Confucius regarded the Spring and Autumn Period as a chaotic scene of "bad manners and music" and "heresy and cruelty". In order to stop this confusion, Confucius put forward many psychological thoughts on how to govern his subjects. For example, it is emphasized that "Tao is political, punishment is punishment, people are free from it, and shameless people; Tao is based on morality, qi is based on courtesy, and there is shame and dignity. " "It is possible to straighten the wrong and wrong, and you can straighten the wrong."
It means recommending talented people and expelling useless people, which is a kind of management psychology thought. Secondly, the communication theory, "the gentleman is righteous, the villain is beneficial" and "think twice before you act". Third, Confucius' learning theory tends to be transcendental. He believes that people's knowledge is innate, and clearly puts forward that "those who are born with knowledge are also superior; Those who learn and know, second; Learn from difficulties, secondly; If you are trapped and don't learn, then the people are not as good as them. " "If you are above people, you can also talk verbally. Below China people, it is impossible to talk about it. " "The gentleman is virtuous, the villain is virtuous, and the wind on the grass will be suppressed."
This thought of Confucius has a strong class thought. In addition, Confucius is most famous for his educational psychology. He proposed that we should first adopt an open-minded and realistic attitude when studying: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also." Secondly, he advocates a wide range of knowledge and diversified learning methods. "Always learn", but also "don't be ashamed to ask questions". "In a threesome, there must be a teacher, choose the good and follow it, and change it."
Thirdly, Confucius also emphasized the relationship between thinking and learning. "Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous", "Don't be angry, don't be angry, don't worry, don't be angry. If you don't take a corner and turn it around, it's no longer ",that is to say, if you don't understand something after thinking hard, don't enlighten him." Finally, Confucius' famous theory of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" still has important reference value.
2. Mohist psychological thought?
Mozi, the founder of Mohism, put forward the ideas of "universal love" and "non-attack" for the benefit of small producers. "Universal love" is the core of Mozi's whole ideological system. He advocates universal love when dealing with people, whether they are "gentlemen" or "bitches", because "those who love others will love others, and those who benefit others will benefit from others". This is also a kind of communication theory, which is still praised by people today. In addition, Mohist learning theory is empirical. Mohism believes that knowledge comes from direct or indirect experience, from "the truth of eyes and ears", rather than "being born with knowledge" as Confucius thought.
In the later period, Mohist school further developed this theory of Mozi, and divided the sources of knowledge into three categories: "intimate knowledge", "heard knowledge" and "spoken knowledge". "Pre-knowledge" refers to knowledge gained through personal experience. "Smelling knowledge" refers to the knowledge obtained through teaching, and "speaking knowledge" refers to the knowledge obtained through reasoning. Mozi also emphasized the influence of acquired environment on human development. "If you dye it in the sky, it will turn pale. If you dye it in yellow, it will turn yellow. If you change it, its color will change. " This is just the opposite of Confucius' fate conclusion.
In addition, Mozi also said "Go to the Six Kings". "Will go to six monarch, hey is thought, words are teaching, action, make three stay royal, must be a saint! To be happy, angry, happy, sad, loving and evil, use benevolence and righteousness. Hand, foot, mouth, nose, eyes and ears, engaged in righteousness, must be a saint. " Mozi called joy, anger, joy, sorrow, love and evil "six evils" and thought that they hurt morality and must be resolutely removed. How can I get rid of it? He proposed that the best way is to "use benevolence and righteousness" and "engage in righteousness"; By doing this, you will eventually become a saint?
3. Mencius' psychological thought?
Mencius, a student of Kong Qiu's grandson Zisi, claimed to be the heir of Kong Qiu Thought. In management psychology, Mencius developed and reformed Kong Qiu's theory of "rule by courtesy" and "rule by virtue" and put forward the theory of "benevolent governance". In addition, it also advocates that "serving people with virtue" and "serving people with strength are unconvincing and strength is not forward-looking; Convince people with virtue and convince people with heart. " In the theory of learning, Mencius also holds the same "transcendentalism" view. Mencius believes that "there is no other way to learn, just ask him to rest assured", which means that to seek knowledge and talent, you only need to find your lost nature, that is, you don't need to practice in reality.
On the issue of good and evil of human nature, Mencius systematically expounded the issue of "human nature" and put forward the theory of "good nature". Mencius said: "Everyone has a heart that can't bear others. My late king was tolerant of others, and I was tolerant of others. " Mencius also called it "compassion". He also believes that there are "shame and evil", "respect" and "right and wrong" in human nature These "hearts" are not imposed by the outside world, but are innate, that is, "compassion", which everyone has; Everyone has a heart of shame and evil; Everyone has a respectful heart; Everyone has a right and wrong heart. However, in practice, Mencius made a strict distinction between "gentlemen" and "villains", thinking that only gentlemen can have "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom", while "villains" do not have these virtues.