Doping, as a drug that can improve sports performance in a short time, is extremely harmful to health. It is attached to many fields of human sports like a ghost, which defiles the lofty sports spirit of human beings. So what is a stimulant? Doping is actually the general name of banned drugs, that is, all drugs that can improve sports performance and are harmful to human body are stimulants. At present, people have not found a stimulant that can only improve their performance without damaging their health. Because the main function of stimulants is to change the function of the body by imposing methods, this change will inevitably lead to the destruction of the balance of the body and the inhibition of the original function, thus forming the long-term dependence of the human body on drugs and the irrecoverability of this dependence, and even leading to sudden death. Different kinds of stimulants have different effects on human body. Agents such as * * * have an effect on increasing reaction and raising competition awareness. Protein assimilation preparation can increase human muscles and enhance physical fitness. Blocking drugs can increase the stability of action. Diuretics can lose weight, and they can also use their powerful excretion to cover up other exciting drugs.
What are the stimulants?
I. * * * Agent
According to pharmacological characteristics and chemical structure, these drugs can be divided into the following categories:
1. Psychotropic drugs: including amphetamines and their related derivatives and salts.
2. Sympathomimetic drugs: This is a kind of substance that simulates the action of adrenaline and norepinephrine of endogenous catecholamine, represented by ephedrine and its derivatives and salts.
3. Caffeine: They are also called xanthines because they contain xanthine groups.
4. Other central nervous system substances: such as aminobenzazole, tetrazole, nikethamide and strychnine.
* * * is the earliest used and banned stimulant, and it is also the most primitive stimulant, because only the pharmacological effect of this kind of stimulant on neuromuscular is the real "exciting effect". Before the 1970s, the stimulants used by athletes mainly belonged to this category. 1960 Rome Olympic Games and 1972 Munich Olympic Games used amphetamine, ephedrine, norpseudoephedrine and nikethamide respectively.
Second, narcotic analgesics
These drugs can be divided into two categories according to their pharmacological characteristics and chemical structure.
1. pethidine: pethidine, painkiller, diphenhydramine and misoprostol, and their salts and derivatives. Its main functional chemical group is pethidine.
2. Opioid alkaloids: including morphine, codeine, dihydromorphine (ethylmorphine), heroin, levomannan and analgesics, as well as their salts and derivatives. The chemical core group is morphine alkaloid extracted from opium.
Third, synthetic steroids.
Synthetic steroids used as stimulants have a wide variety of derivatives and commercial dosage forms, most of which are androgen derivatives. This is the most widely used and frequent stimulant at present, and it is also an important object in drug testing. The International Olympic Committee only banned some major sports, but its ban spectrum has been expanding.
Fourth, diuretics.
The clinical function of these drugs is to increase urine output by affecting the urine production process of the kidney, thus alleviating or eliminating symptoms such as edema.
Purpose:
1, lose weight by quickly eliminating water in the body.
2. Increase urine volume to reduce other irritating metabolites in body fluids and excreta as soon as possible, which will lead to false negative results in drug testing.
3. Accelerate the excretion process of other stimulants and other metabolites, thus alleviating some side effects.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) β receptor blocker
It is mainly inhibitory and rarely used in sports. Clinically, it is often used in the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmia, such as propranolol, calming the heart and calming the nerves. These drugs are new banned stimulants decided by the International Olympic Committee 1988. Six, endogenous peptide hormones
Most of them exist in human body in the form of hormones.
1, human growth hormone
2. Insulin
3. Erythropoietin
4. Gonadotropin
Seven, blood stimulants
Also known as blood red cell transfusion technology, it was used in the 1940s. It is allogeneic blood transfusion, which increases the number of red blood cells in a short time, thus enhancing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. In the 1980s, blood transfusion was invented. It has been reported that the increase of blood indexes such as red blood cell count caused by blood transfusion can last for 3 months. 1988 Seoul Olympic Games was officially banned by the International Olympic Committee.
References:
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What is a stimulant and what can it do?
Stimulants (English: Stimulants) generally refer to hormonal drugs. Stimulants will lead to the decrease of users' life span, and female users may have male characteristics, such as Adam's apple and chest atrophy. Because most of the drugs used by athletes in order to improve their performance at the earliest time belong to stimulant drugs-* * *, the stimulants commonly mentioned today are not only those drugs that play an exciting role, but actually the floorboard of prohibited drugs.
What has the effect of stimulant?
Chocolate is useless. Simply put, red bull. It's best if you can buy a cold cream. Its active ingredient is a stimulant.
Coffee (without sugar) is good. But drink 30-50 minutes before the game, remember not to drink too much, or you will be prone to appendicitis if you can't run.
Drink glucose solution to replenish energy.
What are the main components of stimulants?
Doping is the general name of illegal drugs in international sports. According to the regulations of the International Olympic Committee, athletes artificially and improperly use any form of drugs or ingest abnormal amounts or physiological substances through abnormal channels in an attempt to improve their competitive ability, which is called doping.
There are six kinds of drugs banned by the International Olympic Committee. The specific classification is:
Anesthetic: It can anesthetize muscles, relieve pain and improve mental excitement.
Doping: It can make athletes eliminate fatigue, enhance physical strength and excitement, and improve the speed of exercise.
Diuretics: can dilute urine, cover up the dose of drugs contained in urine, and temporarily lose weight.
Sedative: used to improve the sense of calmness, so that athletes can concentrate and be emotionally stable.
Synthetic steroid: a derivative of androgen, which can accelerate muscle growth and enhance physical strength.
Peptide hormones: used to increase the secretion level of corticosteroids in the blood and produce euphoria.
The use of stimulants will do great harm to people's physiology and psychology, make users heart failure, excitement and mania, make adult women masculine, make men bald prematurely, suffer from prostatitis, prostatic hypertrophy, diabetes, heart disease and so on. , and seriously damage people's physical and mental health.
At present, the drugs prescribed by the International Olympic Committee as stimulants are:
1. Chlorotristyrene
Medical purposes: promoting egg discharge and treating female infertility.
Sports use: As an extra supplement or after taking testosterone, you can "naturally" testicles by reacting * * *.
The formation of Marubin.
Risks: headache, nervousness and depression.
2. Nitroglycerin
Medical purposes: dilate blood vessels and enhance heart function. Can be used for preventing and treating angina pectoris and heart failure.
Sports use: explosive force in sprint, shortening excitement time, and preventive use for elderly athletes. now
Time is rising again.
Risks: headache, high blood pressure and nausea.
3. Corticosteroids
Medical uses: anti-inflammatory drugs, treating rheumatism and asthma.
Purpose of exercise: to relieve pain, eliminate fatigue and make people excited. It's hard to detect
Risk: diabetes, osteoporosis.
4. protein anabolic steroids.
Medical purposes: treating severe nutritional deficiency and osteoporosis, treating AIDS patients and long-term bedridden patients.
And severely burned people.
Sports use: It can promote the growth and development of muscles, and can eliminate the adverse reactions of users when it is used in combination with high-dose Novolone.
Now it is a side effect.
Risk: acne, hirsutism, migraine, nosebleeds, tendinitis (refers to muscle swelling but not tendon swelling),
Muscle rupture, prostate cancer, insanity, and even death.
5. Nuolong
Medical use: the elderly are short of nutrition and thin, and are used for severe burns and surgery.
Sports use: it can promote muscle growth and development, increase training endurance and training load, and its effect has never been proved.
Risk: acne, feminization, high dose may lead to cancer, diabetes and serious mental disorders.
Wait a minute.
6. Erythropoietin
Medical uses: increase the number of red blood cells, for anemia, tissue loss, premature infants, and for cancer and hematology.
noodle
Sports use: increase training endurance and training load, which is not found in the current anti-doping inspection.
Often used (some people will give athletes five times the dose of serious patients).
Risk: thrombosis, death.
testosterone
Medical use: used for insufficient testosterone secretion and severe nutritional deficiency.
Sports use: increase the number of muscles. Some people who increase muscle mass through exercise even use doses.
250 times the therapeutic dose.
Risk: acne, edema, decreased number of * * * and death.
8. Bronchodilator
Medical purposes: treatment and prevention of asthma.
Exercise: It can not only play the role of * * (Shuchuanling is close to adrenaline), but also improve the respiratory function.
Risk: make the heart beat faster, and high dose will lead to headache and digestive system disorder.
9. protein synthesizes hormones.
Medical use: anti-aging, which has been used in the United States since the introduction of Heitongning (namely acetylmethoxytryptamine, an anti-aging hormone).
Influence of Doping on Athletes
1968 at the beginning of the anti-doping campaign, the banned drugs stipulated by the international Olympic Committee were four categories, and then gradually increased, reaching seven categories at present. Although there are different expressions in classification, they are basically classified according to the pharmacological effects of these substances.
I. * * * Agent
According to pharmacological characteristics and chemical structure, these drugs can be divided into the following categories:
1. Psychotropic drugs: including amphetamines and their related derivatives and salts.
2. Sympathomimetic drugs: This is a kind of substance that simulates the action of adrenaline and norepinephrine of endogenous catecholamine, represented by ephedrine and its derivatives and salts.
3. Caffeine: They are also called xanthines because they contain xanthine groups.
4. Other central nervous system substances: such as aminobenzazole, tetrazole, nikethamide and strychnine.
* * * is the earliest used and banned stimulant, and it is also the most primitive stimulant, because only the pharmacological effect of this kind of stimulant on neuromuscular is the real "exciting effect". Before the 1970s, the stimulants used by athletes mainly belonged to this category. 1960 Rome Olympic Games and 1972 Munich Olympic Games used amphetamine, ephedrine, norpseudoephedrine and nikethamide respectively.
Second, narcotic analgesics
These drugs can be divided into two categories according to their pharmacological characteristics and chemical structure.
1. pethidine: pethidine, painkiller, diphenhydramine and misoprostol, and their salts and derivatives. Its main functional chemical group is pethidine.
2. Opioid alkaloids: including morphine, codeine, dihydromorphine (ethylmorphine), heroin, levomannan and analgesics, as well as their salts and derivatives. The chemical core group is morphine alkaloid extracted from opium.
Third, synthetic steroids.
Synthetic steroids used as stimulants have a wide variety of derivatives and commercial dosage forms, most of which are androgen derivatives. This is the most widely used and frequent stimulant at present, and it is also an important object in drug testing. The International Olympic Committee only banned some major sports, but its ban spectrum has been expanding.
Fourth, diuretics.
The clinical function of these drugs is to increase urine output by affecting the urine production process of the kidney, thus alleviating or eliminating symptoms such as edema.
Purpose:
1, lose weight by quickly eliminating water in the body.
2. Increase urine volume to reduce other irritating metabolites in body fluids and excreta as soon as possible, which will lead to false negative results in drug testing.
3. Accelerate the excretion process of other stimulants and other metabolites, thus alleviating some side effects.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) β receptor blocker
It is mainly inhibitory and rarely used in sports. Clinically, it is often used in the treatment of hypertension and arrhythmia, such as propranolol, calming the heart and calming the nerves. These drugs are new banned stimulants decided by the International Olympic Committee 1988.
Six, endogenous peptide hormones
Most of them exist in human body in the form of hormones.
1, human growth hormone
2. Insulin
3. Erythropoietin
4. Gonadotropin
Seven, blood stimulants
Also known as blood red cell transfusion technology, it was used in the 1940s. It is allogeneic blood transfusion, which increases the number of red blood cells in a short time, thus enhancing the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. In the 1980s, blood transfusion was invented. It has been reported that the increase of blood indexes such as red blood cell count caused by blood transfusion can last for 3 months. 1988 Seoul Olympic Games was officially banned by the International Olympic Committee.
[Edit this paragraph] The harm of stimulants
Taking stimulants is harmful to health.
Scientific research has proved that taking stimulants will cause many direct hazards to people's physical and mental health. Using different kinds and doses of illegal drugs has different degrees of harm to human body. Generally speaking, the main hazards of stimulants are as follows:
Serious personality changes, drug dependence, abnormal cell and organ functions, allergic reactions, decreased immunity and various infections (such as hepatitis and AIDS).
The harm of stimulants mainly comes from hormones and drugs. What is particularly worrying is that many harmful effects will not appear until several years later, and even doctors can't tell which athletes are in a critical period and which will not have problems for the time being.
It is immoral to use stimulants.
Athletes use ......
How big is the role of stimulants?
Will have a strong stimulating effect.