1. Chemical factors
(1) toxic substances, such as lead and mercury, and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and other poisons in ethylene production; There are dozens of butadiene, styrene, high aromatic oil, sodium nitrite and dicumyl peroxide in the production of styrene-butadiene rubber.
(2) Productive dust, such as petroleum coke dust in the process of petroleum refining, uses aluminum silicate powder as catalyst (dust), etc. In the process of catalyst production, there are metal dust, cement dust and so on. In addition, there are asbestos dust and coal dust.
2. Physical factors
(1) Abnormal meteorological conditions such as high temperature, high humidity and low temperature.
(2) Abnormal air pressure, such as high air pressure and low air pressure.
(3) Noise and vibration.
(4) Non-ionizing radiation, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, radio frequency, microwave and laser.
(5) Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and γ-rays produced by radioisotope instruments.
3. Biological factors, such as Bacillus anthracis attached to fur and mold on bagasse. The petrochemical industry is rare.
(B) harmful factors in the process of labor
Labor process refers to the labor organization, operation and mode in the production process, as well as the proportion of manual labor and mental labor. In this process, the harmful factors are:
(1) During the overhaul or emergency repair, the labor organization and system are unreasonable, and the work and rest system is unreasonable. It happens very easily. ② Mental stress; The degree of automation is high, and instruments replace heavy manual labor and manual operation, which also brings mental stress problems. (3) The labor intensity is too high or the production quotas is improper, such as the arranged homework is not suitable for the physiological conditions of employees. 4 individual systems or organs are too nervous, such as visual strain. ⑤ Being in a bad state for a long time or using unreasonable tools.
(c) Harmful factors in the production environment
The production environment can be natural environment or artificial environment established according to the needs of the production process. Occupational hazards in the production process include:
(1) factors in the natural environment, such as solar radiation in hot season; (2) the building structure or layout is unreasonable, such as toxic workshop and non-toxic workshop are arranged in one workshop; (3) Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable production technology, such as chlorine leakage in chlorine recovery, refining and liquefaction posts, sometimes causes environmental pollution of about 10~20m ~ 20m.
In actual production, occupational hazards often do not exist alone, and the joint existence of multiple occupational hazards will often aggravate the impact on workers' health.
Question 2: What are the stress factors in the work environment? Personal summary:
Work pressure is great, and I am always afraid that the tasks assigned by the leaders will not be completed.
Pay pressure, when do you want to get a raise and upgrade?
Psychological stress, formality, fear of this and that.
Question 3: What are the main environmental factors in the painting workshop? What are the occupational hazards and protective measures in the painting workshop?
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Most of the paints and solvents used in the painting workshop are toxic substances, which will form paint mist, organic solvent vapor and dust during the work. Long-term contact and inhalation by operators can cause chronic poisoning and endanger health. If discharged outdoors, it will lead to air pollution, and some solvents with photochemical reactivity will form more toxic substances after being irradiated by ultraviolet rays in the sun, causing public hazards.
The toxicity of coatings is mainly caused by toxic substances such as solvents, pigments and some other materials. Organic solvents are generally fat-soluble (have a good dissolving effect on oil). Therefore, when the solvent enters the human body, it can quickly interact with fatty substances, especially paralyzing nerve tissue, resulting in motor and language disorders. Organic solvents can quickly interact with fatty substances after entering the human body, especially paralyzing nerve tissue, causing obstacles in movement and language. The toxicity of organic solvents to the nervous system is * * *. However, due to the different chemical structures, various organic solvents have their own characteristics and toxicity. Among them, toxic solvents mainly include benzene, tetrachloroethane and isocyanate. Taking benzene as an example, long-term work in the environment with benzene concentration of 100-300mg, m may lead to chronic poisoning in different degrees.
Question 4: What are the most common occupational hazards at work? The most common occupational hazards at work include:
(1) factors in the natural environment, such as solar radiation in hot season;
(2) the building structure or layout is unreasonable, such as toxic workshop and non-toxic workshop are arranged in one workshop;
(3) Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable production process, such as chlorine leakage in chlorine recovery, refining and liquefaction posts.
Question 5: What are the most common occupational hazards at work? The most common occupational hazards at work include: ① factors in the natural environment, such as solar radiation in hot season; (2) the building structure or layout is unreasonable, such as toxic workshop and non-toxic workshop are arranged in one workshop; (3) Environmental pollution caused by unreasonable production process, such as chlorine leakage in chlorine recovery, refining and liquefaction posts.
Question 6: List 3-4 hidden dangers of safety factors in the working environment. How should it be avoided? Due to the man-made and natural factors brought about by the rapid increase of urban population and rapid economic development, the problem of urban disaster prevention and mitigation has become increasingly prominent, which has become one of the main factors hindering urban economic development and improving people's quality of life. In this situation, China, like other developed countries, attaches great importance to the research of urban disaster prevention and mitigation technology and management. Urban disaster reduction management is not only a systematic science, but also a practical experience science. Among them, building a disaster reduction model suitable for urban development and disaster characteristics is the premise and foundation for the smooth implementation and development of disaster reduction management. Disaster reduction management mode is an extremely complex and comprehensive system engineering, involving urban management, disaster reduction management, system engineering and administrative, professional and social disaster management systems. According to the characteristics and development trend of urban disasters and the inherent requirements of urban disaster reduction, the implementation of comprehensive disaster reduction management in cities is a rational choice on the basis of fully understanding the occurrence and development laws of disaster accidents and disaster reduction work, an objective requirement of urban development to a certain scale and stage, and an inevitable trend of urban disaster reduction work development. As the basic unit and facilities of modern cities, intelligent buildings are one of the key objects of urban disaster reduction management. This paper discusses the relationship between urban disaster reduction management and intelligent buildings and how to design disaster reduction intelligent buildings. 1. With the continuous development of urban construction, there are new trends in disasters and accidents: First, there are still major natural and man-made disasters and hidden dangers in cities. And some new hidden dangers may appear constantly: second, the connotation and extension of the original hidden dangers may be continuously expanded and intensified, and new disaster-causing factors are still emerging (such as high-rise and super-high-rise buildings, the development and utilization of underground space, the production and utilization of natural gas, epidemic infectious diseases, and the harm of lightning to intelligent buildings and facilities, etc.). Thirdly, the proportion of man-made accidents in the number of disasters and disaster losses is rising. From the analysis of urban disasters, current characteristics and development trends, it is found that their causes, forms, objects and degrees of harm are intricately intertwined with nature, technology and socio-economic systems, which makes it impossible for any single administrative and technical management means limited to a certain field to deal with them. Comprehensive disaster reduction management means should be adopted to effectively prevent and respond to disasters and accidents. From the analysis of the characteristics and trends of current urban disasters and accidents, the rapid development of high-rise and super-high-rise buildings has become a new disaster-causing factor and one of the important hidden dangers of disaster development. Therefore, the disaster prevention and management of intelligent buildings have become one of the important contents of urban disaster prevention and reduction management. Some urban disaster prevention and mitigation management emergency command systems have been able to cut some large intelligent building monitoring systems into urban emergency command centers similar to stations, docks, subways, airports and so on. For important, large-scale, high-rise intelligent buildings, as an important goal of urban disaster prevention, resilience and mitigation, strengthen the real-time control of urban disasters. 2. The necessity of disaster reduction management design for intelligent buildings. 2. 1 Several disaster forms of large buildings (1) Sudden power failure and water stoppage caused by external factors such as lightning strikes and earthquakes; Harmful gas leakage caused by broken gas pipeline, fire caused by aging power supply line, accident caused by aging equipment failure, people trapped in elevator: flood, epidemic of infectious diseases, etc. They are all natural disasters. (2) Man-made accidents, man-made fires, theft, damage caused by bad guys, power failure, water cut, leakage and explosion of harmful gases, equipment failure spread caused by improper operation, etc. (3) Mixed fire and explosion accidents caused by poor design and management. Disasters caused by equipment failure, etc. 2.2 The necessity of intelligent building disaster management (1) The need of social development and urban construction, due to the superposition of disaster-causing factors, the mass occurrence of urban disaster reduction is also reflected in the chain characteristics of various disasters. When a disaster occurs, a series of derivative disasters often occur, which is called disaster chain. Urban population, architecture and economic factors are highly dense. The losses caused by disasters and accidents of the same level are correspondingly higher than those in rural areas. Buildings are dense and large buildings have a large population. When a disaster occurs, it is a place that is prone to disasters and may have a "amplification effect". On the other hand, due to the city's strong economic strength, urban disaster prevention resources and intellectual resources are very rich and concentrated, as long as they can play a role ... >>
Question 7: From the perspective of environmental factors related to negotiation, what are the concepts and characteristics of business negotiation?
(A) the concept of business negotiation
① Business negotiation refers to the process in which two or more negotiators seek to realize certain commercial interests through negotiation and coordinated action.
(B) the characteristics of business negotiations
Business negotiation, as a form of negotiation, obviously, not only exists in negotiation, but also has its own unique personality.
1. Business negotiation is an act of realizing and satisfying interests.
In business negotiation, the subject should take commercial interests as the basis, decide the negotiation content with rational thinking, focus on the core issue of price, and strive to maximize interests with the most rational behavior from preparation to strategic skills.
2. Business negotiation is a process in which negotiators communicate with each other and negotiate and coordinate in this process.
Negotiators in business negotiations hope to get the most favorable conditions and the greatest satisfaction in the process of giving and taking. However, if each party only takes and refuses to give, the final result of the negotiation will only be failure. Therefore, in order to achieve common development, negotiations need to coordinate conflicts with certain cooperation, and then continue on the basis of reciprocity and fairness. Some people may say that due to factors such as supply and demand, buyers and sellers have different gains and losses in value realization, so business negotiations are unfair. Yes, but it only shows that the result is unequal, but it cannot be denied that it is fair, because as a negotiator, you have the right to stand up and say no with a smile, don't you?
3. Business negotiation is time-saving and efficient. Time is money. As an economic activity that emphasizes time and efficiency, business negotiation pays more attention to the importance of saving time and efficiency than ordinary interests in order to obtain certain economic benefits.
Three. Preparatory cutting
As the saying goes, know yourself and know yourself. Of course, business negotiation is no exception. We analyze the successful negotiation cases one by one, and it is not difficult to find a truth that if things are done in advance, all efforts will be wasted, because only by making full preparations before the negotiation can we better see ourselves and understand each other, and better understand the relationship between the parties to the negotiation and find the direction of success.
② Julia. Dipler once compared the negotiation process to a trip. She said: When you want to travel, you should know where to start, then know the destination, and then determine the itinerary. The starting point mentioned here refers to the starting point in negotiations, and refers to people or things related to the other party and its authority; The destination refers to the target in the negotiation. Some special requirements mentioned in the agreement, as a measure of something, are equivalent to some special places in your trip. The determination of these places provides the correct route for your trip.
Then, obviously, we must first make clear the destination and starting point of this trip, that is, we must start preparations from a clear negotiation goal and an analysis of the starting point.
(A) a clear negotiation objectives
As the core of guiding negotiations, negotiation objectives are particularly important. You can consider what the agreement includes, what conditions you hope the other party will promise me, what is most important to me, and so on. These are all negotiation goals, even considering in advance where I am going to make concessions.
Before the negotiation, in order to be targeted, we should set different flexible goals and choose different levels of goals according to the negotiation situation.
1. The target must be achieved. This is a basic goal that cannot be abandoned. If it cannot be achieved, the negotiations must be abandoned.
2. Hope goal. Negotiators strive to pursue an additional interest after the actual needs and interests are met, which is the ideal goal. Generally, they will not give up until they have to.
3. Possible targets. As the most ideal goal, it is difficult to achieve and can be given up under normal circumstances.
(B) the starting point of analysis
1. confidant
A bosom friend means knowing yourself first.
Question 8: What are the main factors that affect employees' job satisfaction? 1. personality: extroverted personality has higher job satisfaction than introverted personality.
2. Values: People who pay attention to enjoying the work process have higher job satisfaction than those who pay attention to work return.
3. Work situation: In the eyes of workers, whether the work itself is interesting or not, the meaning of politeness will also affect job satisfaction; Relationships with colleagues and superiors will also affect job satisfaction.
4. Social influence: colleagues, family and culture will also affect job satisfaction. For example, a child from a wealthy family will not be satisfied with a job with a monthly salary of several hundred yuan.
Question 9: What are the basic conditions of computer working environment? There are many on this website. Copy one for you: the working environment conditions of computers mainly include cleanliness, humidity, temperature, light, static electricity, electromagnetic interference, grounding system and power grid environment. 1, Cleanliness As the computer chassis and display components are not completely sealed, dust will enter them, and excessive dust will adhere to the circuit board, which will affect the heat dissipation of the integrated circuit board and even cause a short circuit. In the process of our computer maintenance, we often encounter this situation. A faulty computer will return to normal work after cleaning and dust removal, which shows that small dust will also be the culprit. For floppy drives and optical drives, the entry of dust will also affect their normal reading and writing functions. 2. Humidity When the personal computer is working, the relative humidity of the air is preferably between 30% and 70%, and the relative humidity during storage should also be controlled between10% and 80%. Too humid air is easy to induce and corrode electrical devices and circuit boards, leading to poor contact or short circuit, and the disk will be moldy, making the data stored on it unusable; However, if the air is too dry, it may cause electrostatic accumulation, which may damage the integrated circuit, clear the information in the memory or buffer, and affect the program operation and data storage. 3. Temperature Generally speaking, the temperature within the range of 15℃ ~ 30℃ is suitable for work, and the temperature beyond this range will affect the reliability of electronic components, and the temperature for storing personal computers should also be controlled between 5℃ ~ 40℃. Due to the high integration of integrated circuits, a lot of heat will be generated when working. For example, if the heat in the chassis is not dissipated in time, it will make the work unstable, data processing error, and even burn out some components. On the other hand, if the temperature is too low, the electronic equipment will not work normally, which will also increase the error rate. 4. The lighting conditions when the computer is used have little influence on the computer itself, but it should be paid due attention. First, if the sun shines directly on the screen of the display, it is not conducive to prolonging the service life of the display; Second, poor lighting conditions are likely to cause eye fatigue for users. 5. The electromagnetic interference magnetic field has a great influence on the storage equipment, which may cause the failure of the disk drive, the loss of memory information, the confusion of data processing and display, and even destroy the data stored on the disk. In addition, the strong magnetic field will also be magnetized by the display, resulting in abnormal color of the display. 6. Power grid environment The standard voltage of AC power supply for household and general office use in China is 220V V. In order to make the computer system run reliably and stably, there are certain requirements for the quality of AC power supply. According to the regulations, the fluctuation of grid voltage should be within 5% of the standard value. If the grid voltage fluctuates between -20% and+10% of the standard value, that is, 180 V ~. If the voltage is too high, the hardware of the computer system will be damaged. 7. Grounding system A good grounding system can reduce the clutter and interference generated by the power supply of the power grid and the computer itself, and avoid causing data errors in the personal computer system. In addition, it provides a loop for fault current and protects the computer in case of lightning and instantaneous high voltage.