self-control.
Children of authoritative parents perform best. Most of them are independent and friendly, independent and cooperative with their peers. They have a strong motivation to pursue achievement, and they are often successful and loved. They can effectively regulate their behavior in the relationship with others and self-emotional regulation.
Children whose parents are neglected perform worst. A little intervention from their parents has a considerable negative impact on their emotional development, which leads them to feel unloved and emotionally alienated, and also hinders their physical and cognitive development.
Cycle of violence hypothesis: Many times, people who abuse children have been abused in childhood. According to the cycle of violence hypothesis, children tend to neglect or abuse children in adulthood.
What are the consequences of psychological abuse? Some children recover from abuse and grow into mentally healthy adults, but in many cases, abuse has caused lasting harm. They lie at school, behave badly and have poor academic performance. In extreme cases, they may lead to criminal attacks and murders. In other cases, children who are psychologically abused will be depressed and even commit suicide.
Psychological and other forms of abuse have caused many negative consequences. One reason is that the victim's brain has changed permanently because of abuse. For example, abuse in childhood may lead to atrophy of amygdala and hippocampus in adulthood, and fear caused by excessive excitement of macular limbic system involved in memory and emotional regulation may also lead to permanent changes in the brain, which may lead to antisocial behavior in adulthood.
What can make some children's customer service worry others for a lifetime in most cases?
The answer is a quality defined by psychologists, that is, Shunyi funeral customer service teaches children to be placed. The ability of high-risk environment to do psychological or physical harm, such as extreme poverty, prenatal stress or family being troubled by violence or other forms of social chaos.
According to the key of developmental psychologist Amna, children with strong adaptability often have the temperament that can inspire many caregivers to respond positively. They are affectionate, easy-going and gentle. They are as easy to comfort as babies and can arouse the concern of most caregivers in any environment. Therefore, in a sense, children with strong adaptability can successfully create their own environment by inspiring others to do something beneficial to their own development.
Similar characteristics are also related to the adaptability of older children. School-age children with the strongest adaptability are sociable, friendly and have good communication skills. They are relatively smart and think that they can shape their own destiny independently, rather than relying on others or luck.