Emotion is a part of the whole attitude, which is in harmony with the introverted feelings and intentions in the attitude. It is a complex and stable physiological evaluation and attitude experience. Emotion includes a sense of morality and value, which is embodied in love, joy, hate, disgust and beauty. According to the dictionary of psychology, "emotion is people's attitude and experience about whether objective things meet their own needs". At the same time, the general psychology course also thinks that "both emotions and emotions are people's attitude experience towards objective things, but emotions are more inclined to personal basic needs and desires, while emotions are more inclined to social needs and desires."
Emotion 1. I am very touched. Liu Fu, written by Wang Shen in the Han Dynasty: "The branches are sparsely distributed and the stems and buds are vigorous. People are emotionally attached to the old things and have concerns. " In the Southern Song Dynasty, Fu Liang asked for a gift of Liu Biao for Song Gong: "The division is deeper than the righteousness, and it is cherished by offering it and cloth by listening to it." 2. People's psychological reactions due to external stimuli, such as joy, anger, sadness, fear, love and hate. Lu Yun in the Jin Dynasty's Letter to Ludian: "Let's read the analysis of our loved ones, reunite our feelings and lament." Tang Bai Juyi's poem "Ting Huai" says: "There is love in life, and you will think when something happens." Wei Wei's Oriental, Chapter 2, Part 6: "But this emotion is also dominated by hero worship."
Definition of psychology
Emotion is a part of the whole attitude, which is in harmony with the introverted feelings and intentions in the attitude. It is a complex and stable physiological evaluation and attitude experience. Emotion includes a sense of morality and value, which is embodied in love, joy, hate, disgust and beauty. According to the dictionary of psychology, "emotion is people's attitude and experience about whether objective things meet their own needs". At the same time, the general psychology course also thinks that "both emotions and emotions are people's attitude experience towards objective things, but emotions are more inclined to personal basic needs and desires, while emotions are more inclined to social needs and desires." But in fact, on the one hand, this conclusion excludes the feelings of happiness, beauty and love. , more personal, lack of sociality. On the other hand, it obviously ignores the emotional feelings such as joy, anger, worry, thinking, sadness, fear and shock, as well as the intersection of social feelings such as love, friendship and patriotism in the process of behavior. For example, in the process of pursuing love, a person will also have various emotional feelings with the change of behavior, and the stability of love feelings and the instability of emotional feelings clearly show that love and related emotions are different. Based on these two points, it is obviously inappropriate to distinguish or confuse emotions with basic needs and social needs. Emotion is the possibility or even inevitability of an organism's success in behavior, and the evaluation and experience in physiological reaction includes seven kinds: joy, anger, worry, thinking, sadness, fear and shock. The stronger the behavior in body movements, the stronger the emotions, such as dancing with joy, gnashing your teeth with anger, thinking about tea and rice, and being heartbroken. Are the reactions of emotions in body movements. Physiological reaction is a necessary condition for the existence of emotions. In order to prove this, psychologists injected adrenaline into the mentally ill who had no fear and avoidance behavior. As a result, these psychopaths had the same fear as normal people after injecting adrenaline and learned to avoid tasks. The same is true of emotions. For example, without sexual desire, of course, there will be no love, and when people take aphrodisiacs, the possibility of falling in love at first sight will increase with the exuberance of sexual desire. Therefore, the behavioral process triggered by different drug stimuli also shows that emotion and emotion are obviously two different psychological and physiological processes. In essence, the difference between emotion and emotion in the process of behavior is that emotion refers to the physiological evaluation response to the behavior goal, while emotion refers to the physiological evaluation response to the behavior process. Let's take love for example. When we have love, we have a goal. Our love is a physiological evaluation and experience of the corresponding goal. At the same time, when we follow the ups and downs of pursuing love, there will be various emotions.
function
Generally speaking, the important role of emotion is mainly manifested in four aspects:-Emotion is a psychological tool for people to adapt to survival,-It can stimulate the motivation of psychological activities and behaviors,-It is the organizer of psychological activities,-It is also an important means of interpersonal communication. From the perspective of biological evolution, we can divide human emotions into basic emotions and complex emotions. The common function of emotion in social communication: how can a person be heartless if he is not a vegetation? Everyone will have emotions in communication, and different emotions will have different effects on communication. Understanding the role of emotions in communication is conducive to obtaining other people's emotional information and grasping their own emotions, using their own feelings and analyzing others' feelings. When a person's behavior causes the other person's emotional excitement, he will always wonder if he has gone too far. At this time, we should pay attention to distinguish whether we have really gone too far, or whether the other party is emotionally allergic, or whether the other party pretends to be excited, and then adjust their behavior. Anger often makes the other person lose confidence and give in. In social communication, we should dare to be brave and fight against the wicked. For example, sneaking a bus, people are brave. Thieves are often frightened by the masses, and their schemes are difficult. Some people give in weakly, thieves push their luck, rob money and want gold jewelry. The same is true of political communication. For example, in recent years, the Japanese media have demanded to dare to say "no" to the United States, and Japan has also made some attempts to prove that evil does not suppress right, and it is tough on unreasonable people, and the other side often gives in. Tears can win each other's sympathy. There is a story in Water Margin, in which Gui Li pretends to be Li Kui jy to rob a house. When he met the real Li Kui jy, Gui Li cried and lied that his family had an old mother to support in exchange for forgiveness. In communication, tears and words of repentance often make listeners soft-hearted, roll with the punches and roll with the punches. Pay attention to distinguish between sincere tears and crocodile tears. Fear can bind people's hearts together, especially in stressful situations, such as the fire in Linxidian, Tangshan, which confirmed that the victims huddled in fear and died of carbon monoxide poisoning. When people are linked by fear events, they need to get cold feet, use their quick wits and decisively find emergency measures. When you have intense feelings for others, it is often respectable to be calm and calm. For example, as a leader and manager, when subordinates lose their temper for some reason or are importuned by individuals, they can be calm and calm, which can prevent problems from intensifying and leave room for manoeuvre. Emotional apathy often makes communicators flinch. Generally speaking, "it is impolite to come and not go", but in some cases, indifference is the best way to stop communication when such communication is not needed. When the feelings are the same, you will often get the sound of both sides. As the saying goes, "We are in the same boat" is the case. In a narrow sense, people suffering from the same disease can easily talk about their medical history and what medicine to use when they are together. Broadly speaking, when people have the same feelings, they will soon find the same language and fall in love at first sight. Honesty and frankness can win people's sympathy. In social communication, it is better to admit mistakes frankly than to argue irrationally. Sophistication is boring and makes the problem more complicated. Don't hide your mistakes, you are often forgiven. For example, in judicial practice, it has always been frank and lenient, and severely resisted; When you are in love, telling each other frankly about your rough experiences, or saying that you have lost your virginity, will often arouse each other's sympathy and understanding and get love. In many rounds of negotiations, it is easier to achieve the expected goal by playing the bad COP first and then the bad COP. For example, the player who sings black risk first puts forward some harsh conditions and requirements. After several rounds, the player who breaks his face does some "relaxation" and "concession", and the opponent will think it is better than the bad face scheme and finally accept the bad face scheme. Like the principle. When you like someone, you will automatically remove obstacles to get close to him, love me, love my dog, including praising his views and actions, or giving him everything he wants; On the contrary, you will hide yourself, build barriers and stay away from people you don't like. Laughing and cursing can often achieve the goal, making it difficult for the other party to resist and surrender without a fight. Common in business negotiations and debates. For example, when grasping the other side's weakness or hesitating, choose the unexpected problem of the other side, attack on all sides, be true and false, be false and make it yield. Even the cleverest people often get more concessions from each other. It is very common in shopping and business negotiations. Pretending not to know the market rules, asking silly questions and bargaining, the opponent feels embarrassed and lovely and gives in.
A sign of emotional maturity
Emotional maturity refers to a psychological state in which people can consciously adjust their emotions to make them moderate regardless of whether their personal needs are met or not. You won't be ecstatic if you need to be satisfied, and you won't be angry or humble if you don't meet your needs. Emotional maturity shows that people's psychology is healthy. If everyone wants to be socialized, they should make themselves "affectionate", cultivate their sentiments and mature their emotions as soon as possible. Helok believes that emotional maturity includes four aspects: being able to stay healthy. I can manage my health well, keep exercising for a long time, and effectively prevent emotional instability caused by physical fatigue, lack of sleep, headache, indigestion and other diseases. When you are sick, you have the optimism to overcome the disease. Can control the environment. Personal behavior should be constrained by social environment and overcome the thinking mode of doing whatever you want; Personal interests do not violate the collective interests, personal behavior should conform to the code of conduct, and no hurtful words, swearing, explosive fighting, petty theft, etc. It can turn nervous emotions into harmless aspects. People's emotions are bipolar. Bipolar emotions not only endanger their own health, but also negative emotions such as anger and irritability may harm others. It is necessary to strengthen the adjustment of emotions, resolve and prevent excessive emotions, transform repressed emotions, and make emotions have a sense of social responsibility. Be able to gain insight into and understand society. Insight and understanding of society can make people's intelligence grow continuously and social experience accumulate continuously. Society is not self-centered, but centered on the interests of everyone and the collective. Insight and understanding of society will make the self more self-disciplined, more tolerant, more integrated, more emotionally mature, and share the same fate with the collective. In a word, emotional maturity is psychological maturity. It requires every young man who is about to grow up to say goodbye to relying on his parents at home, relying entirely on his parents' lifestyle, stepping into the society, relying on self-independence and self-cultivation, beating himself in the stormy classroom of society, exercising himself, learning to manage himself in work, study and life, learning to manage others (for example, letting you be the leader of a department), organizing and establishing a family, educating his children, and becoming a qualified social builder from a single consumer in society.
The Essence of Emotional Philosophy
Psychology defines emotion as "a special reflection of objective reality and an experience of people's attitude towards whether objective things meet people's needs". From this definition, we can know that emotion is a subjective experience, attitude or reflection, which belongs to the category of subjective consciousness, but not to the category of objective existence. Dialectical materialism holds that any subjective consciousness is a reflection of objective existence, and emotion is a special subjective consciousness, which inevitably corresponds to some special objective existence. The key to the problem is whether we can find this special objective existence. It is not difficult to find that "whether people meet people's needs for objective things" is actually a typical value judgment problem. "Meeting people's needs" is the value feature of things and an objective existence. "Attitude" and "experience" are both ways people know or reflect the value characteristics of things. In this way, the definition of emotion in psychology can be expressed as: "Emotion is a subjective reflection of people's value characteristics of things". The objective existence corresponding to emotion should be the value characteristic of things. From this, we can draw the philosophical essence of emotion: emotion is the subjective reflection of the value relationship between human subject and objective things.
Classification of emotions
People's emotions are complex and diverse, which can be classified from different observation angles. Because the core content of emotion is value, human emotion should be classified according to the different characteristics of the value relationship it reflects. 1. Emotions can be divided into positive emotions and negative emotions according to the direction of positive and negative changes in value. Positive emotions are emotions generated by the increase of positive values or the decrease of negative values, such as happiness, trust, gratitude and happiness. Negative emotions are those caused by the decrease of positive values or the increase of negative values, such as pain, contempt, hatred and jealousy. 2. According to the intensity and duration of value, emotion can be divided into mood, enthusiasm and passion. Emotion refers to a low-intensity but long-lasting emotion, which is a weak, calm and lasting emotion, such as tenderness, gloom and resentment. Enthusiasm refers to an emotion with high intensity but short duration. It is a powerful, stable and profound emotion, such as high mood, jubilant mood and perseverance. Passion refers to an emotion with high intensity but short duration. It is a violent, rapid and short-lived emotion, such as ecstasy, anger, fear and despair. 3. According to the different leading variables of value, emotion can be divided into desire, emotion and emotion. When the dominant variable is the quality characteristics of people, people's feelings about things are desires; When the dominant variable is the quality characteristics of the environment, people's feelings about things are emotions; When the dominant variable is the quality characteristics of things, people's feelings about things are feelings. For example, dirty, chaotic and poor working environment makes people feel unhappy; Those leading cadres who are honest and serve the people wholeheartedly will arouse people's respect and love, while those leading cadres who are corrupt and abuse power for personal gain will arouse people's hatred and ridicule; When the body is short of food, people will have a psychological experience of hunger and form a desire for food; When children grow up to a certain stage, they will spontaneously have a desire for "independence". 4. According to the different types of value subjects, emotions can be divided into individual emotions, collective emotions and social emotions. Personal feelings refer to personal feelings about things; Collective emotion refers to the synthetic emotion of collective members towards things, and class emotion is a typical collective emotion. Social emotion refers to the synthetic emotion of social members on things, and national emotion is a typical social emotion. According to the different basic value types of things, emotions can be divided into three types: true feelings, good feelings and aesthetic feelings. True feelings are people's feelings about thinking things (such as knowledge and way of thinking). Good feeling is the emotion that people have on behavioral things (such as behavior and behavioral norms); Aesthetic feeling is people's feelings about physiological things (such as means of subsistence and means of production). 6. According to different value goals, emotions can be divided into four categories: feelings for things, feelings for people, feelings for themselves and feelings for special things. Emotions about things include likes and dislikes; Emotions towards people include hatred, jealousy and love. Have inferiority complex, pride and so on about their emotions. 7. According to the different value periods, emotions can be divided into retrospective emotions, realistic emotions and anticipated emotions. Retrospective emotion refers to people's feelings about past things, including regret, happiness, nostalgia and so on. Realistic emotion refers to people's feelings about real things; Expectation refers to people's feelings about future things, including self-confidence, trust, despair and expectation. 8. According to the characteristics of dynamic change of value, it can be divided into deterministic emotion and probabilistic emotion. Deterministic emotion refers to people's feelings about things with definite value; Probabilistic emotion refers to people's feelings about things with uncertain value, including confusion and mystery. 9. According to the different value levels, emotions can be divided into four categories: food and clothing, safety and health, respect and self-esteem and self-realization. The feelings of food and clothing are sour, sweet, bitter, spicy, hot, cold, hungry, thirsty, painful, itchy and stuffy. Safe and healthy emotions include comfort, relaxation, happiness, fear, worry and anxiety. Emotions of respect and self-esteem include self-confidence, self-love, pride, respect, friendliness, yearning, self-blame, loneliness, deception and humiliation. Self-realization emotions include ambition, mission, sense of accomplishment, sense of transcendence, sense of loss, sense of frustration and sense of sinking.
Dialectical relationship between emotion and value
The relationship between emotion and value is subjective and objective, consciousness and existence, the latter is the basic problem of philosophy, so the relationship between value and emotion is also the basic problem of axiology and emotionalism. If this problem is not handled well, we can't deal with other related theoretical problems materialistically and dialectically, and we can't find its inherent regularity through unpredictable emotional phenomena. The relationship between value and emotion is dialectical and unified, mainly in four aspects.
Emotion is based on value.
Emotion is people's subjective reflection of value. Although there will always be some deviations in this kind of reflection, even serious deviations and complete inversion, in general, emotional changes are always based on value and fluctuate around value, just like commodity prices fluctuate around value. Emotion is based on value, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: the basic state of emotion depends on the basic state of value, the overall scale of emotion depends on the overall scale of value, the changing range of emotion depends on the changing range of value, the mode of action of emotion depends on the mode of action of value, and the intensity and direction of emotion depend on the size and positive and negative of value. Once the value changes, emotion will change sooner or later. For businessmen, mutually beneficial economic exchanges are the objective basis for maintaining and developing mutual feelings. Without this reciprocity, the feelings between businessmen cannot last. For politicians, political mutual support and cooperation is the objective basis for maintaining and developing feelings. Without this kind of mutual assistance, the feelings between politicians can't last. For young men and women, mutual support and cooperation in work and life is the objective basis for maintaining and deepening love. Without such support and cooperation, the love between men and women cannot last. The friendship between friends mainly depends on their interests. Only by deepening the interest relationship between them can the friendship be deepened. If it is limited to vulgar gift exchange, empty correspondence or hypocritical behavior, and there is no specific interest relationship, friendship will not last long and will fade sooner or later. Even friends with deep feelings, if there is a fundamental conflict of interest between them, their feelings will decay sooner or later and eventually become hatred.
Emotional response to value
Emotion is not completely passive to value, it can produce a certain degree of reaction, mainly in: 1. Emotion can prevent, inhibit, induce, transfer, strengthen or induce people's need for a certain value to a certain extent, and they can choose their own living environment and development direction relatively independently. People sometimes consciously suppress their desire for a certain value. Over time, this lust may really basically disappear, and people's objective demand for this value has indeed changed or shifted. People are usually willing to take the initiative to help those who feel good subjectively, and actively establish a mutually beneficial interest relationship with them, while avoiding those who feel bad subjectively, and even intentionally interrupt the existing mutually beneficial relationship; People who work or live in a certain place are unhappy, sometimes they will resign or move, and they can quickly adapt to the new life and working environment. 2. Driven by emotion, people can react to things and add value to them. This is the fundamental difference between human beings and other animals. Of course, this kind of reaction can't be arbitrarily and infinitely imposed, but it can only be conditional and relatively limited, and it is subject to the decisive role of value on emotion as a whole. People's value creation activities driven by emotion must strictly follow the basic law of value and be carried out within its permitted scope.
Relative independence of emotions
People's emotions are generated and run in the brain, which is inevitably restricted and interfered by many factors inside the brain, thus deviating from the value it reflects to some extent. This deviation of emotion is the relative independence of emotion, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. Out of sync in time. If the value form changes, the corresponding new emotions need to be delayed for a period of time to form and develop. In other words, the emergence, development and disappearance of new emotions can't keep up with the emergence, development and disappearance of new values, which needs to be delayed for a period of time. For example, when a stranger suddenly becomes your brother-in-law or brother-in-law, your good feeling for him usually won't be established immediately; People usually miss or miss their old friends who have left or died. 2. Differences in measurement If the value changes, it is difficult to keep pace with the intensity of emotions. For example, some women are hurt or abandoned by the man they love. 3. Limitations of the mode. The changing way of value relationship is infinite, but the way to reflect emotion is limited. People sometimes don't feel good about some complex and implied value relationships and their changes, showing a state of indifference. For example, when people are hurt by some toxic substances, they often don't feel it; People are sometimes kept in the dark when they are criticized; When the purchased goods are "gently" slaughtered by others, people may also thank him for his "preferential" price; When faced with extinction, people may still enjoy it. 3. Alienation of mechanism Some special emotions are completely divorced from the objective basis of value relationship, and even run counter to it. This is because people's emotional mechanism has produced some alienation. For example, deformed religions cultivate religious feelings that deny self and society, psychotropic drugs produce eccentric, illusory and uncontrollable emotions, excessive physical and mental stimulation leads to abnormal emotions, excessive physical pain leads to patients' longing for death, national hatred easily leads to people's worship of war maniacs, and extreme class struggle leads to extreme class hatred, and so on. However, this emotional alienation is only partial, temporary and relative in general. The relative independence of emotions limits people's adaptability to complex value relationships and complex environments, but it helps to eliminate the interference of various external or internal factors on the emotional operation process and maintain the continuity and stability of value consumption activities and value creation activities.