1895, he was promoted to Manasti Military Preparatory School. 1899 entered Istanbul Military Academy, 1902 entered Habai Staff College. He was called "Kemal" (meaning "perfect" in Arabic) because of his excellent math scores.
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire in Turkey was dying and became a semi-colony bullied and contested by western powers. Young Kemal's patriotism was awakened. In the military academy, he eagerly read the works of French enlightenment scholars such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu, as well as the patriotic poems of the great Turkish poet Namouk Kemal, and further realized the greed and brutality of feudal lords, the deep national oppression, and the barbarity and backwardness of Sudan (Ottoman monarch) autocracy. So he and several like-minded students organized a secret revolutionary group, ran a handwritten tabloid and wrote articles to expose Sudan's dark autocratic rule. 1905 graduated and was awarded the rank of captain. Kemal was arrested for participating in political activities, and later exiled by Sultan Abdul Hamit II to serve in the Fifth Military Camp in Damascus. 1907, Kemal joined the youth Turkish party and participated in the 1908 revolution led by the youth Turkish party when serving in the third army of Macedonia. Kemal, who won the rank of major, made great contributions to revolutionary neutrality. But after the revolution, Kemal was transferred from Istanbul for criticizing the authorities, and was later sent to Bulgaria as a military attache. During his stay in Bulgaria, Kemal systematically studied the most advanced military theory and technology in the world and improved his military literacy. 19 1 1 year, Kemal was transferred from Istanbul for criticizing the authorities, and soon participated in the war between Turkey and Italy in Tripoli Tania (now Libya), and was promoted to major. 191210-1913 in may, he was transferred to the military attache of the Ottoman embassy in Bulgaria and was promoted to lieutenant colonel.
When World War I broke out, Kemal was already the military attache of the Turkish Embassy in Bulgaria. He pointedly pointed out that Turkey's joining the allies would be a "terrible disaster". Kemal advocated that Turkey should remain neutral, but his suggestion was not adopted. As a soldier, he went to the front without hesitation. 19 14 was appointed as the new teacher of 19 division after the outbreak of World War I. 19 15 was promoted to colonel. In the defense of the Da Daniil Strait, he led the territorial army twice to successfully stop the allied forces from landing, and won the reputation of "Istanbul Savior". Due to his outstanding military exploits, he was promoted to brigadier general in April of the following year.
19 16 In August, it won the title of "Savior of Istanbul" and "Pasha" for defending Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, and became famous throughout the country and even in Europe. Later, he was appointed commander of the Second Army Corps and promoted to general. However, Kemal's military genius could not save the fate of the Ottoman Empire's defeat and surrender. Main terms: Turkish War of Independence, Kemal Revolution
19 18, 10 At the end of June, the Ottoman Empire was forced to sign an armistice agreement that humiliated its rights and humiliated its country, and many territories were "entrusted" by the allied forces. The former territory was neatly divided by the allies. Wily Britain also encouraged neighboring countries of the Ottoman Empire to dismember it. 1919 65438+10/8, Paris Peace Conference was held. In the agreement, the Ottoman Empire will not only lose all the territories occupied since15th century, but also carve up the inherent territory of the Turkish nation for generations. After taking control of Anatolia's army, Kemal immediately telegraphed all the imperial troops in the region and contacted several nationalist groups. Later, he met with leaders of national movements, such as Raouf Holbert, Ali Fuad Zhe Bie Soy and lafitte Bell, and published the Amasya Declaration. When the country was in trouble, Kemal stepped forward. "Give me independence or give me death!" He set out to unify patriotic organizations scattered all over the country. He shouted to his comrades: "The territorial integrity and national independence of the motherland are at stake"; He called on his comrades: "Only the will and perseverance of the nation can save the independence of the nation." Soon, Kemal resolutely resigned from the military and devoted himself to the struggle to save the motherland.
Under his impetus, the Parliament adopted the solemn Turkish declaration of independence "National Assembly" in 1920 and 1. Declare that Turkey should enjoy complete independence, freedom and territorial integrity, and abolish extraterritorial jurisdiction. This document is called the "Declaration of Independence of New Turkey". However, the Allies soon formally occupied Istanbul and dissolved the Parliament. The compromised Sudanese government decided to dissolve parliament and arrest Kemal. Kemal seized the opportunity to hold a grand national assembly in Ankara on April 23, 1920, and established a national government headed by him. He began to form a regular army, established diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia led by Lenin, concluded friendly treaties, won the sympathy and support of as many countries as possible, and laid the foundation for the victory of the war of independence.
1in June, 920, with the support of Britain, the Greek army launched a large-scale attack in an attempt to stifle Turkey's independence movement. At the time of crisis, Kemal became the commander-in-chief of the national army, broke through the Greek defense line with the autumn wind sweeping away leaves, drove the Greek army out of Turkey, and captured the enemy commander-in-chief alive. Kemal led the Turkish people to finally drive away the foreign invaders, and the Allies had to sign the Lausanne Agreement at the Lausanne Conference in Switzerland on July 24th, 1923, formally recognizing Turkey's independence and sovereignty.
1923101On October 29th, the Republic of Turkey was formally established, Kemal was elected as the first president of the Republic of Turkey, and Ankara was confirmed as the capital. Two days later, according to Kemal's proposal, the Grand National Assembly abolished the feudal Sudanese system. Main item: Kemal reform
1923 In September, Kemal founded the People's Party on the basis of Anatolia and Romeri Asian Rights Protection Association. 1924 in April, the grand national assembly adopted a new constitution and implemented a one-party system. 165438+ 10, the people's party was renamed * * and the people's party, with the president as the party chairman and the prime minister as the vice chairman, and the party-state system was formally established. From 1923 until 1938, Kemal was re-elected as President of People's Republic of China (PRC), Party Chairman and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, with almost unlimited power.
1925 In February, rebellion broke out in the eastern provinces of Turkey. Encouraged by the dervish, the rebels United to overthrow the Republic and restore the caliph. The rebellion was quickly suppressed and 47 people were sentenced to death. After the rebellion, Kemal sealed up the temple, banned the activities of dervishes, and cracked down on any forces opposed to reform by severe means. From 65438 to 0926, Turkey promulgated a civil code based on the most advanced Swiss civil code at that time. In the civil law, such customs as polygamy and repudiation have been abolished, stipulating that men and women are equal, women can freely marry and divorce, Muslim women can marry non-Muslim men, and women have the right to participate in all political and social life of the country. However, there are also compromises in the reform. For example, women are not forced to take off their veils to avoid a strong social backlash. By 1927, under the iron fist suppression of Kemal, all religious, political and military forces opposed to him were suppressed, and Kemal took full power.
1928, Turkey changed the Arabic alphabet into Latin alphabet through legislation, and later banned the use of Arabic alphabet. With the support of the government, various exhibitions, academic groups and art colleges have sprung up to spread western culture. 1934 stipulates that everyone must have a surname. Before that, only famous families could have their own surnames, and most Turks didn't have surnames. After the surname reform, the parliament gave Kemal Ataturk a surname, which means "the father of the country", so Kemal's full name is Mustafa Kemal Ghazi Ataturk. From 1935, almost all western music is played on the radio. In the field of education, the theology department in universities was abolished, the original universities were transformed according to the western model, and various types of secular schools were established. According to Kemal's request, these schools must spread western science, technology and cultural knowledge to students.
Kemal began to alienate the Turkish people in his later years. He renovated Domar Bachel Palace, the former main residence of Sudan, where he stayed longer and longer, and his health deteriorated day by day. When he was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis, it was too late. In the last few months of his life, he suffered from illness with great perseverance and dignity, and died at 9: 05 am on June1938165438+1October 10 in Domabah Palace. Kemal once said, I will eventually return to dust, but the Republic of China will last forever. Kemal led Turkey 15 years, leaving behind an elite and powerful army, a republic that eradicated autocracy, a clean and efficient government, a civilized and orderly society and a brand-new Turkish nation.
Kemal's body was transported to Ankara through Istanbul, waiting for a suitable cemetery. A few years later, the cemetery was built: a magnificent mausoleum in Ankara, with Kemal's sarcophagus in it, and a museum in his memory.