Spring and summer are the frequent seasons of various diseases, and bacteria and viruses are also active. And the baby's resistance is relatively weak, so some diseases are easy to attack and wreak havoc in these seasons. So, what diseases are babies most likely to encounter? How should treasure moms prevent and deal with it? The following is the knowledge of common diseases and preventive measures for children in spring and summer that I brought to you. Welcome to reading.
Common diseases of children in spring and summer and preventive measures
The cause of the baby's illness
1, children's immune system is immature, which is a period of low physiological immune function.
2. From the anatomical structure of respiratory tract, children's upper respiratory tract mucosa is tender, weak, short and narrow, and its function is not perfect, so it is particularly vulnerable to infringement.
3. The upper respiratory tract is directly connected with the outside world. Under normal circumstances, the pharynx is parasitic with viruses, bacteria and other microorganisms. When you suddenly catch a cold, feel bad and have low resistance, local tissues are easily invaded by viruses and bacteria, causing inflammation.
4. Children's adaptability to the changes of surrounding environment and their resistance to diseases are relatively poor.
Common diseases of infants and their prevention
In spring and summer, bacteria and viruses are active. In order to make the baby live a healthy life, the mother should know the following symptoms as soon as possible and take protective measures.
1, chickenpox
Chickenpox is a mild acute infectious disease that easily occurs in infants or older children, and it is highly contagious. The pathogen is varicella-zoster virus.
Preventive measures:
1, vaccinated with varicella vaccine.
2. If you find a child, do a good job of isolation in time. Isolate the child until the rash is completely crusted and dry, and isolate the child for 2 1 day.
3, often give your child a bath, change clothes, keep the skin clean, wash your hands frequently, cut your nails frequently, insist on physical exercise, and enhance your disease resistance.
4. The activity room and bedroom should be ventilated frequently, and all toys and other supplies should be thoroughly cleaned and then disinfected with ultraviolet rays.
5. Remind parents not to take their children to public places.
2, hand, foot and mouth disease
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease caused by enterovirus, which mostly occurs in children under 5 years old. It is characterized by oral pain, anorexia, low fever, and herpes or small ulcers in the mouth of hands and feet. Most children heal themselves in about a week, and a few children can cause complications such as myocarditis, pulmonary edema and aseptic meningoencephalitis. Individual critically ill children develop rapidly, leading to death.
Preventive measures:
1, educate children to develop good personal hygiene habits, wash their hands frequently, don't drink raw water, and don't eat cold and unclean food.
2. Go to crowded public places as little as possible to avoid contact with children with hand, foot and mouth disease.
3, keep the home, classroom and other places clean, often ventilated.
4. Clean and disinfect toys and children's personal hygiene appliances (cups, towels, etc.). ), tableware and other items to reduce the chance of infection.
5. Pay attention to the changes of the child's body temperature, and often check whether there is a rash on the mouth, hands and soles. After finding similar symptoms, you should immediately seek medical attention and observe at home to disinfect the articles used by children.
3. Mumps
Mumps is an acute infectious disease caused by mumps virus, which is common in children. The virus is attached to the secretions of the mouth and nose of patients and recessive infected people, and is mainly spread by droplets. Clothes, food and toys contaminated by saliva can spread. Mumps is distributed all year round, and the epidemic peak is in winter and spring. Preschool children have a high incidence rate and are often popular in kindergartens. Lifelong immunity can be obtained after illness.
Preventive measures:
1, disinfect daily utensils and bedding used by children with ultraviolet rays in time.
The most effective way is to receive vaccination.
3. If children are found, isolate them in time. Only when the parotid gland swelling disappears completely can you return to the park with the certificate issued by the hospital or health station at or above the district level, and isolate the close contact children for 2 1 day. During the isolation period, health care doctors should strengthen the morning and afternoon examination of children in each class, find patients early and isolate them in time. During the period of isolation, children cannot be accepted or transferred.
4, indoor ventilation, drink plenty of boiled water, rinse your mouth with light salt water, dry the bedding, and disinfect the utensils daily.
5. During the high incidence of mumps, remind parents not to take their children to public places and not to contact mumps patients.
4. Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is a systemic infectious disease mainly caused by various hepatitis viruses. It has the characteristics of strong infectivity, complicated transmission route, wide epidemic range and high incidence rate.
Preventive measures:
1, the most effective prevention method is to inject hepatitis A vaccine.
2, do a good job of hepatitis vaccine vaccination.
3, do a good job in early reception, often publicize health knowledge to parents, get close cooperation from parents, and find sick children as soon as possible.
4, strict implementation of food hygiene requirements, the implementation of food hygiene "May 4th system" and kitchen work eight hygiene requirements. Cut off the route of infection caused by food.
5. Abide by the disinfection and isolation system in kindergartens, and do a good job in personal hygiene, food hygiene and environmental hygiene.
6. If there are sick children, they should be isolated in time. Children shall be isolated for not less than 30 days. After the expiration of the isolation period, the liver function has been normal for two consecutive times, and it can be proved by hospitals and health stations at or above the district level before returning to the park. Contact with children will be quarantined for 42 days, and entry and exit procedures will not be handled during the quarantine period.
7. Thoroughly disinfect children's excrement, tableware, toys, utensils, clothes and bedding that come into contact with the class.
5, eczema
Eczema is a common skin disease in children, which can occur in any part of the body, mainly manifested as polymorphic, diffuse and symmetrical damage on the skin, manifested as needle-like papules and herpes, often diffuse and combined into pieces, causing severe itching.
Preventive measures:
1. Cultivate children to form regular living habits and provide loose, soft and non-irritating clothes.
2. Take a bath and change clothes frequently, keep skin and clothes dry, and change soaked clothes and bedding in time.
3. For children with eczema, it is necessary to carefully develop, observe and cooperate with parents to actively find the cause of eczema. During illness, avoid irritating food, do not wash and iron with hot water, avoid using soap, and supervise children not to scratch.
Common diseases of children and preventive measures
First, upper respiratory tract infection
Upper respiratory tract infection is the most common disease in children, mainly invading nose, nasopharynx and pharynx. Therefore, diagnostic terms such as "acute nasopharyngitis" (cold) are commonly used, which can also refer to "upper respiratory tract infection".
Symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection
Clear nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, etc. You may also shed tears, have a slight cough or throat discomfort, and recover naturally within 3~4 days. Sometimes the lymph nodes are slightly enlarged, and the fever can last for 2~3 days to 1 week, which is easy to cause vomiting and diarrhea. The body temperature can reach 39 ~ 40℃ or higher, accompanied by cold feeling, headache, general weakness, sharp loss of appetite, restless sleep and so on.
(2) Preventive measures
1, active exercise: open more windows when sleeping, wash your face with cold water, get up early to breathe fresh air outside, and participate in outdoor and sports activities.
2. Increase nutrition: achieve a balanced diet and enhance immunity.
3. Add or remove clothes at any time: children love sports and should change clothes in time after sweating.
4. Avoid cross-infection and the spread of pathogens: Wash your hands after touching patients. If the illness is serious, isolation gown should be worn in nurseries and hospitals, and patients should avoid contact with healthy people at home.
Second, vitamin D deficiency rickets
Rickets, also known as "rickets", is a common nutritional deficiency in infants.
(1) symptoms
Generally speaking, infants and young children are fidgety and crying, restless sleep, loss of appetite, sweating at night, muscle relaxation and poor growth and development. Skeletal malformation is characterized by skull softening, square head and late bone closure. The bone of the thoracic vertebra softens, making the sternum bulge, shaped like a "chicken breast" or invaginated into a "funnel chest".
(2) Nursing and prevention
Children with rickets are weak, so we should prevent upper respiratory tract infection and infectious diseases, get more sunshine, and supplement vitamin D and calcium according to the doctor's advice, and the dosage should be in accordance with the doctor's advice, and should not be abused. Let children do more outdoor activities and get more sunshine. Eat more fresh vegetables. Eat egg yolk regularly, properly supplement vitamin D and calcium, actively prevent respiratory tract infection, gastrointestinal diseases and hepatobiliary diseases, and promote the absorption and utilization of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus by the body.
Third, iron deficiency anemia.
It is a frequently-occurring disease in childhood, with the highest incidence among infants aged 6 months to 3 years. Nutritional iron deficiency anemia in children before 7 years old accounts for more than 1/3. Mainly because of iron deficiency in the body, hemoglobin synthesis is reduced.
(1) symptoms
Due to iron deficiency, the number of red blood cells, especially hemoglobin, is lower than that of normal people, so the child is pale and lacks blood color in lips, earlobes, conjunctiva and nail beds. The child's long-term brain tissue hypoxia, listlessness, loss of appetite. It not only seriously affects children's growth and development, but also affects children's intellectual development due to long-term anemia.
(2) Prevention
Advocate breast-feeding babies, and timely add iron-rich auxiliary foods, such as egg yolk, minced meat, liver mud and so on. Pay attention to the supplement of vitamin C, because vitamin C can improve the absorption of iron in food. Timely treatment of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding and other diseases. Correct children's habits of picky eaters and partial eclipse.
Fourth, diarrhea.
Diarrhea is a common disease in early childhood and a complication of many other diseases. Infantile diarrhea can be divided into infectious and non-infectious types.
(1) symptoms
Diarrhea with mild symptoms can occur several times to more than ten times a day. The feces are yellow or yellow-green, and are thin paste or egg-shaped. Normal body temperature or low fever, generally good, does not affect appetite. People with severe diarrhea have diarrhea ten to dozens times a day. The feces are watery and have mucus. Loss of appetite and frequent vomiting. In severe cases, high fever, respiratory disorders, lethargy and coma, and even convulsions are life-threatening.
(2) Nursing and prevention
Pay attention to cleaning the buttocks with warm water after each defecation. Don't let the children with diarrhea be hungry, eat less and eat more meals, which are soft, bad and rotten. Pay attention to good diet and environmental hygiene to prevent infection. Diet should be regular and quantitative, and complementary food should be gradual, not too much and not too fast. Take good care of the baby and avoid catching cold in the abdomen.
Five, dental caries
Dental caries, commonly known as "worm teeth", is a chronic disease in which hard tissues of teeth are gradually destroyed.
The key point is to do a good job in children's oral health care, so that children can establish good oral health habits and correct the habit of eating candy, snacks or other sweet drinks before going to bed. Brush your teeth before going to bed, use toothpaste containing a certain amount of fluoride, or use other anti-caries drugs, and conduct regular dental caries investigation so as to take timely treatment measures.
Six, prickly heat
Rash is a common skin disease in summer. After scratching, it becomes pustule or furuncle due to infection.
(1) symptoms
Prickly heat is a kind of red papule and herpes, ranging in size from the tip of a needle to a grain of millet, which usually occurs on the forehead, neck, feet, waist and back. Itching, tingling and burning. When the climate is cool, it can be dried thoroughly within a few days, peeling and leaving no trace.
(2) Prevention
Keep indoor ventilation and take various heatstroke prevention and cooling measures. Keep your skin clean and wipe your child's sweat at any time. Give your child a bath at least twice a day in summer, and wipe the skin with prickly heat powder after washing.
Seven, ascariasis
Ascariasis is the most common intestinal parasitic disease in children.
(1) symptoms
Mild people are asymptomatic, and a large number of parasitic ascaris can cause indigestion, anorexia and partial eclipse, resulting in nutritional disorders. It is characterized by sallow and emaciated children, anemia, and growth retardation. Paroxysmal abdominal pain and vomiting may also occur. When there are too many worms, especially when you don't take enough anthelmintics, Ascaris can be stimulated to bile duct (biliary ascariasis), appendix (ascaris appendicitis) or other parts, causing serious complications such as intestinal obstruction, inflammation and perforation.
(2) Preventive measures
Improve environmental hygiene, pay attention to food hygiene and personal hygiene, wash your hands before and after meals, and don't eat unclean fruits and lettuce. For general survey and treatment, you can choose to use repellent collectively once a year in autumn and winter. Harmless treatment of feces to eliminate ascaris eggs.
Eight, pinworm disease
(1) symptoms
When female insects lay eggs around anus, they can cause itching of anus and perineum, and scratching can cause local skin erosion. Occasionally, it can invade adjacent organs and cause ectopic complications, such as appendicitis. Most females lay eggs after their children fall asleep at night. At this time, children often cry and have night terrors.
(2) Prevention
Advocate children to sleep in crotch pants, wash their hands before and after meals, correct the bad habit of sucking their fingers, cut their nails frequently, wash their perineum frequently, and change underwear and bedding frequently. Because the life span of pinworm is very short, usually only two months, it can heal itself as long as it avoids repeated infection.
Common infectious diseases of children and preventive measures
I. Influenza
Influenza is called flu for short. Influenza patients are the main source of infection. They expel viruses by coughing and sneezing, and infect others through the respiratory tract. This disease is highly contagious and may be prevalent all year round.
Nursing and prevention
Stay in bed when you have a high fever. Children's rooms should have sunshine and fresh air. Drink more boiled water. The diet should be nutritious and easy to digest.
It is necessary to strengthen the body's resistance, strengthen physical exercise at ordinary times, let children bask in the sun and participate in outdoor activities. The clothes should be suitable. When the weather changes suddenly, you should dress your children in time. Don't go to crowded public places in winter and spring to avoid infection. The living room should be disinfected regularly. Keep the air in children's activity room and bedroom fresh.
Second, measles.
Measles is a common respiratory infectious disease in children, which is highly contagious. You can get lifelong immunity if you have measles once.
(1) nursing
The room should be ventilated, but it is not advisable to let the wind blow directly on the children. Drink more warm water and hot soup to promote blood circulation and help the rash come out completely. Food should be nutritious and easy to digest, and meat and oil, especially protein and various vitamins, should be avoided to avoid vitamin deficiency during or after illness. Always pay attention to the cleanliness of skin, eyes, nose and mouth to avoid complications.
(2) Prevention
Inoculation of live attenuated measles vaccine or injection of placental globulin and gamma globulin can make people have active or passive immunity. Do a good job in isolation and disinfection of children. Medical staff and their families should not contact susceptible children immediately to avoid infection.
Third, rubella.
It is common in winter and spring, and the children are mostly 2~5 years old. Rubella virus has weak viability in vitro, so it is less contagious. After suffering from this disease, you can get lifelong immunity.
(1) nursing
Stay in bed when you have a fever. Keep the air fresh indoors, eat digestible food and drink plenty of water. Pay attention to cleaning the skin and cutting nails to avoid scratching the skin and causing infection.
(2) Prevention
Isolate the child until the rash is completely dry and scabbed. Children who have never had chickenpox should avoid contact with children. Contact quarantine 2 1 day.
Five, mumps
Mumps is an acute respiratory infection caused by mumps virus. It is very popular in winter and spring. Patients can get lifelong immunity after recovery.
(1) nursing
Children should stay in bed. Drink plenty of boiled water and give a liquid or semi-liquid diet to relieve the pain when chewing. Rinse your mouth with salty boiled water to keep your mouth clean. Use hot or cold compress when your cheeks hurt. If the body temperature is too high, you can use antipyretics. At the same time, complications should be prevented.
(2) Prevention
Isolate patients and protect susceptible children, and contact can be prevented by Banlangen granules.
Six, hand, foot and mouth disease
It is an infectious disease in children, also known as eruptive vesicular stomatitis. Most of them occur in children under 5 years old, which can cause hand, foot and oral herpes, and a few children can cause complications such as myocarditis, pulmonary edema and aseptic meningoencephalitis.
(1) prevention
Do "wash your hands frequently, drink boiled water, eat cooked food, ventilate frequently and dry clothes and quilts". Spring and summer are prone to enterovirus infection, so we should pay attention to the environment, food hygiene and personal hygiene. Do not drink raw water, eat cold food, wash your hands before and after meals, and keep indoor air circulation.
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