1 1 Sports Competition and Cooperation
Competitive is one of the characteristics of sports activities, which permeates sports activities and fully embodies the competitiveness of sports activities. The competition encourages people to exert their greatest physical strength and wisdom to fight bravely, be aggressive, innovate boldly and win glory for the collective.
Although competition is the core of sports activities, teamwork is a better competitive foundation. Especially in group activities, it is inseparable from the tacit cooperation and close cooperation between the players. Cooperation is not only the need of sports itself, but also an important way for students to communicate with each other, contact their feelings, strengthen interpersonal communication and harmonize interpersonal relationships.
Through cooperation in sports activities and competitions, you can improve your interpersonal skills and learn to help others actively, so as to share the happiness in sports activities with your peers and solve the problems encountered in study and exercise. Deepen mutual understanding, make you open-minded, open-minded and learn to be tolerant.
12. Coubertin's contribution to the modern Olympic movement
Pierre? De? Coubertin (1863 ~ 1937) was born in a noble family in Paris. After graduating from college, he gave up his official career and devoted himself to the reform of education and sports. He also visited Europe to publicize the Olympic ideas, and delivered a famous speech "Reviving the Olympic Movement" in 1892, which finally contributed to the rise of the modern Olympic Movement. He is the secretary-general and chairman of the International Olympic Committee.
19 12 published Ode to Sports and won the Olympic gold medal. He advocated the Olympic spirit all his life and was known as the "father of modern Olympics". 1June, 894 16 ~ 23, with the efforts of him and many others, the International Olympic Committee was established and passed the resolution to resume the Olympic Games, and decided to hold the Olympic Games every four years. From then on, June 23rd every year is called "Olympic Day". 1on April 6, 896, the Olympic flame, which was extinguished nearly 1500 years ago, was rekindled in Greece. 3 1 1 Athletes from 13 countries participated in the first modern Olympic Games.
34. Sports culture
(1) The three major Olympic sports organizations, the International Olympic Committee, the International Federation of Individual Sports and the National Olympic Committee, are isomorphic, forming a troika that leads the Olympic movement forward continuously.
Ioc headquarters is located in Lausanne. The International Olympic Committee is an international, non-governmental and non-profit organization and the highest authority of the Olympic Movement.
International individual sports federations are composed of individual sports associations in various countries or regions. Its highest authority is the regular congress, and its main task in the Olympic movement is to be responsible for the technical and administrative management of the sports under its jurisdiction.
Olympic committees in various countries or regions are established according to the provisions of the Olympic Charter and recognized by the International Olympic Committee. They are responsible for developing the Olympic movement in a country or region, and they are responsible for the main task of developing and maintaining the Olympic movement in various countries or regions.
(2) Several firsts in track and field history
19 13: international association of athletics federations was founded;
19 14: the international track and field rules were formulated and published for the first time, and the track and field world record was officially recognized and published in the same year;
192 1 year: elegance in France? Ms. Melia founded the International Women's Sports Association and held the Women's World Athletics Championships every four years from 65438 to 0925.
1922: International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) was established. Determine international unified track and field events, formulate rules, organize competitions, establish and approve world records, and promote international track and field exchanges.
At the 9th Olympic Games held in Amsterdam from 65438 to 0928, women's track and field was listed as an Olympic event for the first time, and the proposed women's world track and field championship was terminated.
(3) Triathlon
IronManTriathlon fully embodies the severe test of skills and endurance, including swimming, cycling and long-distance running.
1972 informal competition originated in San Diego, USA, and 1974 official competition was held in Hawaii for the first time. In 2000, it became an official event of Sydney Olympic Games, consisting of1.5km swimming, 40km cycling and10km long-distance running. Athletes can't stop between different events, and must enter the next competition immediately after reaching the finish line. Both men's and women's triathlons are held on the same route at the same time, and the first person to complete all the competitions wins the championship.
(4) Introduction to the rules of track and field competition.
Competition class
In a competition, the final ranking of the project is determined by the final score, not by the results of the preliminary and semi-finals. The ranking is mainly determined by the order of any part of the athlete's trunk (excluding head, neck and limbs) along the vertical plane after reaching the finish line.
For events below 400 meters, athletes should start with squats (starting devices must be used in formal competitions). If an athlete starts to do the starting action before starting the gun after getting ready for the posture, he shall be judged as a starting foul and given a warning. The athlete who fouls for the second time will be disqualified.
In the relay race, athletes should run the whole race with the baton. If the baton is dropped, it must be picked up by the person who dropped it. If you shorten the distance or infringe on other players during the pick-up process, you will be disqualified. All handover procedures must be completed in the relay area.
Jumping class
In the high jump, the athlete must take off with one foot. If the crossbar is knocked off in the trial jump, the trial jump will be judged as a failure. It is also a failure that any part of the body touches the ground or landing area outside the vertical plane of the front edge of the column before crossing the crossbar. Any altitude that fails for three consecutive attempts will be disqualified.
In the long jump and triple jump competitions, when the number of athletes is more than 8, each athlete is allowed to try to jump 3 times, and the top 8 athletes with good performance can try to jump 3 times, and the order of trying to jump is opposite to the ranking after the first 3 attempts. Its ranking is judged by the best test jump result among all test jumps. When an athlete takes off, any part of his body touches the ground in front of the jumper, and when he lands, he touches the ground outside the bunker or walks out of the bunker backwards, which should be judged as a failure in the trial jump.
Throwing class
In the shot put, discus and javelin competitions, if the number of athletes exceeds eight, each athlete is allowed to try to throw three times, and the top eight athletes with the best effective results can try to throw three times, and the order of trying to throw is opposite to the ranking order after the first three attempts. Shot putters and discus throwers must start from a static position. After the trial throw, any part of the body touches the ground outside the circle or on the upper edge of the iron ring, and the shot put and discus throw do not completely fall on the inner edge of the corner line of the area, all of which are judged to have failed. Athletes can't leave the throwing ring before the equipment falls to the ground. When you leave, the upper edge of the iron ring or the ground outside the ring that you first touch must be behind the white line outside the ring that passes through the center of the throwing ring. Javelin throwing is not allowed. Only the javelin tip touches the ground before other parts of the javelin, and the javelin must completely fall within the angle line of the landing area. After the trial throw, if any part of the body touches the throwing arc, the approach mark line and the ground outside it, it is judged that the trial throw has failed.
13. Olympic knowledge
(1) Olympic Games
Olympism is a philosophy of life derived from sports, which strengthens people's physique and will and makes people develop in an all-round way. Olympism seeks to combine sports with style and education to create a lifestyle based on seeking happiness through hard work, giving full play to the educational value of good examples and respecting basic principles.
(2) Olympic spirit
The Olympic spirit refers to the spirit of mutual understanding, friendship, unity and fair competition. Active participation is the first principle of the Olympic spirit.
(3) Olympic purpose
The goal of the Olympic Movement is to educate young people and contribute to the establishment of a peaceful and better world by developing sports that are in line with the Olympic spirit without any discrimination. "Peace, friendship and progress" is a high-level summary of the Olympic purpose and an important content of the Olympic spirit.
(4) Olympic symbols
The five-ring symbol of the Olympic Movement symbolizes that athletes from five continents gather in the Olympic Games in a fair and frank spirit of sports, and embodies the unity theme of the "Olympic family", in which the blue, yellow, black, green and red of the five rings represent Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and America respectively.
14. Summer and Winter Olympic Games
Summer Olympic Games: 28 sports-track and field, water sports, weightlifting, cycling, archery, shooting, basketball, volleyball, football, handball, table tennis, badminton, hockey, softball, gymnastics, fencing, wrestling, judo, taekwondo, boxing, rowing, kayaking, sailing, equestrian, modern pentathlon and triathlon.
Winter Olympics: Six events-skiing, skating, ice hockey, sledding, ice dancing and modern biathlon.
Prospect of 2008 Olympic Games
Beijing solemnly promises to the world that the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be the best Olympic Games in history. Sport, style and environment are the three pillars of modern Olympic movement. In order to host the best Olympic Games in history, Beijing will fulfill its promise with practical actions.
16. World Cup football match
The World Cup is the largest and highest level football match organized by FIFA. The founder is Jules, the third president of FIFA? Rimet. 1928 FIFA held a meeting in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, and decided to hold the 1 World Football Championship (later changed to the World Cup) every four years from 1930. After three competitions, 1930, 1934 and 1938, the fourth competition was held in 1950 and 18 in 2006 due to World War II.
Achievements of previous World Cup football matches (omitted)
17. Run-up and take-off of long jump:
(1) Determination of run-up points in long jump: The number of run-up points can be determined by the number of steps, and the number of steps is twice that of run-up points minus 2, or the number and distance of run-up points can be obtained by the method of reverse running. (2) Run-up: relaxed, natural, stable, accurate, accelerated, positive and rhythmic. (3) Take-off: the pedal is active, positive, fast and accurate, the pedal is fast and powerful, and the arms and swinging legs swing actively. The close connection between run-up and take-off is one of the key links of jumping technology.
18. Fosbury flop
(1) Run-up: Easy and natural, flexible, from straight line to arc run-up. The penultimate step of the run-up, the feet should follow the ground, and the hips should exert strength when stepping out. (2) Take-off: The take-off point is about 50 ~ 90 cm away from the vertical plane of the crossbar. The take-off foot quickly lands along the arc, takes the initiative to take off on the ground, swings the thighs quickly, swings the shoulders upward with both arms, and rotates along the longitudinal axis to form a posture with his back to the crossbar. (3) Crossing the bar: When the body jumps to the highest point, the shoulders are pulled back, the head and arms cross the bar first, the hips are propped up actively, the calves are naturally relaxed, the body is in an anti-bow shape, the hips move over the bar, and the abdomen is lifted to make the body cross the bar. (4) Landing: Landing on your back, with your knees apart when landing.
19. Lateral sliding shot put
From the sliding step, when the calf is adducted, the right foot and knee actively rotate in the throwing direction, and when landing, the foot is at right angles to the throwing direction; At the moment when the left foot touches the ground, the right foot and the right knee immediately push out to push the hip joint to rotate, so as to increase the speed and strength of pushing the ball; At the moment of releasing the ball, the right foot continued to push the ground hard, and the ball was forcibly pushed out with the support of the left foot.
22. Short-distance running techniques:
(1) Starting: Get in position: Relax naturally, step on the starting device and look ahead and below. Preparation: Take a deep breath, calmly raise your arms slightly over your shoulders, and your shoulders will jump over the starting line. Start: push your hands off the ground quickly, swing actively, and rush forward with your upper body. (2) Accelerate running after the start (3) Run on the way: keep your center of gravity high and keep your upper body leaning forward; At the moment when the supporting leg is lifted off the ground, the three joints of hip, knee and ankle are fully extended; Swing your legs, move your hips forward and raise them. (4) Line collision at the finish line: the trunk accelerates forward and touches the finish line with the chest or shoulder.
23. Middle and long distance running technology
(1) Departure: Open your feet back and forth, lean forward your upper body, sink your knees, and focus on your front feet. (2) Running on the way: the center of gravity is high, and the upper body is upright or slightly forward; The support leg swings forward quickly after being kicked off the ground; Swing your legs forward and lift them properly. (3) Middle and long distance running breathing: two or three steps of breathing, two or three steps of breathing.
24. Key technical links of relay running
Receiving service is the key to relay race. In the relay race, the commonly used methods of baton transfer are the up-picking method and the down-pressing method.
Up-pick: Advantages: For the receiver, reaching back is more natural and easier to master. Disadvantages: The baton holder needs to adjust the position of the baton after receiving it, which may affect the running speed with the baton.
Push-down type: Advantages: After connecting the baton, it is not necessary to adjust the baton, which is convenient for holding the baton and running quickly. Disadvantages: the catcher's arm is nervous and easy to fall off.
29. Characteristics of Wushu routines
Wushu routines are evolved from offensive and defensive techniques, including kicking, hitting, throwing, taking, throwing, chopping and stabbing. Although the performance has been improved in the long-term development, we must have a sense of attack and defense when practicing, so as to have both form and spirit. When practicing, it requires close cooperation between hands and eyes, intentional guidance of movements, quick and powerful movements, rock-solid composure, good movements and clear rhythm.
30. Swimming safety knowledge:
Get ready before going into the water. Identify the swimming pool depth sign before launching. You can't fight in the pool or push people into the water. Don't dive to avoid suffocation or being kicked, bumped or touched. Natural swimming pools should swim in designated areas. Swimming is forbidden in the storm.
3 1. How to drink water during exercise:
Long-term exercise consumes a lot of energy. At the same time, you can add sugar properly, but not too thick, so as not to affect water absorption. In hot weather, you can add some salt and vitamins appropriately. The temperature of sports drinks should be appropriate, and iced drinks will stimulate the stomach and esophagus, which is not conducive to health.
In order to avoid dehydration during exercise, you can properly replenish water according to your physical condition 10 ~ 15 minutes before exercise. When exercising, you should drink water according to the specific situation, and you must follow the principle of drinking a small amount of water many times. When exercising for a long time, you can drink 100 ~ 200ml of water every 30 minutes or so to avoid increasing the burden on your heart due to excessive drinking. Usually, it is difficult to completely replenish the water lost during exercise, so you need to drink water properly after exercise, but avoid drinking a lot at a time.
32. Nutrition problems that high school students need to pay attention to in physical exercise.
(1) The energy consumed by physical exercise is increasing, so the energy intake should be appropriately increased to ensure the energy supply; (2) The proportion of sugar, fat and protein in the diet should be appropriate, about 60% ~ 70%, 15% ~ 25% and 10% ~ 15% respectively. In particular, we should avoid the diet of "eating more meat and eating less staple food"; (3) Inorganic salts and minerals are excreted with sweat during physical exercise, so it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamins and inorganic salts in the diet.
For sports, it is necessary to arrange the diet in a targeted manner. For example, it is necessary to properly supplement some meat, milk and bean products when exercising physical development strength; Eat more staple food during endurance exercise to improve glycogen storage in the body.
Sugar is the best fuel for exercise.
(1) Sugar can supply energy quickly, and the energy supply speed of sugar in exercise muscles is three times faster than that of fat. (2) Sugar metabolism produces less waste, and the final products of its metabolism are carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is excreted through the respiratory tract, and water can participate in metabolism when it stays in the body. (3) When the oxygen supply is insufficient or it is difficult to meet the needs of the body, muscle glycogen can undergo anaerobic glycolysis for a short time, thus providing energy for the body quickly. (4) Sugar is easily digested and absorbed, and will not cause stomach discomfort during exercise.