2. The historical evolution of Putonghua;
(1) The word "Putonghua" appeared in the late Qing Dynasty. The Qing court defined Beijing Mandarin as "Mandarin" in 1909, and the pronunciation of Mandarin was formulated many times during the Republic of China. After the founding of New China, it was stipulated in 1955 that the national common language was Putonghua. The predecessor of Mandarin is Mandarin in Ming and Qing Dynasties, before which it was called Yayan.
(2) 1909, the Qing government named Beijing Mandarin as the national language; During the Republic of China, standards were formulated many times. 19 18, Beiyang government published the first set of nationally recognized phonetic symbols. 1923, the fifth meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua decided to formulate the pronunciation based on the grammar of modern North China Mandarin and Beijing dialect. 1932, after the Ministry of Education of the National Government promulgated the General Vocabulary of Guoyin, the standard of Putonghua was determined.
(3) 1953 After the establishment of New China, Beijing and Luanping County, Chengde City, Hebei Province were the main places to collect standard Putonghua pronunciation, and the standard was promoted to the whole country on 1955. In 2000, People's Republic of China (PRC) General Language Law established the legal status of Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters as the national common language.
3. The phonetic features of Mandarin:
The characteristics of Putonghua pronunciation are as follows: the initials have no voiced sound except the fricative sound, nasal sound and marginal sound behind the tip of the tongue; Vowels are polyphonic, and nasal vowels are divided into two types: front and back; Initial consonants have no voiced opposition, no entering rhyme, sharp combined sound flow, few tones, simple mode, soft voice and nursery rhymes.
4. Standard Mandarin accent:
(1) In terms of phonetics, Putonghua is based on Beijing phonetics, instead of "focusing on Beijing phonetics and giving consideration to other dialects". The phonetic standard is a whole, and not every tone of Beijing dialect is a norm and standard. There are still differences between "standard accent" and "non-standard accent" in Mandarin, Mandarin and Chinese. From this perspective, the standard Chinese language constitutes a "dialect" of Chinese. Even in terms of standards, there are differences between the three places, such as the word "news". In Chinese mainland, the word "rest" is read lightly, while in Taiwan Province Province, it is read twice. Singaporeans and Malaysians are both Taiwan Province provinces (the pronunciation of the word "rest" is the same as that of "seat").
(2) The situation of Mandarin is similar: both the old Mandarin and the new Mandarin are regarded as standards; The situation in Chinese is somewhat different. Whether you learn Mandarin and accent has a great relationship with your native place and education level. The nonstandard Mandarin was called "Lan Qing Mandarin" in ancient times, and Lan Qing implied that the pronunciation was mixed with dialect accent.
(3) There is no strict boundary between standard accent and non-standard accent. Take Putonghua as an example: the most strictly defined "standard accent" is the pronunciation of CCTV news broadcast. According to this standard, most Chinese users in China, including many announcers, speak Mandarin with accents. But in fact, many people occasionally violate the China National Standard for Common Languages and Characters in pronunciation and accent. Putonghua, which is obviously influenced by dialects or other languages, is generally considered to have an accent.
5. Putonghua pronunciation
(1) Initial:
In fact, many young people (non-Beijing mandarin) now pronounce the sounds of the sticky tongue group as retrogingival sounds: [? ]、[? 】、【t】、【t？ ]。
(2) Finals:
(3) the tone of words:
In modern standard Chinese, therefore * * * has four tones besides light tone:
Extended data:
1, Putonghua promotion process:
China has a vast territory and many dialects. Because there are some obstacles in the communication between different dialects, which are not conducive to the economic and cultural exchanges between different places, the phenomenon of "regional cultural islands" has emerged. These "regional cultural islands" retain the essence of advanced culture and folk wisdom in different regions, but they cannot communicate and complement each other well because of language barriers. Therefore, it is necessary to have a kind of * * * homonym to eliminate the "isolated island of regional culture" and connect all the wisdom on the vast land of China.
However, the promotion of a language is a long process, so don't rush it. It is necessary to handle the harmonious relationship between the development of local languages and the promotion of Putonghua. The goal of popularizing Putonghua is not to eliminate the local language, but to eliminate communication barriers. However, the phenomenon of eliminating dialects (such as Nanning's Pinghua and Vernacular) does exist in the promotion, so we should grasp the strength and understand the truth that going too far is too late.
Because the diversity of language has always been one of the precious cultural accumulations of Chinese civilization, just like the biodiversity in the biosphere, the world can be colorful because of diversity, and the biosphere can maintain balance to ensure the normal flow of materials and energy transfer. So is language. Because of the diversity of languages, it shows the inclusiveness and long-standing historical accumulation of Chinese culture. Because of diversity, all people will not look at and think in the same way.
There are some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary among Beijing dialect, mainland Mandarin, Taiwan Province Mandarin, Singaporean Mandarin and Malaysian Mandarin. It should be noted that Beijing dialect is not a standard language, because it is an unorganized and standardized Beijing urban dialect. The above standard languages are the products of standardization based on Beijing dialect.
2. Premier Zhou talked about promotion:
As early as 1958, Premier Zhou Enlai pointed out in his report "The Task of Current Character Reform": "We promote Putonghua to eliminate the gap between dialects, not to ban and eliminate dialects. Is it necessary to ban or eliminate dialects in promoting Putonghua? Of course not. Dialect will exist for a long time. Dialects cannot be banned by administrative orders, nor can they be eliminated artificially. To promote Putonghua, we should distinguish between the old and the young, between ethnic activities and local activities, and between today and tomorrow. We cannot generalize. On the contrary, people who can only speak Mandarin should also learn some local dialects in order to penetrate into the working people in various dialect areas. "
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