Visa: If a passport is a "passport" to go abroad, then a visa is an "entry permit" issued to you by the country and region you are going to. This permit is the seal on the page number printed with the word "visa" in your passport book.
International vaccination certificate and international travel health certificate: In addition to your passport and visa, you should also apply for a health certificate from the local quarantine department and receive relevant vaccination. All cities have special local health and quarantine bureaus. You'd better apply for a physical examination at the quarantine bureau two weeks before going abroad. Under normal circumstances, two two-inch busts should be submitted when applying, and the "Application Form" should be filled out, indicating whether the validity period is half a year or one year, and the fee should be paid. After completing the formalities, you can receive a health check and apply for vaccination at the same time.