Occupational health and safety management system is a modern safety production management mode that rose internationally in the late 1980s. Together with the management system stipulated in ISO9000 and ISO 14000, it is called the management method in the post-industrial era. With the globalization of the world economy and the development of international trade, more and more enterprises realize the importance of implementing the "three standards". At present, the occupational health and safety management system has not yet become an international standard. Based on OHSAS18001-1999, China has formulated and published GB/T28001-200/Occupational Health and Safety.
The purpose of establishing and operating occupational health and safety management system in enterprises is to prevent accidents, and the hazard source is the root cause of accidents. Therefore, hazard is the core issue of occupational health and safety, and hazard identification is the starting point of hazard control. Hazard identification is an important work in the initial evaluation stage of establishing occupational health and safety management system in enterprises, and it is also the core element of the system. Therefore, the identification of hazard sources is particularly important. Below, the author briefly talks about how to do a good job in hazard identification in occupational health and safety management, so as to attract more attention.
First of all, several terms
1, hazard source. GB/T 28001-2001-3.4 stipulates that "hazard source refers to the source or state that may lead to injury or illness, property loss, work environment damage or these situations". Hazard sources include occupational hazards and occupational hazards. Occupational risk factors are the unsafe state of workplace, equipment and facilities, unsafe behavior of people and management defects, which are the direct causes of safety accidents. Occupational hazard factors: factors existing in the production and working environment that may cause abnormal changes in some organs and systems of workers and form acute or chronic diseases. Occupational hazards in a broad sense include occupational hazards that can cause industrial accidents and occupational hazards that can cause occupational diseases. Occupational hazards in a narrow sense mainly refer to occupational hazards.
2. Hazard identification. GB/T 28001-2001-3.5 stipulates that "hazard identification is the process of identifying the existence of hazards and determining their characteristics". Hazard identification can be understood as the process of identifying factors that may cause personal injury, property loss and environmental damage from the construction and production activities of enterprises, and determining the possible accident categories and the direct causes of accidents.
3. Risk and risk assessment. GB/T 28001-2001-3.14 stipulates that "risk is the combination of the possibility and consequences of a specific dangerous situation". 3. 15 stipulates that "risk assessment is the whole process of evaluating the risk and determining whether the risk is allowed".
4. Permissible risks and safety. GB/T 28001-2001-3.17 stipulates that "allowable risk refers to the risk that has been reduced to an acceptable level according to the legal obligations of the organization and the occupational health policy". Article 3.4 stipulates that "safety is a state of eliminating unacceptable risk of damage".
Second, the classification of hazards
(1) According to the role of hazard sources in the development of accidents, the theory of safety science divides hazard sources into two categories.
1, the first hazard. According to the theory of accidental release of energy, the accidental release of energy or dangerous substances is the physical essence of casualty accidents. Therefore, the energy or dangerous substances that may be accidentally released during the construction process are called the first type of hazard sources. In order to prevent accidents caused by the first kind of hazards, measures must be taken to restrain and limit energy or dangerous substances and control hazards. For example, the tunnel construction of an engineering project involves blasting technology, and the project has set up an explosive magazine. The explosives and detonators stored in the explosive magazine belong to the first type of hazard source.
2. The second hazard. Under normal circumstances, energy or dangerous substances are constrained or restricted in the construction process, and no accidental release will occur, that is, no accidents will occur. However, once these measures to limit or limit energy hazardous substances are destroyed or ineffective, accidents will occur. Various factors that lead to the destruction or failure of energy or hazardous substances restrictions or measures are called the second type of hazards. The second kind of hazards mainly includes three aspects: material failure, human error and environmental factors. In the above example, if the project formulates management measures or other management systems for dangerous explosives, regulates human behavior, material state and environmental factors, and controls the occurrence of explosion accidents, these measures or systems are restrictive measures. However, if the operator fires in the explosive magazine, an explosion accident may occur, and the operator's illegal operation belongs to the second type of hazard source.
3. Cause analysis of the accident. Casualty accidents are often the result of the interaction of two dangers. The first type of hazard is the energy subject of casualty accidents, which determines the severity of accident consequences. The second type of hazard is the necessary condition for the first type of hazard to cause accidents, which determines the possibility of accidents. These two dangers are interrelated and interdependent. The existence of the first kind of hazards is the premise of the second kind of hazards, and the appearance of the second kind of hazards is the necessary condition for the first kind of hazards to cause accidents. Therefore, the primary task of hazard identification is to identify the first type of hazard, and then identify the second type of hazard on this basis.
(two) according to the direct cause of the casualty accident and the degree of occupational harm.
According to the direct causes of accidents and occupational hazards, the Code for Classification of Hazardous Factors in Production (GB/T13681-1992) divides the hazard sources into six categories: physical hazards and dangerous factors; Chemical hazards and risk factors; Biological hazards and hazard factors; Psychological and physiological risks and harmful factors; Behavioral risks and harmful factors; Other dangerous and harmful factors. In the above example, the explosive magazine (stored explosives) is a chemical hazard and hazard factor, while the illegal operation of the operator is a behavioral hazard and hazard factor.
The Classification Catalogue of Occupational Hazards (No.63 of Health Law Supervision [2002]) divides occupational hazards into ten categories: dust; Radioactive substances (ionizing radiation); Chemical substances; Physical factors; Biological factors; Risk factors leading to occupational skin diseases; Risk factors leading to occupational eye diseases; Risk factors leading to occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases; Occupational pathological hazards of occupational tumors; Other occupational hazards.
Three. Types of accidents and occupational diseases
Hazard source is the root cause of the accident. Hazard identification should not only identify dangerous/harmful factors, but also determine the possible accident categories. In GB/T 28001-2001-3.1,an accident is defined as "an unexpected situation that causes death, illness, injury, damage or other losses". Occupational health and safety management system focuses on the unexpected results of activities and processes, which may be negative, bad or even malignant. For personnel, this bad result may be death, illness and injury. China's labor, safety, health and other departments usually refer to the above situations as "casualty accidents" and "occupational diseases". For material property, accidents cause damage, destruction or other forms of value loss.
The Classification Standard for Casualty Accidents of Enterprise Employees (GB 6411986) divides the accidents into 20 categories: object strike; Vehicle injury; Mechanical injury; Lifting injury; Electric shock; Drowning; Burning; Fire; Falling from a height; Collapse; Roof caving; Permeability; Shoot; Gunpowder explosion; Gas explosion; Boiler explosion; Container explosion; Other explosions; Poisoning and suffocation; Other injuries.
The Occupational Diseases Catalogue (Wei Jian [2002] 108) classifies occupational diseases as10; Pneumoconiosis; Diseases caused by radiation; Occupational poisoning; Occupational diseases caused by physical factors; Occupational diseases caused by biological factors; Occupational dermatosis; Occupational eye disease; Occupational otorhinolaryngology and oral diseases; Occupational tumor; Other occupational diseases. Each class is further divided into several subclasses, including 10 class, 1 15 species.
Fourth, hazard identification.
(A) the method of hazard identification
There are many methods for hazard identification. The basic methods are: interview, on-site observation, consulting relevant records, obtaining external information, task analysis, safety checklist, hazard and operability research, event tree analysis and fault tree analysis. These methods all have their own scope of application or limitations. In the process of identifying hazards, it is often impossible to completely identify the existing hazards by using one method, and two or more methods can be used comprehensively.
(2) The requirements of "three, three and seven" should be considered in hazard identification.
The so-called "337" refers to three states, three tenses and seven aspects. Three states: normal, abnormal and urgent; Three tenses: past, present and future; Seven categories (safety): mechanical energy, electrical energy, thermal energy, chemical energy, radioactivity, biological factors and ergonomic factors (physiological and psychological).
(3) Several aspects that should be paid attention to in hazard identification.
1. Occupational hazards existing in the construction technology: By analyzing the composition of the construction technology, we can understand the operation source of harmful factors and the nature and characteristics of harmful factors. Different characteristics of construction technology have great differences in occupational hazards. For example: sulfur anchoring technology in railway engineering, asphalt paving technology in highway pavement engineering, blasting technology in earthwork or tunnel construction and so on.
2. Hazards of operators: Under the condition of contact with similar harmful environmental (material) factors, the operation mode has great influence on the risk of occupational hazards. Mechanized or semi-mechanized construction should be considered as far as possible, and operators should be equipped with special labor protection articles to reduce the injury to personnel.
3. Occupational hazard factors in the working environment: Under the same working mode, due to different materials and environmental conditions, the hazards to human body are quite different. On the one hand, it is necessary to identify the types of hazard factors, including chemical factors, physical factors and biological factors. On the other hand, it is necessary to determine the existing form, distribution characteristics, diffusion characteristics, composition, concentration or intensity of each hazard factor. In addition, the causes of occurrence and change of hazard factors should be analyzed in order to formulate protective countermeasures.
4. Frequency or time of workers' exposure to harmful factors: Under the conditions of similar production methods and the same environmental factors (substances), the degree of occupational hazards mainly depends on the exposure time of workers.
5. Labor organization: Some hazards are caused by unreasonable labor organization, such as long working hours. Through labor organization, we can also understand the impact of occupational hazards on human health, such as the number of people exposed to dust and poison, gender characteristics, age structure, behavioral characteristics and so on.
6. Occupational health protection facilities: define the configuration of protection facilities, whether they are equipped with labor health protection articles, and implement ventilation, dust removal, purification and noise control. , and the coverage of effective protective equipment in multi-station workplaces; The operation of protection facilities, such as whether the equipment can operate normally and what are the operation parameters; Protective effects, such as whether dust collection and toxic air hood are intact and effective, whether the gate is flexible and reliable without leakage, and whether the purification effect, noise elimination and isolation are effective.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) risk assessment and risk control planning
(1) risk assessment
1, basic knowledge of risk assessment
Risk assessment is the key link and the first link of the system. The purpose is to evaluate and grade the risks caused by the hazards at this stage, and carry out targeted risk control according to the evaluation and grading results, so as to achieve good occupational health and safety performance and achieve the purpose of continuous improvement. Commonly used risk assessment methods include: working condition risk assessment method (LEC), matrix method, pre-hazard analysis (PHA), fault type and impact analysis (FMEA), risk probability assessment method (PRA), hazard operability study (HAZOP), fault tree analysis (ETA), brainstorming method, etc. Enterprises should explore the most suitable risk assessment method according to the actual situation. The author recommends using the operating condition risk assessment method (LEC) to calculate the risks brought by each hazard source.
2. Operating condition risk assessment method (LEC)
D=LEC
Where: d stands for risk value; L stands for the possibility of an accident; E stands for the frequency of exposure to dangerous environment; C stands for the consequences of the accident.
Construction enterprises can determine the corresponding values of L, E and C in different situations/environments according to actual conditions. Generally speaking, L is between 0. 1 and 1, E is between 0.5 and 10, and C is between 1 and 100. According to D = LEC, calculate the risk value (d). When C≥40 or D≥ 160 (determined by the enterprise), the risk factor can be classified as a major risk factor. The threshold is not fixed for a long time. Enterprises should determine the threshold of risk level according to the management level of occupational health and safety in different periods, so as to conform to the idea of continuous improvement.
(2) Risk control planning
1, factors that should be considered when selecting risk control measures.
When choosing risk control measures, the following factors should be considered: if possible, completely eliminate hazards or risks, such as replacing dangerous goods with safe products; If it cannot be eliminated, efforts should be made to reduce risks, such as using low-voltage electricity; If possible, make the work suitable for employees, such as considering the mental and physical factors of employees; Using technological progress to improve control measures; Measures to protect each staff member; Combination of technical management and program control; Introduce planned maintenance requirements, such as institutional safety protection devices; After considering all control schemes, use personal protective equipment as a last resort; The demand of emergency plan; Preventive measurement index is necessary to monitor whether the control measures meet the planning requirements.
2. Matters needing attention in formulating risk control plan
The risk control plan should be reviewed before implementation, and the contents of the review include: whether the planned control measures reduce the risk to a feasible level; Whether there are new dangers; Whether the scheme with the best investment effect has been selected; How do the affected personnel evaluate the necessity and feasibility of the planned preventive measures?