In today's global information tide, the Internet (that is, Internet) has sprung up suddenly, adding infinite vitality to human society at the end of the 20th century and becoming a beautiful landscape in modern social life. Internet brings people not only technology, but also a brand-new way of life marked by information. He is changing people's work and lifestyle. Someone once compared the Internet to Fortress Besieged. The difference is that "people outside want to go in, but people inside don't want to come out." Why is the Internet so attractive? This is not only related to people's growing cultural life, but more importantly, it is related to the continuous updating and revolution of Internet technology.
The overall planning and design of a website is an important part of its development, and it is also an attractive part. With the development of Internet/Intranet technology, people have realized the advantages of Internet/Intranet, and the connection between database and web has become one of the hot technologies in database development.
Usually, most web pages viewed through browsers are static. The so-called "static" means that the content of the website is "fixed". When the browser requests the web server to provide a web page through the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) protocol of the Internet, the server only transmits the static HTML document originally designed to the browser. The content of its page only uses standard HTML code, plus the most popular dynamic pictures in GIF89A format, such as the animation effect of several cats and dogs running around. If the website maintainer wants to update the content of the web page, he must manually update all the HTML documents.
The fatal weakness of static websites is that they are not easy to maintain. In order to update the content of web pages, website maintainers must repeatedly make HTML documents. With the increasing content and information of the website, it is conceivable how complicated and tedious this work is. So, what is a dynamic website? The so-called "dynamic" does not mean that the pictures placed on the web page will move. Dynamic pages should have the following characteristics:
(1) interactivity: that is, Web pages can dynamically change and respond according to customers' requirements and choices, and the browser is the client interface, which is the general trend of web development in the future.
(2) Automatic update: that is, you can automatically generate new pages without manually updating HTML documents, which greatly reduces the workload.
(3) It varies from time to time: that is, different people can generate different pages when they visit the same website at different times, which is especially suitable for websites that need to authorize users.
With the rapid development of the Internet, professional ISP (Internet Service Provider) and ICP (Internet Content Provider), general government agencies, banks, transportation departments, schools, hospitals, service providers and even everyone are actively seeking to publish information on the Internet and provide new online management and services. It can be said that website design and website editing are becoming a new hot industry.
Second, the system analysis of the website
(1). Project start-up
We have received business consultation from our customers. Through continuous contact and understanding between the two sides and basic feasibility discussion, we have reached a preliminary production agreement, so we need to set up this project. A better way is to set up a special project team, including project managers, web designers, programmers, testers, editors/documents and other necessary personnel.
(2). Statement of customer needs
The first step is to ask the customer to provide a complete description of the requirements. Many customers are not very clear about their own needs and need your constant guidance and help to analyze. Some customers may have no clear purpose at all about what kind of website they want to build, and have no idea about what to do after their website is built. In order to make customers have a clear purpose, we need to explain patiently, analyze carefully and dig out the potential and real needs of customers. It's good for everyone. Our aim should be "customers understand clearly and both sides are happy." It is a responsibility to customers and also a responsibility to yourself.
It will take a lot of time to write a detailed and complete demand statement with customers, but it is worthwhile to do so, and it must be satisfied by customers and signed off. Doing this well can prevent many mistakes and project failures caused by unclear or misunderstood requirements. Poor requirements mean that it is impossible to have a high-quality website. So what standards should the requirement specification meet? In short, it includes the following points: correctness: each function must clearly describe the delivered function; Feasibility: Ensure that each requirement can be realized under the current development capability and system environment; Necessity: whether the function must be delivered, whether it can be delayed, and whether it can be "cut" when cutting expenses; Simple: don't use professional network terms; Detectability: If the development is completed, the customer can carry out detection as required.
Third, the construction scheme
(1). The concept of building a station
(1) Early planning
Designing a home page is not necessarily difficult. But this work, like the preparation of traditional publicity materials, needs our careful handling and planning. In other words, we must first determine the main information that needs to be conveyed, and then carefully consider and reasonably organize all the ideas; Then design a page style, try it with representative users, and then modify it repeatedly.
(2) try to streamline
The homepage is like the cover of a book, attracting users to browse the content of your website. Therefore, the design of the homepage should be eye-catching and clear at a glance. Don't pile up too many unnecessary details and don't make the picture too complicated. List three main points clearly on the homepage, such as the name of the organization, the products or services provided, and the content of the homepage (that is, what information does your other pages contain). It should be remembered that the first impression a page gives is the most important. There are many people browsing everywhere on the Internet. If your homepage is really unattractive, it's hard for them to watch it deeply.
(3) Keep it as simple as possible
Nowadays, most users use modems to connect to the World Wide Web, so they usually spend a lot of time waiting for the home page to be transmitted to their own systems. The graphics on the homepage should be as simple as possible to avoid wasting users' time. The larger the image and the darker the color, the longer it takes to transfer the page. This is not to say that you should omit the image completely, but to remind you to pay attention to the effect caused by using the image. The color of the home page should not exceed 64 colors, and the top picture should be kept below 10KB (kilobytes). Don't be tempted into the big picture; Just consider three or two short and pithy pictures. The homepage as a whole should be able to spread quickly. If the loading time exceeds 10 to 15 seconds, many users will be impatient. If the situation permits, it's best to test the transmission rate of your home page, 14.4 kilobaud modem, or connect to the World Wide Web through online services such as Prodigy.
In addition, we should also pay attention to the lowest-end devices, such as the standard small display screen. Don't think that everyone is using a large screen with high resolution. It is ok to use some advanced browsing software to provide cutting-edge functions, but you should ensure that your home page can still be displayed smoothly on secondary browsing software (such as special browsing software provided by some online services).
(4) Make good use of images
Users are roaming on the Internet, and you must try to attract and keep their attention to your home page. One of the most important resources of the World Wide Web is its multimedia capability, so we should make good use of it. It is best to have eye-catching pictures, novel pictures and beautiful fonts on the home page to make it unique and unforgettable. The content of the image should have a certain practical effect, not grandiose. The best image should be the combination of beauty and communication. Note that pictures can make up for the lack of words, but they can't completely replace words. Many users set up browsing software to omit pictures in order to save time. They can only read words. Therefore, when making the home page, we must pay attention to the important information brought by repeating pictures once and for all or the instructions of linking words to other pages. Test the completed home page in "plain text" mode to ensure that all information is conveyed.
(5) Make the homepage easy to roam.
One of the main functions of the home page is as a roaming tool to guide users to find the information you have stored on the website or elsewhere. Make the roaming process as easy as possible. For clarity and speed, the linked items on the home page should be limited to several advanced categories, such as companies, products, services and support. It is ideal to use six to eight connection items.
In addition, the information you provide should not be buried under overlapping pages. It's boring enough to span more than five connecting projects. Therefore, you must strike a balance between breadth and depth. If your website contains too much information, you may have to make longer pages or use more links, or even set up multiple homepages, so that each homepage contains different information. If you can let users find the information they need through keywords or words on the home page, it will definitely be welcomed by users.
If you have enough resources, you should find an expert to evaluate whether the homepage you designed is convenient and easy to use. Try to find some users who are not familiar with the homepage to try out your preliminary finished product.
(6) lift the net to help the collar.
Home Page-Generally, the following items must be included:
Title, this title must clearly indicate your website. The title can be a name, a slogan, a logo or an image.
E-mail address so that users can notify you when they encounter problems.
Copyright information, which is a copyright regulation applicable to home page content. You can mark a short copyright notice on the home page and bring out another page with detailed terms of use through the link to avoid the clutter on the home page.
Contact information, list mailing address and telephone number, etc.
(7) Recycling existing information
When making a homepage, we usually don't need to start from scratch, because there are many ready-made words, pictures and other materials for us to use repeatedly, such as brochures, public relations documents, technical manuals, databases and so on. In many cases, these materials can be transferred to web pages with a little effort.
(8) Keep fresh
New things appear constantly on the world wide web, and there are new tricks every day. If your homepage never changes, users will soon get bored. Announcing new information on the home page will attract users to browse again. You might as well announce the new news in the title at the top of the page. You can periodically change the image on the home page or the style of the home page. Interesting items can be updated continuously or automatically, such as listing the number of people who will visit your website.
Similarly, in order to keep fresh, we should always ensure that the home page provides the latest information. Incorporate the work of updating homepage information into the established public relations and data preparation plan, that is, when you use traditional methods (such as press releases) to deliver new information, it will appear on your homepage. Ensure the smooth progress of the connection project, and avoid the user getting bored by receiving the message "unable to access the required file" on the screen.
(9) Fulfill the promise
Don't promise things you can't do easily. Don't let users reply casually, for example, let users fill in loan advance orders, unless you have worked out the methods and delivery processes for handling these orders. If you list your contact number online, make sure you can solve the caller's problem quickly.
(10) Attract users to browse
Since we have racked our brains to make the homepage beautiful and practical, it's a pity that no one has come to appreciate it. In order to attract all the people in the network to browse, it is necessary to make the home page easy to find. Notify other websites (for example, websites related to topics) that they may want to connect to your home page. Arrange to list your website in all relevant website directories, indexes, search programs and "What's New" pages. Spread the website as much as possible to make it appear on the internet and all traditional coal bodies, such as book advertisements, public relations documents, promotional materials, etc.
On the website, each page is set with a "Home" button, which is convenient for users to return to the home page at any time.
The World Wide Web is full of vitality and continuous development, so some experiences that are applicable now may not be applicable in the future. For example, if home users have high-speed lines to connect to the Internet in the future, the restrictions on data transmission will be removed now, and the length of the home page will be longer and the page will be more gorgeous. New browsing functions, such as advanced functions provided by Sun's HotJava browsing software, will make the World Wide Web more powerful and facilitate communication. HotJava transforms the homepage from a static file into a dynamic entity, providing instant animation, background music, instant data storage (such as constantly updating stock prices), voice broadcast and other functions, bringing more fun to online users. Have a good home page and excellent equipment support. The continuous innovation of website server makes website construction easier and easier. Take S u n's Netra Internet server as an example. The complete set of equipment includes the software and hardware needed for surfing the Internet, as well as various software and hardware facilities needed for establishing a perfect and efficient website. These developments have opened up broad prospects for the World Wide Web and its users. Building a website has never been so easy.
(2). The overall design of the website
After getting the customer's demand description, we don't directly start production, but need to design the project as a whole and design the website construction plan in detail for the customer. Overall design is a very critical step. Mainly determine: what functions the website needs to realize; What software is used for website development and under what hardware environment; How many people and how much time are needed; What are the rules and standards to follow? At the same time, you need to write a master plan, including: columns and sections of the website; Functions of the website and corresponding procedures; The link structure of the website; If there is a database, carry out the conceptual design of the database; Interactive and user-friendly website design.
After the overall design is completed, it is generally necessary to give customers a website construction plan. Many web production companies are required to provide solutions when contacting business. At that time, the scheme was general, and when the customer's demand was not very clear, it was often very different from the actual production results. Therefore, it is beneficial to both parties to try to gain the understanding of customers and submit the scheme after defining the requirements and overall design. The website construction plan includes the following parts: customer situation analysis; The goals and objectives that the website needs to achieve; Website image description; The columns and structure of the website; The arrangement of website content and the relationship between links; Use software, hardware and technical analysis instructions; Development schedule; Publicity and promotion plan; Maintenance plan; Production cost; Company profile: description of successful works, technologies and talents. When your solution is approved by customers, you can start making websites. But this is not real production, you need to carry out detailed design.
(3). Detailed website design
In the overall design stage, the solution to the problem is put forward in a more abstract way. The task of the detailed design stage is to concretize the solution. The detailed design is mainly aimed at the program development part. But the purpose of this stage is not to really write the program, but to design the detailed specifications of the program. The function of this specification is very similar to the engineering blueprint often used by engineers in other engineering fields. They should contain necessary details, such as program interface, forms, required data, etc. Programmers can write actual program code according to them. This time, we mainly use ASP to realize related functions and solve related problems. Such as bulletin board BBS, chat room, information release system, online supermarket, etc. They all use ASP to realize human-computer interaction function, and also use the technology of calling database.
ASP (Active Server Pages) is a Web application development technology introduced by Microsoft, and it is also a script running environment on the server side. Using this technology, we can develop dynamic and interactive Web applications.
ASP can be used to generate and execute dynamic and high-performance WE B server programs. When a user requests an ASP homepage with a browser, the WEB server responds, calls the ASP engine to execute the ASP file, and explains the scripting language (JScript or VBScript). The database is connected by ODBC, and the database operation is completed by the database access component ADO. Finally, ASP generates an HTML page containing data query results or other responses, and sends it back to the client for display.
ASP programs usually run in Windows NT+IIS (Internet Information Server), or Windows 2000+IIS, or Windows 95/98+PWS (Personal Network Server). Its program code is simple and universal, and its file name is named as. asp。 ASP files usually consist of four parts: standard HTML tags; ASP syntax command, that is, ASP code in the tag; Server-side include statement; And scripting languages, that is, ASP comes with two scripting languages, JScript and VBScript, to increase the programming functions of ASP. Users can also install other scripting languages, such as Per.
ASP provides six built-in objects for users to call directly to realize page interaction: the Application object is responsible for managing all session information and can be used to share information among all users of the specified application; Session object stores the session information of a specific user, and only that user can access it. When users jump to different web pages, the variables in the conversation always exist in the user's entire conversation. Session objects need cookie support; The Request object obtains information from the client and transmits it to the server, which is the main method for ASP to read user input. The response object supports the server to send the output content to the client; Server objects provide access to related methods and properties of the server; Object context object is a new object in IIS 4.0, which is used for transaction processing. This function needs the support of MTS (Microsoft Transaction Server) management.
ASP also has the following components built in to enhance its functions: Ad Rotator component is used to automatically display advertisements on the same page in turn according to the specified plan, which is used for more and more important advertising services on WWW; The browser function component determines the function data of the user's browser visiting the website, including type, performance, version, etc. The database access component ADO (ActiveX data object) is used to access the database. The file access component provides the function of reading and writing server-side files; The content link component generates a content list of web pages and connects the pages in order to make a navigation bar. In addition, users can also install components, such as Myinfo, counter, content rotator, page count and so on. And they can also make their own ActiveX components to improve the practicability of the system.
As mentioned above, ADO is an ActiveX server component built into ASP. It can access various databases through the open database connection interface ODBC and the universal data source interface OLEDB, which is the most effective, simple and direct method to operate the database supported by Microsoft at present.
The ADO component mainly provides the following seven objects and four collections to access the database: the Connection object is used to establish a connection with the background database; Command objects are used to execute SQL instructions and access the database; Parameter objects and parameter sets provide data and parameters for command objects; Recordset objects store data records called from the database; The Field object and the Field collection provide the function of accessing each field of the current record in the recordset; Property objects and Properties collections provide information for Connection, Command, RecordSet, and Field objects. The Error object and the Errors collection provide error information when accessing the database.
The general steps of using ADO component to access background database in ASP are as follows:
Open the Control Panel on the WEB server, select ODBC and define the data source; Then use ADO component to query WEB database; Then call the server. CreateObject method to get an instance of "ADODB". Connect ",then use the Open method to open the database, and specify the SQL commands to be executed to operate the database, such as querying, browsing, modifying and deleting. Of course, you can also use the method introduced in this article to directly call the data of the database without defining the data source.
(4). On the standards of website making
(1) Website Directory Specification
The principle of directory establishment: provide the clearest and simplest access structure with the least level.
A. root directory. Root directory refers to the storage directory of index files pointed by DNS domain name server. Only index.html and main.html files and other necessary system files are allowed to be stored in the root directory;
B, each language version is stored in an independent directory;
C. Establish a corresponding independent directory for each main function (main menu);
D. When there are more than 20 pages, each directory stores its own independent image directory. * * * The pictures used are placed in the images directory under the root directory;
E. all js files are stored in a unified directory script; Under the root directory;
All CSS files are stored in the style directory of each language version.
G. all CGI programs are stored in the root directory and cgi_bin directory.
(2) file naming specification
The principle of file naming: use the least letters to achieve the most understandable meaning.
A. index.html file names (in lowercase) shall be uniformly used for index files. Index.html document is unified as the specific content of "doorway page", only as a jump page and a meta tab page. The main content page is main.htm;
B. The name of the menu picture is translated into the name according to the English name of the menu. For example: aboutus information feedback products; All single English word file names must be lowercase, and all combined English word file names must be capitalized from the second letter;
C all connecting lines between the letters of the file name are underlined;
D. The naming principle of pictures is named after English letters of pictures, and the size principle is the same as above;
The naming principle of e.js is to name English words with functions. For example, the js file name of the advertisement column is: Ad.js
F. All CGI files have suffixes. cgi。
(3) specification of link structure
Link structure principle: use the least number of links to make browsing most efficient. The star link structure is adopted between the home page and the first-level page, and the tree link structure is adopted between the first-level page and the second-level page. When more than three pages, set the navigation bar at the top of the page.
(4) Dimensions and specifications
A. The page standard is made with a resolution of 800*600, and the actual size is 778 * 434px.
B Each standard page is A4 size, that is, 8.5X 1 1 inch;
C big banner 468*60px, small banner 88*3 1px.
(5) Specification of header area of home page
A. Description of company copyright
B. Web page display character set
Simplified Chinese:
Traditional Chinese:
English:
C. Web page producer information
D. Website introduction
E. search keywords
F. css specification of web pages
G. Page title
Fourthly, the design and production of websites.
1. Overall image design
At the same time that the programmer makes detailed design, the web designer begins to design the overall image and homepage of the website.
The overall image design includes standard words, signs, standard colors, advertising language, etc. Homepage design includes layout, color, image, dynamic effect, icon and other style design, as well as banner, menu, title, copyright and other module design. Homepages are generally designed in 1-3 different styles.
2. Development and production
The planning and design of this website adopts the design method of software engineering. On the basis of system analysis and overall design, the design team decomposes the design tasks and assigns them to each member of the design team. Each module is designed and debugged independently by the design team members, which has both division of labor and collaboration. Finally, upload each module to the server for link and overall debugging.
3. Perfect debugging
After each module is initially completed, it is uploaded to the server and tested in all directions on the website. Including speed, compatibility, interactivity, link correctness, program robustness, overflow testing, etc. , timely solve the problem and record.
In fact, website construction is a process of continuous enrichment and improvement. By constantly discovering problems, solving problems and revising and supplementing them, the website structure tends to be reasonable, the content is richer and the form is more infectious.
4. Publicity and promotion
A newly built website is like a newly registered phone number, and no one will come to you automatically. At this time, you need to do some website promotion work properly. There are many methods, such as:
A, setting an appropriate META tag in a webpage;
B. exchange friendship links. This is a free and efficient way, just like putting your advertisement in someone else's shop and putting someone else's advertisement in your shop, so that when a netizen visits someone else's website, he will know your website. If your advertisement is well done, more than half of people will visit your website. This is a good thing with no cost and mutual benefit, and it is recommended.
C. Register your website in major search websites (such as yahoo.com and Sohu.com) so that others can find your website when searching for similar information;
D news articles to be published on the news bulletin board;
E. rational use of e-mail lists;
F. paid advertising, which is the most effective way, but it is paid;
G. post a post in the forum. This method is inefficient, tiring, and sometimes deleted by others. It is not recommended.
In addition, please don't use spam to promote your homepage, which will not only make others like your website, but also cause extreme disgust, which is an immoral behavior.
At this point, the website project has been completed.
5. Maintenance
Is the website ready for once and for all? No, if the website is large, website maintenance is also an arduous task. When the website becomes very large, there will be countless pictures, web files and other content. If one of them is lost or the link fails, it will cause a page error. Think about it, what will happen if one of the many pictures we make is lost? So we must ensure the "health" and integrity of the whole website. In order to make the website healthy and complete, we usually build a "local website" in DW before making a new website, that is, make a copy of the website on our own computer, which can effectively reduce website errors. Just now, when we made the website, we made the webpage first and then built the website. In fact, this method of building a station is wrong. The correct way is to build the website first, and then add content. In addition, always check whether the links in the website are wrong. Here we can use the check link SITEwide option in the site menu of DW's site program to check whether the website is broken, so as to repair it in time.
In addition, we should scientifically store different types of files, such as putting all the pictures in the website in one folder and the web pages in another folder. And if the website is really "fertile soil" in the future, we even need to establish a folder for each column, such as putting the files of the music column in a folder and the files of the picture column in a folder, which will reduce a lot of unnecessary troubles for our maintenance work!
The last thing to say about website maintenance is website file backup. If there is a computer disaster, our website is likely to be paralyzed, so it is also important to back up the website files frequently.
After the website was successfully launched, the long-term maintenance work has just begun. What we need to do is: respond to customer feedback in time; For example, you can take the email automatic reply function, and then solve the problem as soon as possible before replying; Statistical analysis of website traffic and corresponding countermeasures: try to promote and use your website; Update and maintain the website content in time.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) website security problems and countermeasures
A firewall is any device that prevents outsiders from accessing your network. This device is usually a combination of software and hardware. It usually chooses the desired or unwanted address according to some rules.
First of all, most simple authentication processes are based on IP addresses. IP address is the most common identity index on the Internet, which can be divided into static and dynamic. Static IP address is a fixed IP address; It can be the address of a host connected to the Internet. There are several types of static IP addresses. One of them can be obtained by Whois query command; Such addresses are mainly IP addresses of Internet top-level hosts, which can be domain name servers, Web servers and "root" hosts, and all of them have their registered host names in the Whois database of InterNIC. Another static IP address is assigned to Layer 2 and Layer 3 hosts in the Internet (these machines also have fixed physical addresses), but these machines do not necessarily have registered host names. But they still registered the IP address. Dynamic IP address refers to an address that is forcibly assigned to different Internet hosts at one time. Dynamic IP addresses are often used in ISP's dial-up servers-every time a node computer dials the Internet, it will be assigned a different IP address. Whether the IP address is static or dynamic, it is used in network transmission.
The most basic component of a firewall is neither software nor hardware, but the mind of the person who built it. At present, there are many kinds of firewalls, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common firewall is called "network layer firewall". Network layer firewalls are usually based on routers, in other words, routers decide who and what can access your network. This scheme adopts a so-called "datagram filtering" technology, that is, the technology of checking the external datagrams arriving at the router and making a choice.
A router-based firewall should check the source address of each connection request (that is, the IP address of the host that sent the datagram). After confirming the source address of each IP, the rules set by the firewall builder will be implemented. The firewall based on router is very fast, because the source address is checked carelessly, and it doesn't play the role of a real router, and it doesn't judge whether the address is fake or disguised at all. However, speeding up comes at a price. Based on the router firewall, the source address is used as an index, which means that datagrams with forged source addresses can access your server to some extent.
For the safety of the website, we should not only set the directory security in the website properties of the Internet Service Manager, but also choose fire protection software with good protection. Because of the time, we use the network protector to lock this time.
In 2000, it can eliminate all known (553 species) and unknown Trojan horse viruses, prevent cyber bomb attacks, detect and control all online access to this computer, and track intruders, leaving behind their criminal evidence.
LockDown2000 is the most effective and perfect security protection software for Windows operating system in the world. It can intelligently track and identify unauthorized users. LockDown2000 can protect Internet users from the most sophisticated hackers, prevent anyone from breaking into your computer, and protect your files from being peeked or deleted. If you want to share your resources with others, just list their addresses and they can access your computer. LockDown2000 is like a firewall between your computer and the Internet. It will automatically search all kinds of hacker programs in the world for you in real time.
If you allow some people to access your computer, LockDown2000 will keep a complete record and briefly report the identity of the users who connect to your computer. Record the time and address of their connection in detail through anti-login, and record what they did in your computer in great detail.