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Experimental study on main toxic components in cigarette smoke
1. 1 experimental objective to explore the main toxic components in cigarette smoke and learn to design a simple method to detect harmful components in cigarette smoke.
1.2 the study of thinking data before design shows that the main harmful components of tobacco are nicotine (nicotine), cigarette tar (containing toxic free radicals) and produced during combustion. Do cigarette smoke contain these harmful substances? You can experiment and explore.
1.3 experimental materials: test tube, suction pump, cigarette holder, cigarette (10) connecting tube, distilled water, 95% alcohol, red blood cell suspension, mercuric chloride, silver ammonia solution, alcohol lamp and dropper.
1.4 methods and steps
(1) Install the experimental device as shown in Figure 1, light the cigarette without filter tip, put it into the cigarette holder, and use the air pump to extract air, so that the cigarette smoke passes through each test tube in turn.
(2) Take out the test tube containing distilled water, take out 5mL solution from it, put it into the test tube, add 2mL silver ammonia solution dropwise, and observe after heating it with alcohol lamp.
(3) Take out the test tube B containing alcohol solution, and directly drop a few drops of mercuric chloride solution to observe whether there is precipitation.
Results and discussion of 1.5 In the experiment, it was found that the color of B-tube red blood cell suspension changed from dark red to cherry red, indicating that smoke contained; A after the smoke in the test tube passes through, the solution changes from colorless to brown. Silver mirror is formed after adding silver ammonia solution, which shows that there are aldehyde groups in the smoke; The colorless wine semen in tube C also turned brown, and after adding mercury chloride, white precipitate was produced, indicating that nicotine did exist in the flue gas.
Experimental study on the damage of cigarette smoke components to ciliated epithelium
2. 1 experimental objective to observe the ciliary oscillation of frog oral wall and tracheal epithelial cells, and to explore the ciliary movement stimulated by cigarette smoke.
2.2 Thinking before design Under normal physiological conditions, the frog's cilia can swing rapidly and harmoniously, transporting mucus with dust particles or bacteria to the pharynx for discharge. What will happen if cigarette smoke is added to the cilia in the experiment?
2.3 Experimental materials: frogs, scissors, pins, dissecting plates, colored chalk, droppers, and cigarette liquid (L branch contains 10mL distilled water).
2.4 Experimental Steps
(1) Put the frog that destroyed the brain and spinal cord, belly up, into the dissecting disc and fix it with a pin. Cut off the frog's jaw, and apply a small amount of colored chalk on the mucosa behind the frog's mouth wall to observe.
(2) Open the trachea and put a small amount of colored chalk powder on the inner wall of the trachea for observation.
(3) Suck 0.6mL cigarette smoke liquid with a dropper and drop it on the wall of frog mouth and the inner wall of trachea respectively, and repeat the experiment (1) and (2).
2.5 Results and Discussion In the experiment, it was found that under normal physiological conditions, the colored chalk powder on the top wall of frog mouth and the inner wall of trachea gradually moved to the throat and finally disappeared. However, the colored chalk powder did not move after adding the smoke liquid, which indicated that the smoke liquid had obviously damaged the ciliated epithelial cells and made them lose their functions.
3. Hemoglobin binding test
3. 1 experimental objective to observe the color changes of cell suspension during and after infusion, and to understand the binding force with hemoglobin and the harm of poisoning.
3.2 Experimental principle: The main function of hemoglobin (Hb) is transport and a small amount of transport. Hb can quickly combine with oxygen and contain hemoglobin (H), and can also be quickly separated. Its combination and separation depend on the level of oxygen partial pressure in blood. In addition, Hb can also combine with, and the affinity with is about 200 times higher than that with, so as long as there is a little in the air, a large number of Hb will be produced, which is not easy to separate after combining, so that Hb loses the opportunity to combine with, leading to tissue hypoxia, that is, poisoning.
3.3 Experimental materials, gas (filled into balloons after preparation), red blood cell suspension, communication tube, test tube, generator and water stop clip.
3.4 Experimental Steps
(l) Install the experimental device as shown in Figure 2, open the water-stop clips ① and ④, fill the A and C conical bottles respectively, and observe the color change of the red blood cell suspension.
Figure 2
(2) Close the water stop clips ① and ④, open the water clips ② and ③, adjust the flow rate of HCI in the generator, and make the generated products flow into the A and C conical bottles respectively, and observe the color change of the red blood cell suspension.
(3) Close the water stop clips ② and ③, and then open the water stop clip ④. Re-introduce into bottle C, and observe the change of Yi Yan of red blood cell suspension.
3.5 Results and Discussion When bottles A and C were filled with water, the red cell suspension changed from dark red to bright red. At the same time, when bottles A and C were introduced, the red blood cell suspension in bottle C quickly changed from bright red to dark red, while bottle A remained bright red. When the suspension in bottle C is reintroduced, the color changes from dark red to bright red.
The above experiments show that the binding force between Hb and is much greater than that between Hb and. Therefore, long-term heavy smoking will cause hypoxia in tissues and cells, leading to dizziness, headache, general fatigue, drowsiness and even nausea and vomiting.
The following is the original text with pictures.